1
|
Gui Z, Al Moussawy M, Sanders SM, Abou-Daya KI. Innate Allorecognition in Transplantation: Ancient Mechanisms With Modern Impact. Transplantation 2024; 108:1524-1531. [PMID: 38049941 PMCID: PMC11188633 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Through the effective targeting of the adaptive immune system, solid organ transplantation became a life-saving therapy for organ failure. However, beyond 1 y of transplantation, there is little improvement in transplant outcomes. The adaptive immune response requires the activation of the innate immune system. There are no modalities for the specific targeting of the innate immune system involvement in transplant rejection. However, the recent discovery of innate allorecognition and innate immune memory presents novel targets in transplantation that will increase our understanding of organ rejection and might aid in improving transplant outcomes. In this review, we look at the latest developments in the study of innate allorecognition and innate immune memory in transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeping Gui
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mouhamad Al Moussawy
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Steven M. Sanders
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Khodor I. Abou-Daya
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Terry AQ, Kojima H, Sosa RA, Kaldas FM, Chin JL, Zheng Y, Naini BV, Noguchi D, Nevarez-Mejia J, Jin YP, Busuttil RW, Meyer AS, Gjertson DW, Kupiec-Weglinski JW, Reed EF. Disulfide-HMGB1 signals through TLR4 and TLR9 to induce inflammatory macrophages capable of innate-adaptive crosstalk in human liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1858-1871. [PMID: 37567451 PMCID: PMC11095628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) during orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) contributes to graft rejection and poor clinical outcomes. The disulfide form of high mobility group box 1 (diS-HMGB1), an intracellular protein released during OLT-IRI, induces pro-inflammatory macrophages. How diS-HMGB1 differentiates human monocytes into macrophages capable of activating adaptive immunity remains unknown. We investigated if diS-HMGB1 binds toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR9 to differentiate monocytes into pro-inflammatory macrophages that activate adaptive immunity and promote graft injury and dysfunction. Assessment of 106 clinical liver tissue and longitudinal blood samples revealed that OLT recipients were more likely to experience IRI and graft dysfunction with increased diS-HMGB1 released during reperfusion. Increased diS-HMGB1 concentration also correlated with TLR4/TLR9 activation, polarization of monocytes into pro-inflammatory macrophages, and production of anti-donor antibodies. In vitro, healthy volunteer monocytes stimulated with purified diS-HMGB1 had increased inflammatory cytokine secretion, antigen presentation machinery, and reactive oxygen species production. TLR4 inhibition primarily impeded cytokine/chemokine and costimulatory molecule programs, whereas TLR9 inhibition decreased HLA-DR and reactive oxygen species production. diS-HMGB1-polarized macrophages also showed increased capacity to present antigens and activate T memory cells. In murine OLT, diS-HMGB1 treatment potentiated ischemia-reperfusion-mediated hepatocellular injury, accompanied by increased serum alanine transaminase levels. This translational study identifies the diS-HMGB1/TLR4/TLR9 axis as potential therapeutic targets in OLT-IRI recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Q Terry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sosa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fady M Kaldas
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jackson L Chin
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bita V Naini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daisuke Noguchi
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jessica Nevarez-Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ronald W Busuttil
- Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron S Meyer
- Department of Bioengineering, Samueli School of Engineering at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David W Gjertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jerzy W Kupiec-Weglinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA; Division of Liver and Pancreas Transplantation, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elaine F Reed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving treatment for people with end-stage organ disease. Immune-mediated transplant rejection is a common complication that decreases allograft survival. Although immunosuppression is required to prevent rejection, it also increases the risk of infection. Some infections, such as cytomegalovirus and BK virus, can promote inflammatory gene expression that can further tip the balance toward rejection. BK virus and other infections can induce damage that resembles the clinical pathology of rejection, and this complicates accurate diagnosis. Moreover, T cells specific for viral infection can lead to rejection through heterologous immunity to donor antigen directly mediated by antiviral cells. Thus, viral infections and allograft rejection interact in multiple ways that are important to maintain immunologic homeostasis in solid organ transplant recipients. Better insight into this dynamic interplay will help promote long-term transplant survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Higdon
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jane C Tan
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Jonathan S Maltzman
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kwong AM, Luke PPW, Bhattacharjee RN. Carbon monoxide mechanism of protection against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115156. [PMID: 35777450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide is quickly moving past its historic label as a molecule once feared, to a therapeutic drug that modulates inflammation. The development of carbon monoxide releasing molecules and utilization of heme oxygenase-1 inducers have shown carbon monoxide to be a promising therapy in reducing renal ischemia and reperfusion injury and other inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will discuss the developments and application of carbon monoxide releasing molecules in renal ischemia and reperfusion injury, and transplantation. We will review the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of carbon monoxide in respect to mitigating apoptosis, suppressing dendritic cell maturation and signalling, inhibiting toll-like receptor activation, promoting anti-inflammatory responses, and the effects on renal vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Kwong
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick P W Luke
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, Canada.
| | - Rabindra N Bhattacharjee
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, London Health Sciences Centre, Canada; Matthew Mailing Centre for Translational Transplantation Studies, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang Y, Li X, Cheng Q, Hu Y, Chen X, Hua X, Fan X, Tao M, Song J, Hu S. Single-cell transcriptomic identified HIF1A as a target for attenuating acute rejection after heart transplantation. Basic Res Cardiol 2021; 116:64. [PMID: 34870762 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-021-00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute rejection (AR) is an important contributor to graft failure, which remains a leading cause of death after heart transplantation (HTX). The regulation of immune metabolism has become a new hotspot in the development of immunosuppressive drugs. In this study, Increased glucose metabolism of cardiac macrophages was found in patients with AR. To find new therapeutic targets of immune metabolism regulation for AR, CD45+ immune cells extracted from murine isografts, allografts, and untransplanted donor hearts were explored by single-cell RNA sequencing. Total 20 immune cell subtypes were identified among 46,040 cells. The function of immune cells in AR were illustrated simultaneously. Cardiac resident macrophages were substantially replaced by monocytes and proinflammatory macrophages during AR. Monocytes/macrophages in AR allograft were more active in antigen presentation and inflammatory recruitment ability, and glycolysis. Based on transcription factor regulation analysis, we found that the increase of glycolysis in monocytes/macrophages was mainly regulated by HIF1A. Inhibition of HIF1A could alleviate inflammatory cells infiltration in AR. To find out the effect of HIF1A on AR, CD45+ immune cells extracted from allografts after HIF1A inhibitor treatment were explored by single-cell RNA sequencing. HIF1A inhibitor could reduce the antigen presenting ability and pro-inflammatory ability of macrophages, and reduce the infiltration of Cd4+ and Cd8a+ T cells in AR. The expression of Hif1α in AR monocytes/macrophages was regulated by pyruvate kinase 2. Higher expression of HIF1A in macrophages was also detected in human hearts with AR. These indicated HIF1A may serve as a potential target for attenuating AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xiangjie Li
- School of Statistics and Data Science, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300371, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education, National Health Commission, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xiumeng Hua
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xuexin Fan
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Menghao Tao
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Jiangping Song
- The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China.
