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Ding R, Liu Z, Wang J, Xia T, Li L. DIA-based quantitative proteomics analysis of plasma exosomes in rat model of allergic rhinitis. Anal Biochem 2024; 688:115463. [PMID: 38244750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory disease characterized by symptoms such as itching, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal obstruction. Despite being classified as an IgE-mediated typeⅠ allergy for many years, the complex pathophysiological mechanism of AR continues to present a challenge in clinical management. The objective of this study was to quantify the proteomics of plasma exosomes using data independent acquisition (DIA) in combination with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the key proteins involved in the development and progression of AR. In the AR rat model, a total of 41 proteins demonstrated significant up-regulation, while 51 proteins were found to be significantly down-regulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis results indicated that the altered proteins were highly enriched in cellular regulatory processes and enzymatic activity in AR rats. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network results revealed that the pivotal proteins C4b, C1qa, C1qc, and Mbl1 might be involved in the metabolic pathways of the immune system in AR through the activation of the complement and coagulation cascades pathway. These proteins could serve as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for AR, which is of great significance in understanding the role of exosome proteins in AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Ding X, Liu L, Yang G, Liu H. Dissociation Phenomenon of Erythrocyte Agglutination and Its Application to Assay of Functional Activity of the Complement System in Clinical Laboratory. J Clin Lab Anal 2024; 38:e25028. [PMID: 38506373 PMCID: PMC10997817 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.25028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to validate the dissociation phenomenon of erythrocyte agglutination which is based on erythrocyte fragments and to apply it in the functional activity assay of the complement system. METHODS The dissociation-agglutination effect of erythrocyte fragments was validated by detecting the number of free erythrocytes after the action of erythrocyte fragments on agglutinated erythrocytes. The number of free erythrocytes produced after hemolysis of agglutinated erythrocytes caused by complements and complement activators(CAs) was detected by auto hematology analyzer and the results were indicated by mean hemoglobin concentration of erythrocytes (MCHC). We optimized the test conditions and validated the inter-batch stability, explored the resolution of the assay method, and assayed for the total complement activity (AC) and the CAs activated complement activity (ACA) in serum from patients and healthy individual groups. RESULTS Erythrocyte fragments have a dissociative effect on agglutinated erythrocytes. The auto hematology analyzer was able to detect AC and ACA, where AC showed an inverse correlation with MCHC, and ACA demonstrated a positive correlation with