| | - Shengshou Hu
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China.,The Cardiomyopathy Research Group at Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin J, Wang H, Liu C, Cheng A, Deng Q, Zhu H, Chen J. Dendritic Cells: Versatile Players in Renal Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654540. [PMID: 34093544 PMCID: PMC8170486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) induce and regulate adaptive immunity through migrating and maturing in the kidney. In this procedure, they can adopt different phenotypes—rejection-associated DCs promote acute or chronic injury renal grafts while tolerogenic DCs suppress the overwhelmed inflammation preventing damage to renal functionality. All the subsets interact with effector T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) stimulated by the ischemia–reperfusion procedure, although the classification corresponding to different effects remains controversial. Thus, in this review, we discuss the origin, maturation, and pathological effects of DCs in the kidney. Then we summarize the roles of divergent DCs in renal transplantation: taking both positive and negative stages in ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI), switching phenotypes to induce acute or chronic rejection, and orchestrating surface markers for allograft tolerance via alterations in metabolism. In conclusion, we prospect that multidimensional transcriptomic analysis will revolute researches on renal transplantation by addressing the elusive mononuclear phagocyte classification and providing a holistic view of DC ontogeny and subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Lin
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Third Grade Laboratory under the National State, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ao Cheng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingwei Deng
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianghua Chen
- Kidney Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, National Key Clinical Department of Kidney Disease, Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,The Third Grade Laboratory under the National State, Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abou-Daya KI, Oberbarnscheidt MH. Innate allorecognition in transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:557-561. [PMID: 33958265 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful allogeneic transplantation has been made possible by suppressing activation of the adaptive immune system. Current immunosuppressive therapy prevents rejection by targeting T and B cells. Despite this effective treatment, it is the innate immune system, which includes dendritic cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, that is responsible for the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Recent work has described that the innate immune system is capable of recognizing allogeneic nonself and some of the mechanisms of innate allorecognition have been uncovered. Better understanding of the role of the innate immune system in initiation and maintenance of the allo-immune response has potential to lead to better treatment strategies for transplant patients, prolonging allograft survival. Here, we review advances in our understanding of innate allorecognition in transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khodor I Abou-Daya
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Majumder P, Zhang Y, Iglesias M, Fan L, Kelley JA, Andrews C, Patel N, Stagno JR, Oh BC, Furtmüller GJ, Lai CC, Wang YX, Brandacher G, Raimondi G, Schneider JP. Multiphase Assembly of Small Molecule Microcrystalline Peptide Hydrogel Allows Immunomodulatory Combination Therapy for Long-Term Heart Transplant Survival. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2002791. [PMID: 32812339 PMCID: PMC7686956 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapies that target multiple pathways involved in immune rejection of transplants hold promise for patients in need of restorative surgery. Herein, a noninteracting multiphase molecular assembly approach is developed to crystallize tofacitinib, a potent JAK1/3 inhibitor, within a shear-thinning self-assembled fibrillar peptide hydrogel network. The resulting microcrystalline tofacitinib hydrogel (MTH) can be syringe-injected directly to the grafting site during surgery to locally deliver the small molecule. The rate of drug delivered from MTH is largely controlled by the dissolution of the encapsulated microcrystals. A single application of MTH, in combination with systemically delivered CTLA4-Ig, a co-stimulation inhibitor, affords significant graft survival in mice receiving heterotopic heart transplants. Locoregional studies indicate that the local delivery of tofacitinib at the graft site enabled by MTH is required for the observed enhanced graft survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Majumder
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yichuan Zhang
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marcos Iglesias
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lixin Fan
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAXS Core Facility of the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - James A Kelley
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Caroline Andrews
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Nimit Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jason R Stagno
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Byoung Chol Oh
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Georg J Furtmüller
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher C Lai
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yun-Xing Wang
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Gerald Brandacher
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Giorgio Raimondi
- Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Laboratory, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joel P Schneider
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 376, Boyles St, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao D, Abou-Daya KI, Dai H, Oberbarnscheidt MH, Li XC, Lakkis FG. Innate Allorecognition and Memory in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:918. [PMID: 32547540 PMCID: PMC7270276 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, we have witnessed a decline in the rates of acute rejection without significant improvement in chronic rejection. Current treatment strategies principally target the adaptive immune response and not the innate response. Therefore, better understanding of innate immunity in transplantation and how to target it is highly desirable. Here, we review the latest advances in innate immunity in transplantation focusing on the roles and mechanisms of innate allorecognition and memory in myeloid cells. These novel concepts could explain why alloimmune response do not abate over time and shed light on new molecular pathways that can be interrupted to prevent or treat chronic rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daqiang Zhao
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Khodor I Abou-Daya
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hehua Dai
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xian C Li
- Immunobiology & Transplant Science Center and Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Renal-Electrolyte Division, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kulkarni HS, Scozzi D, Gelman AE. Recent advances into the role of pattern recognition receptors in transplantation. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104088. [PMID: 32183988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are germline-encoded sensors best characterized for their critical role in host defense. However, there is accumulating evidence that organ transplantation induces the release or display of molecular patterns of cellular injury and death that trigger PRR-mediated inflammatory responses. There are also new insights that indicate PRRs are able to distinguish between self and non-self, suggesting the existence of non-clonal mechanisms of allorecognition. Collectively, these reports have spurred considerable interest into whether PRRs or their ligands can be targeted to promote transplant survival. This review examines the mounting evidence that PRRs play in transplant-mediated inflammation. Given the large number of PRRs, we will focus on members from four families: the complement system, toll-like receptors, the formylated peptide receptor, and scavenger receptors through examining reports of their activity in experimental models of cellular and solid organ transplantation as well as in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh S Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Davide Scozzi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Andrew E Gelman
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buxadé M, Huerga Encabo H, Riera-Borrull M, Quintana-Gallardo L, López-Cotarelo P, Tellechea M, Martínez-Martínez S, Redondo JM, Martín-Caballero J, Flores JM, Bosch E, Rodríguez-Fernández JL, Aramburu J, López-Rodríguez C. Macrophage-specific MHCII expression is regulated by a remote Ciita enhancer controlled by NFAT5. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2901-2918. [PMID: 30327417 PMCID: PMC6219740 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NFAT5 regulates macrophage MHCII expression by controlling the transcription of its coactivator Ciita through a remote enhancer. This mechanism differs from those previously found in DCs and B lymphocytes and distinguishes macrophages from these APC lineages. MHCII in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is a key regulator of adaptive immune responses. Expression of MHCII genes is controlled by the transcription coactivator CIITA, itself regulated through cell type–specific promoters. Here we show that the transcription factor NFAT5 is needed for expression of Ciita and MHCII in macrophages, but not in dendritic cells and other APCs. NFAT5-deficient macrophages showed defective activation of MHCII-dependent responses in CD4+ T lymphocytes and attenuated capacity to elicit graft rejection in vivo. Ultrasequencing analysis of NFAT5-immunoprecipitated chromatin uncovered an NFAT5-regulated region distally upstream of Ciita. This region was required for CIITA and hence MHCII expression, exhibited NFAT5-dependent characteristics of active enhancers such as H3K27 acetylation marks, and required NFAT5 to interact with Ciita myeloid promoter I. Our results uncover an NFAT5-regulated mechanism that maintains CIITA and MHCII expression in macrophages and thus modulates their T lymphocyte priming capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Buxadé
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector Huerga Encabo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Riera-Borrull
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Quintana-Gallardo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Cotarelo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular y Biología de las Infecciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Tellechea
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Martínez-Martínez
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Redondo
- Gene Regulation in Cardiovascular Remodeling and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Martín-Caballero
- Parc Cientific de Barcelona/Barcelona Biomedical Research Park Animal Facilities, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juana María Flores
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Bosch
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (Spanish National Research Council), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular y Biología de las Infecciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Aramburu
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Rodríguez
- Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, and Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hosseinzadeh M, Ahmadpoor P, Yekaninejad MS, Pourrezagholi F, Foroughi F, Ghorbanpour M, Barabadi M, Shahbaz SK, Solgi G, Amirzargar A. Expression patterns of Toll like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) in renal transplant patients developing allograft dysfunction; a cohort study. Transpl Immunol 2018; 48:26-31. [PMID: 29452169 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This cohort intends to determine the sequential dynamic changes in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, TLR-2, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) mRNA expressions in PBMCs and biopsy samples from kidney allograft recipients in relation to graft function. This study enrolled 52 renal transplant patients, 27 with well functioning graft (WFG) and 25 graft dysfunction (GD). Peripheral blood samples pre- and post-transplantation (days 2, 90 and 180) were collected to analyze mRNA expression levels of TLR-2, TLR-4, and MYD88 genes in relation to allograft function during one-year follow up. The mean dynamic changes of post-transplant TLR-2, TLR-4, and MYD88 mRNA expressions were significantly higher in GD compared to WFG patients (P = .001). ROC curve analysis based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) index showed the area under curve (AUC) values for the genes: TLR-2(0.89;P < .001), TLR-4(0.86;P < .001), and MYD88(0.75;P = .003) in the third month post-transplantation for GD diagnosis. The calculated AUCs for the expressions of genes in allograft biopsies were 0.94(TLR-2), 0.95(TLR-4), and 0.98(MYD88) in the sixth month post-transplant based on pathology report (P < .001). Our results indicate that sequential monitoring of the expression patterns of TLR-2, TLR-4, and MYD88 in PBMCs and biopsy samples could be considered as predictive biomarkers for early and late kidney allograft function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Pedram Ahmadpoor
- Department of Nephrology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Pourrezagholi
- Department of Nephrology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Foroughi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mina Ghorbanpour
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehri Barabadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz K Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Solgi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Amirzargar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Molecular immunology research center, Tehran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lakkis FG, Li XC. Innate allorecognition by monocytic cells and its role in graft rejection. Am J Transplant 2018; 18:289-292. [PMID: 28722285 PMCID: PMC5775052 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Innate recognition of microbial products and danger molecules by monocytes and macrophages has been well established; this is mediated primarily by pattern-recognition receptors and is central to the activation of innate and adaptive immune cells required for productive immunity. Whether monocytes and macrophages are equipped with an allorecognition system that allows them to respond directly to allogeneic grafts is a topic of much debate. Recent studies provide compelling evidence that these cells can recognize allogeneic entities and that they mediate graft rejection via direct cytotoxicity and priming of alloreactive T cells. In addition, these studies have uncovered a mechanism of innate allorecognition based on detection of the polymorphic molecule signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) on donor cells. Further understanding of innate allorecognition and its consequences would provide essential insight into allograft rejection and lead to better therapies for transplant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi G. Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A,To whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - Xian C. Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is an increasing appreciation of the role of the innate immune system in modulating alloimmunity following organ transplantation. This review will outline the studies that have investigated the role of the Toll-like receptors in allograft rejection. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence indicates that Toll like receptors are involved in acute allograft rejection by inducing dendritic cells to mature and migrate to the draining lymph nodes and initiate Th1 alloimmune responses. Within the last year the impact of Toll-like receptor activation on transplantation tolerance has been investigated. Two studies have shown that Toll-like receptor activation can prevent the induction of transplantation tolerance whereas our own study has shown that deficiency in Toll-like receptor signaling facilitates transplantation tolerance. Finally, a recent study indicated that fragmented hyaluronan, part of the extracellular matrix, might be one of the endogenous Toll-like receptor activators in the setting of alloimmunty. SUMMARY Toll-like receptors play an important role in modulating the alloimmune response. Their manipulation may have profound effects on the induction of transplantation tolerance. Future investigation into other aspects of innate immunity and their influence on solid organ transplantation will likely yield important insights to the field.
Collapse
|
15
|
Georgel P. Innate immune receptors in solid organ transplantation. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1071-1075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Alegre ML, Lakkis FG, Morelli AE. Antigen Presentation in Transplantation. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:831-843. [PMID: 27743777 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of solid organs between genetically distinct individuals leads, in the absence of immunosuppression, to T cell-dependent transplant rejection. Activation of graft-reactive T cells relies on the presentation of transplant-derived antigens (intact donor MHC molecules or processed peptides on host MHC molecules) by mature dendritic cells (DCs). This review focuses on novel insights regarding the steps for maturation and differentiation of DCs that are necessary for productive presentation of transplant antigens to host T cells. These steps include the licensing of DCs by the microbiota, their activation and maturation following recognition of allogeneic non-self, and their capture of donor cell exosomes to amplify the presentation of transplant antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK-R312, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Adrian E Morelli
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
He WT, Zhang LM, Li C, Li SY, Ding ZC, Fang ZM, Meng FY, Chen ZK, Zhou P. Short-term MyD88 inhibition ameliorates cardiac graft rejection and promotes donor-specific hyporesponsiveness of skin grafts in mice. Transpl Int 2016; 29:941-52. [PMID: 27125343 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of evolutionarily conserved ligands by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) triggers signaling cascades in innate immune cells to amplify adaptive immune responses. Nearly all TLRs require MyD88 to transduce downstream signaling. MyD88 deficiency has been shown to promote the allograft acceptance in mice. However, direct evidence for therapeutic potential of MyD88 inhibitors remains lacking. Herein, we used a MyD88 inhibitor, namely ST2825, to explore its therapeutic potential and mechanisms in fully allogeneic skin and heart transplant models. Phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells stimulated by TLR ligands was alleviated by ST2825 in parallel with reduced T-cell proliferation in vitro. A short-course treatment with ST2825 significantly prolonged cardiac graft survival (mean survival time = 18.5 ± 0.92 days vs. 7.25 ± 0.46 days). ST2825-treated group had significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines in allografts compared with control group. ST2825 combined with anti-CD154 induced long-term skin allograft acceptance in about one-third of recipients (>100 days). 'Skin-tolerant' recipients showed attenuated donor-specific IFN-γ responses, intact IL-4 responses, and compromised alloantibody responses. We conclude that MyD88 inhibitor ST2825 attenuates acute cardiac rejection and promotes donor-specific hyporesponsiveness in stringent skin transplant models. The direct evidence suggests that pharmacological inhibition of MyD88 hold promising potential for transplant rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tao He
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Li
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuo-Chuan Ding
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Fan-Ying Meng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhonghua Klaus Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2 inhibits in vitro alloresponses but does not prevent allograft rejection. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1227-31. [PMID: 26159289 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play an important role in host anti-donor responses to transplanted tissue. A key trigger of the host alloresponse involves recognition of foreign antigen presented on activated antigen presenting cells by the host T cells. Emerging data suggest that PRR blockade can abrogate host anti-donor responses by interfering with activation of antigen presenting cells, particularly activation of dendritic cells. Our study asked whether blockade of a well-characterized family of intracellular PRRs, the NOD family, interfered with alloantigen recognition and allograft rejection. We found that deletion of either NOD1 or NOD2 in antigen presenting cells (APCs) had no effect on induction of T cell proliferation to alloantigen, but that simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2 significantly inhibited T cell responses. There was however no effect of the NOD deletion on skin graft rejection when NOD1×NOD2 skin was transplanted onto allogeneic hosts or when WT skin was transplanted onto NOD1×NOD2 deficient recipients. The conclusion of this study is that in vitro alloresponses are negatively impacted by the simultaneous deletion of NOD1 and NOD2, but that allograft rejection across a stringent allo barrier is not affected. Our results suggest that the NOD family members, NOD1 and NOD2, play a collaborative role in T cell activation by alloantigen and that their blockade in vitro can inhibit T cell responses.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Vertebrates mount strong adaptive immune responses to transplanted organs (allografts), but the mechanisms by which the innate immune system initiates this response are not completely understood. In anti-microbial immunity, non-self molecules associated with pathogens but not present in the host induce the maturation of innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by binding to germ-line-encoded receptors. Mature APCs then initiate the adaptive immune response by presenting microbial antigen and providing costimulatory signals to T cells. How allografts activate APCs, however, is less clear, because allografts are presumably sterile. A widely accepted view is that inflammatory or 'danger' molecules released by dying graft cells at the time of transplantation trigger APC maturation and the T-cell response that follows. Alternatively, it has been proposed that the introduction of microbial products during the surgical procedure could also alert the innate immune system to the presence of the transplanted organ. Here, we review why these hypotheses fail to fully explain how the alloimmune response is initiated after transplantation and summarize evidence that recognition of allogeneic non-self by monocytes is a key event in triggering alloimmunity and graft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chong AS, Alegre ML. Transplantation tolerance and its outcome during infections and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2015; 258:80-101. [PMID: 24517427 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward understanding the mechanistic basis of transplantation tolerance in experimental models, which implicates clonal deletion of alloreactive T and B cells, induction of cell-intrinsic hyporesponsiveness, and dominant regulatory cells mediating infectious tolerance and linked suppression. Despite encouraging success in the laboratory, achieving tolerance in the clinic remains challenging, although the basis for these challenges is beginning to be understood. Heterologous memory alloreactive T cells generated by infections prior to transplantation have been shown to be a critical barrier to tolerance induction. Furthermore, infections at the time of transplantation and tolerance induction provide a pro-inflammatory milieu that alters the stability and function of regulatory T cells as well as the activation requirements and differentiation of effector T cells. Thus, infections can result in enhanced alloreactivity, resistance to tolerance induction, and destabilization of the established tolerance state. We speculate that these experimental findings have relevance to the clinic, where infections have been associated with allograft rejection and may be a causal event precipitating the loss of grafts after long periods of stable operational tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms by which infections prevent and destabilize tolerance can lead to therapies that promote stable life-long tolerance in transplant recipients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anita S Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Béland S, Désy O, Vallin P, Basoni C, De Serres SA. Innate immunity in solid organ transplantation: an update and therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:377-89. [PMID: 25644774 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1008453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity is increasingly recognized as a major player in transplantation. In addition to its role in inflammation in the early post-transplant period, innate immunity shapes the differentiation of cells of adaptive immunity, with a capacity to promote either rejection or tolerance. Emerging data indicate that innate allorecognition, a characteristic previously limited to lymphocytes, is involved in allograft rejection. This review briefly summarizes the physiology of each component of the innate immune system in the context of transplantation and presents the current or promising therapeutic applications, such as cellular, anticomplement and anticytokine therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Béland
- Transplantation Unit, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, CHU de Québec Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 11 Côte du Palais, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Solhjou Z, Athar H, Xu Q, Abdi R. Emerging therapies targeting intra-organ inflammation in transplantation. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:305-11. [PMID: 25612486 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several years, the field of transplantation has witnessed significant progress on several fronts; in particular, achievements have been made in devising novel immunosuppressive strategies. An under-explored area that may hold great potential to improve transplantation outcomes is the design of novel strategies to apply specifically to organs to reduce intra-graft inflammation. A growing body of evidence indicates a key role of intra-graft inflammatory cascade in potently instigating the alloimmune response. Indeed, controlling the activation of innate immunity/inflammatory responses has been shown to be a promising strategy to increase the graft acceptance and survival. In this minireview, we provide an overview of emerging targeted strategies, which can be directly applied to grafts to down-regulate intra-graft inflammation prior to transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Solhjou
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhuang Q, Lakkis FG. Dendritic cells and innate immunity in kidney transplantation. Kidney Int 2015; 87:712-8. [PMID: 25629552 PMCID: PMC4382394 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes emerging concepts related to the roles of dendritic cells and innate immunity in organ transplant rejection. First, it highlights the primary role that recipient, rather than donor, dendritic cells have in rejection and reviews their origin and function in the transplanted kidney. Second, it introduces the novel concept that recognition of allogeneic non-self by host monocytes (referred to here as innate allorecognition) is necessary for initiating rejection by inducing monocyte differentiation into mature, antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Both concepts provide opportunities for preventing rejection by targeting monocytes or dendritic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhuang
- 1] Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA [2] Department of Transplantation, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and the Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu T, Su L, Zhang S, Wang H, Wang S, Li X, Chang J, Liu G. High-efficient inhibition of recognition in allorejection via a pMyD88/liposomes complex. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12979b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Data are emerging that the recognition of foreign antigens by Toll/like receptors (TLRs) was predominant in skin graft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Oncology
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Lin Su
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Shuangnan Zhang
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Hanjie Wang
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Jin Chang
- Institute of Nanobiotechnology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of General Surgery
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
- Tianjin
- P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oberbarnscheidt MH, Zeng Q, Li Q, Dai H, Williams AL, Shlomchik WD, Rothstein DM, Lakkis FG. Non-self recognition by monocytes initiates allograft rejection. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3579-89. [PMID: 24983319 DOI: 10.1172/jci74370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Maturation of T cell-activating APCs directly links innate and adaptive immunity and is typically triggered by microbial infection. Transplantation of allografts, which are sterile, generates strong T cell responses; however, it is unclear how grafts induce APC maturation in the absence of microbial-derived signals. A widely accepted hypothesis is that dying cells in the graft release "danger" molecules that induce APC maturation and initiate the adaptive alloimmune response. Here, we demonstrated that danger signals associated with dying cells are not sufficient to initiate alloimmunity, but that recognition of allogeneic non-self by the innate immune system is required. In WT as well as in T cell-, B cell-, and innate lymphoid cell-deficient mice, allogeneic grafts elicited persistent differentiation of monocytes into mature DCs that expressed IL-12 and stimulated T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. In contrast, syngeneic grafts in the same mice elicited transient and less pronounced differentiation of monocytes into DCs, which neither expressed IL-12 nor stimulated IFN-γ production. In a model in which T cell recognition is restricted to a single foreign antigen on the graft, rejection occurred only if the allogeneic non-self signal was also sensed by the host's innate immune system. These findings underscore the importance of innate recognition of allogeneic non-self by monocytes in initiating graft rejection.
Collapse
|
26
|
Howell J, Gow P, Angus P, Visvanathan K. Role of toll-like receptors in liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2014; 20:270-80. [PMID: 24243591 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors that orchestrate the innate immune response and the subsequent adaptive immune response. TLRs can be triggered by exogenous ligands expressed by invading pathogens or by the release of endogenous ligands, such as that occurring through cellular injury during the transplantation process. They are now recognized to play an important role in many facets of transplantation biology, including rejection and tolerance, ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), and infections after transplantation. The role of TLRs in liver transplantation is unique with respect to other organ transplants because the portal circulation is a continuous source of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands, and this influences TLR signaling pathways, which have a central role in transplantation immunity. This review provides a critical update on recent data outlining the important role of TLRs in liver transplantation, and there is a particular focus on emerging advances in our understanding of rejection and tolerance, IRI, and infections after transplantation and on the ways in which these events may influence the recurrence of diseases such as hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Howell
- Liver Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Shen H, Goldstein DR. Role of Toll-like receptors in transplantation tolerance. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:139-44. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
29
|
Khalifian S, Broyles JM, Tuffaha SH, Alrakan M, Ibrahim Z, Sarhane KA. Immune mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury in transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/oji.2013.33020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
30
|
Heinbokel T, Hock K, Liu G, Edtinger K, Elkhal A, Tullius SG. Impact of immunosenescence on transplant outcome. Transpl Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guangxiang Liu
- Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory and Division of Transplant Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - Karoline Edtinger
- Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory and Division of Transplant Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory and Division of Transplant Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory and Division of Transplant Surgery; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston; MA; USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kreisel D, Goldstein DR. Innate immunity and organ transplantation: focus on lung transplantation. Transpl Int 2012; 26:2-10. [PMID: 22909350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) that occurs with solid organ transplantation activates the innate immune system to induce inflammation. This leads to enhanced acute allograft rejection, impaired transplant tolerance and accelerated progression of chronic rejection. In this review, we discuss the innate immune signaling pathways that have been shown to play a role in organ transplantation. In particular, we focus on Toll-like receptor signaling pathways and how they have influenced outcomes after organ transplantation both experimentally and from clinical studies. Furthermore, we describe the substances that trigger the innate immune system after transplantation and several of the key cellular mediators of inflammation. We specifically point out unique aspects of activation of the innate immune system after lung transplantation. Finally, we discuss the areas that should be investigated in the future to more clearly understand the influence of the innate immune system after organ transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic islet transplantation has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes, a chronic lifelong disease, but its clinical applicability is limited by allograft rejection. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor important for survival and differentiation of T cells. In this study, we tested whether NF-κB in T cells is required for the rejection of islet allografts. METHODS Mice expressing a superrepressor form of NF-κB selectively in T cells (IκBαΔN-Tg mice) with or without the antiapoptotic factor Bcl-xL, or mice with impaired T-cell receptor (TCR)- and B cell receptor-driven NF-κB activity (CARMA1-KO mice) were rendered diabetic and transplanted with islet allografts. Secondary skin transplantation in long-term acceptors of islet allografts was used to test for the development of donor-specific tolerance. Immune infiltration of the transplanted islets was examined by immunofluorescence. TCR-transgenic CD4 T cells were used to follow T-cell priming and differentiation. RESULTS Islet allograft survival was prolonged in IκBαΔN-Tg mice, although the animals did not develop donor-specific tolerance. Reduced NF-κB activity did not prevent T-cell priming or differentiation but reduced survival of activated T cells, as transgenic expression of Bcl-xL restored islet allograft rejection in IκBαΔN-Tg mice. Abolishing TCR- and B cell receptor-driven activation of NF-κB selectively by CARMA1 deficiency prevented T-cell priming and islet allograft rejection. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that T cell-NF-κB plays an important role in the rejection of islet allografts. Targeting NF-κB selectively in lymphocytes seems a promising approach to facilitate acceptance of transplanted islets.
Collapse
|
33
|
Alegre ML, Goldstein DR, Chong AS. Toll-like receptor signaling in transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 13:358-65. [PMID: 18685330 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e3283061149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent advances in the role of endogenous and exogenous Toll-like receptor ligands in the activation and inhibition of immune responses in transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS During an alloresponse, Toll-like receptors can be engaged by both damage-induced endogenous ligands or microbial-associated molecular patterns. The damage-induced molecule high mobility group box 1 protein and its binding to Toll-like receptor 4 have been identified as major initiators of antitumor and antitransplant immune responses. Type I interferon signaling plays an important role in the pro-rejection effect mediated by Toll-like receptor agonists and some bacteria. Similar pathways, however, in neonates can result in inhibition rather than activation of alloimmune responses. SUMMARY The consequences of Toll-like receptor engagement by endogenous and exogenous ligands in transplantation may depend on the relative induction of inflammatory and regulatory pathways and the stage of development of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Investigations over the past two decades are revealing complexities in the regulation of the innate immune response, and how this response, in turn, controls adaptive immunity. Microbial exposure, infections and tissue damage that accompany solid-organ transplantation result in the release of pathogen- and damage-associated molecular patterns, as well as pathogen- or allograft-derived antigens. Here, we review these triggers of innate and adaptive immunity, and discuss emerging paradigms of the many ways in which infections and tissue damage might directly or indirectly affect alloreactivity and the outcome of transplanted allografts.
Collapse
|
35
|
Land WG. Emerging role of innate immunity in organ transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2012; 26:60-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
36
|
Leventhal JS, Schröppel B. Toll-like receptors in transplantation: sensing and reacting to injury. Kidney Int 2012; 81:826-32. [PMID: 22297675 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that have a major role in pathogen-induced inflammation and orchestrating an organism's defense against infection. Data are emerging that the TLRs play an important role as a first response to tissue injury linking the innate with the adaptive immune system. The recognition that TLRs are expressed on nonimmune cells including renal and liver cells, and that endogenous, cell-derived ligands (damage-associated molecular patterns) can signal through specific TLRs has expanded the understanding of how these receptors impact a variety of diseases. This review focuses on recent findings elucidating the ability of TLRs to affect transplant outcomes. Specifically, observations demonstrating the link between endogenous TLR ligands and IR injury, how this can affect alloimmunity and transplant tolerance, and therapeutic implications will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Leventhal
- Division of Nephrology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Srivastava P, Singh A, Kesarwani P, Jaiswal PK, Singh V, Mittal RD. Association studies of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms with allograft survival in renal transplant recipients of North India. Clin Transplant 2012; 26:581-8. [PMID: 22251233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation itself inevitably activates the innate immune system by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), potentially leading to allograft rejection and graft failure. We evaluated the possible association of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 polymorphisms of donor-recipient pairs and acute rejection in renal transplant patients of North India. TLR2 (-196 to -174 del), TLR3 (c.1377C/T; rs 3775290), and TLR9 (+2848 G/A; rs 352140) were genotyped using DNA samples from 200 donor-recipient pairs of live donor kidney transplantation by applying Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) methodology. The variant allele frequency of TLR2 (-196 to -174 del) was significantly different between recipients and donors (7.5% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.049; OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.01-15.32). However, no significant association for allograft rejection was observed in transplant recipients for TLR3 and TLR9. Interestingly, a low prevalence of AA genotype of TLR9 + 2848 G>A was observed in rejecters when compared with non-rejecters, demonstrating protective association with allograft rejection (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12-0.88, p = 0.028). An allele in patients was also observed to be associated with higher rejection-free survival (log-rank = 0.044). These TLR gene polymorphisms, upon further evaluation, may be helpful in elucidation of immunobiological mechanisms associated with renal graft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Srivastava
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Oberbarnscheidt MH, Zecher D, Lakkis FG. The innate immune system in transplantation. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:264-72. [PMID: 21723740 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate innate immune system consists of inflammatory cells and soluble mediators that comprise the first line of defense against microbial infection and, importantly, trigger antigen-specific T and B cell responses that lead to lasting immunity. The molecular mechanisms responsible for microbial non-self recognition by the innate immune system have been elucidated for a large number of pathogens. How the innate immune system recognizes non-microbial non-self, such as organ transplants, is less clear. In this review, we approach this question by describing the principal mechanisms of non-self, or 'damaged' self, recognition by the innate immune system (pattern recognition receptors, the missing self theory, and the danger hypothesis) and discussing whether and how these mechanisms apply to allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Oberbarnscheidt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shin OS, Harris JB. Innate immunity and transplantation tolerance: the potential role of TLRs/NLRs in GVHD. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:69-79. [PMID: 21747878 PMCID: PMC3128904 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.2.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and this occurs as donor T lymphocytes, activated by recipient antigen presenting cells (APC), attack the host tissues or organs. This APC activation is a crucial initial step of influencing the outcome of GVHD and is mediated by innate immune signaling. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are important components of innate immunity; both families of receptors are known for sensing various microbial ligands or danger signals. Signaling through TLRs/NLRs regulate activities of APCs, through phagocytosis, cytokine and chemokine release, delivery of APCs from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes, and antigen presentation. Several TLRs/NLRs have been identified and their ligands and signaling pathways have been described. Recent findings suggest a significant association of TLR/NLR polymorphisms with the increased risk for severe GVHD. Therefore, these TLR/NLR pathways likely contributing to immune response for GVHD may serve as novel therapeutic targets to facilitate allograft tolerance. This review summarizes the role of TLRs/NLRs innate immune receptors and signaling in GVHD pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ok S Shin
- Department of Medical Life Science Research, The Catholic University of Korea, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sordi V, Piemonti L. Therapeutic plasticity of stem cells and allograft tolerance. Cytotherapy 2011; 13:647-60. [PMID: 21554176 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2011.583476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation is the treatment of choice for many diseases that result in organ failure, but its success is limited by organ rejection. Stem cell therapy has emerged in the last years as a promising strategy for the induction of tolerance after organ transplantation. Here we discuss the ability of different stem cell types, in particular mesenchymal stromal cells, neuronal stem/progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cells and embryonic stem cells, to modulate the immune response and induce peripheral or central tolerance. These stem cells have been studied to explore tolerance induction to several transplanted organs, such as heart, liver and kidney. Different strategies, including approaches to generating tolerance in islet transplantation, are discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sordi
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute (HSR-DRI), Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ahmed EB, Daniels M, Alegre ML, Chong AS. Bacterial infections, alloimmunity, and transplantation tolerance. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2011; 25:27-35. [PMID: 21126661 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of solid organs across histocompatibility barriers in the absence of immunosuppression is invariably followed by acute allograft rejection. Although several immunosuppressive regimens have been developed to prevent allograft rejection, these global immunosuppressive agents effectively inhibit all T cells, leaving the host vulnerable to infections. Thus, a major goal in transplantation immunology is to induce donor-specific tolerance that results in the extended suppression of allograft-specific immune responses, while leaving the remainder of the immune system competent to fight infections and malignancies. Initial successes in identifying approaches that successfully induce transplantation tolerance in experimental models have led to a newer research focus of identifying potential barriers to the induction of such tolerance as well as events that may reverse established allograft tolerance. Both clinical and experimental studies have identified bacterial infections as a possible trigger of allograft rejection. Recently, experimental models of transplantation tolerance have identified that bacterial signals can promote acute allograft rejection either by preventing the induction of transplantation tolerance or by reversing tolerance after it has been stably established. This review summarizes experimental and clinical literature supporting the hypothesis that bacterial infections and innate immunity can qualitatively and quantitatively alter adaptive alloreactivity through effects on innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The role of innate immunity in donor organ procurement. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 33:169-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
43
|
The Role of Direct Presentation by Donor Dendritic Cells in Rejection of Minor Histocompatibility Antigen-Mismatched Skin and Hematopoietic Cell Grafts. Transplantation 2011; 91:154-60. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e318201ac27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
Jurewicz M, Takakura A, Augello A, Movahedi Naini S, Ichimura T, Zandi-Nejad K, Abdi R. Ischemic injury enhances dendritic cell immunogenicity via TLR4 and NF-kappa B activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:2939-48. [PMID: 20164431 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic (isc) injury during the course of transplantation enhances the immunogenicity of allografts and thus results in poorer graft outcome. Given the central role of dendritic cells (DCs) in mounting alloimmune responses, activation of donor DCs by ischemia may have a primary function in the increased immunogenicity of isc allografts. In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of ischemia on DC activity in vitro. Following induction of ischemia, bone marrow-derived DCs were shown to augment allogeneic T cell proliferation as well as the IFN-gamma response. Isc DCs produced greater levels of IL-6, and isc insult was concurrent with NF-kappaB activation. TLR4 ligation was also shown to occur in isc DCs, most likely in response to the endogenous ligand heat shock protein 70, which was found to be elevated in DCs following isc injury, and lack of TLR4 abrogated the observed effects of isc DCs. As compared with control DCs, isc DCs injected into the footpads of mice demonstrated enhanced migration, which was concomitant with increased recipient T cell activity. Moreover, isc DCs underwent a greater degree of apoptosis in the lymph nodes of injected mice, which may further demonstrate enhanced immunogenicity of isc DCs. We thus show that isc injury of DCs enhances DC function, augments the allogeneic T cell response, and occurs via ligation of TLR4, followed by activation of NF-kappaB. These data may serve to identify novel therapeutic targets to attenuate graft immunogenicity following ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mollie Jurewicz
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Sonawane SB, Kim JI, Lee MK, Lee SH, Duff PE, Moore DJ, Lian MM, Deng S, Choi Y, Yeh H, Caton AJ, Markmann JF. GITR Blockade Facilitates Treg Mediated Allograft Survival. Transplantation 2010; 88:1169-77. [PMID: 19935370 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ba6f85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many models of transplant tolerance have been found to depend on the induction of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Innate immune signals are known to suppress Tregs thereby augmenting immunity by abrogating Treg function. Such signals may also provide a barrier to transplantation tolerance mediated by Tregs. A number of cell surface molecules expressed by Tregs have been found to inhibit Treg activity, the best characterized of which is the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related (GITR) protein. METHODS By using an adoptive transfer model of allograft rejection, we can study the effects of inflammation and antigen-specific Tregs on graft survival. Inflammation resulting from the transplant procedure counter-regulates the suppressor activity of Tregs. To assess whether Treg activity could be enhanced by blocking GITR signaling, we compared the capacity of Tregs to prolong the survival of grafts in the presence or absence of activation-inducible TNF receptor (AITRL)-Fc, a novel construct that binds GITR. RESULTS We report that interruption of GITR-GITR ligand (GITRL) binding by AITRL-Fc resulted in long-term Treg-dependent acceptance of skin grafts in the setting of innate immune signals that otherwise interfere with Treg activity. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation and other innate immune signals may activate antigen presenting cells to upregulate GITRL. GITR-GITRL interaction is one pathway by which antigen presenting cells may enhance the adaptive response to foreign antigen by counter-regulating Tregs and by costimulating effector T cells. By blocking this interaction with AITRL-Fc, one can sustain the benefit conferred by graft-protective Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samsher B Sonawane
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islet transplantation is a promising therapy for type 1 diabetes; however, most islet grafts fail within 5 years. Innate immunity has been suggested to play a role in islet allograft rejection, potentially mediated by toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of innate immune receptors. Lack of TLR4, in particular, has been reported to improve allograft survival. Therefore, we hypothesized that TLRs may be involved in islet allograft rejection, and that deletion of TLR4 may improve islet graft survival. METHODS Islets were isolated from C57BL/10ScNJ (Tlr4(-/-)) and C57BL/10 (wild-type [WT]) animals and transplanted into Balb/cJ recipients with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Blood glucose levels were used to determine graft viability and immunostaining to assess graft morphology and immune cell infiltration. The roles of the TLR4 adaptor molecules MyD88 and TLR adaptor molecule 1 (Ticam-1) were assessed using islets isolated from mice lacking MyD88 (MyD88(-/-)), Ticam-1 (Ticam-1(-/-)), or the combined double knockout (MyD88(-/-)/Ticam-1(-/-)). RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, Tlr4(-/-) and WT islet allografts had similar failure rates; grafts failed at 23.2+/-1.2 and 24.5+/-1.5 days posttransplant, respectively (P=NS). Syngeneic grafts of Tlr4(-/-) and WT islets maintained normoglycemia for up to 10 weeks posttransplant, indicating that failure of Tlr4(-/-) islet allografts could not be attributed to an intrinsic defect in Tlr4(-/-) islets. Similarly, islet allotransplants from MyD88(-/-), Ticam-1(-/-), and MyD88(-/-)/Ticam-1(-/-) donors did not have improved allograft survival compared with WT controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that islet allograft rejection in mice is independent of TLR4 and the TLR adaptor molecules MyD88 and Ticam-1, speaking against an essential role for TLR signaling in islet allograft rejection.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The explosion of new discoveries in the field of immunology has provided new insights into mechanisms that promote an immune response directed against a transplanted organ. Central to the allograft response are T lymphocytes. This review summarizes the current literature on allorecognition, costimulation, memory T cells, T cell migration, and their role in both acute and chronic graft destruction. An in depth understanding of the cellular mechanisms that result in both acute and chronic allograft rejection will provide new strategies and targeted therapeutics capable of inducing long-lasting, allograft-specific tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ingulli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wang S, Schmaderer C, Kiss E, Schmidt C, Bonrouhi M, Porubsky S, Gretz N, Schaefer L, Kirschning CJ, Popovic ZV, Gröne HJ. Recipient Toll-like receptors contribute to chronic graft dysfunction by both MyD88- and TRIF-dependent signaling. Dis Model Mech 2009; 3:92-103. [PMID: 20038715 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.003533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific molecular patterns derived from microbial components (exogenous ligands) or stressed cells (endogenous ligands). Stimulation of these receptors leads to a pronounced inflammatory response in a variety of acute animal models. Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) was regarded as a candidate disease to test whether TLRs influence chronic fibrosing inflammation. Potential endogenous renal TLR ligands, specifically for TLR2 and TLR4, have now been detected by a significant upregulation of glucose regulated protein (GRP)-94, fibrinogen, heat shock protein (HSP)-60, HSP-70, biglycan (Bgn) and high-mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) in the acute and chronic transplant setting. In a genetic approach to define the contribution of TLR2 and TLR4, and their adaptor proteins MyD88 and TRIF [Toll/interleukin (IL)-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-protein inducing interferon beta], to CAD, kidney transplantation of TLR wild-type grafts to recipients who were deficient in TLR2, TLR4, TLR2/4, MyD88 and TRIF was performed. TLR and adaptor protein deficiencies significantly improved the excretory function of chronic kidney grafts by between 65% and 290%, and histopathologic signs of chronic allograft damage were significantly ameliorated. T cells, dendritic cells (DCs) and foremost macrophages were reduced in grafts by up to 4.5-fold. The intragraft concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-12p70 were significantly lower. TLR-, MyD88- and TRIF-deficient recipients showed a significant reduction in fibrosis. alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA)-positive cells were decreased by up to ninefold, and collagen I and III were reduced by up to twofold. These findings highlight the functional relevance of TLRs and their two major signaling pathways in graft-infiltrating mononuclear cells in the pathophysiology of CAD. A TLR signaling blockade may be a therapeutic option for the prevention of CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have demonstrated that neonatal B cells possess unique immunoregulatory properties. Specifically, neonatal B-1 cells produce interleukin (IL)-10 in response to toll-like receptor stimulation; this modulates innate and adaptive alloimmune responses. Here, we examine whether this process plays a critical role in neonatal transplant tolerance induction. METHODS We used a murine model of neonatal transplant tolerance induction, whereby female C57BL/6 mice injected with male spleen cells 3 days after birth acquire the ability to accept a male skin transplant in adulthood. RESULTS We investigated the role of B cells in this model by using mice with targeted genetic B-cell deficiencies (including muMT, JH-/-, and XID mice). In addition, we examined the role of IL-10 in this model using IL-10-/- mice. Transplant tolerance induction was neither dependent on B cells nor on IL-10. CONCLUSIONS Despite the role of neonatal B cells in suppressing innate and adaptive alloimmune responses, B cells are dispensable for neonatal transplant tolerance induction in this experimental model.
Collapse
|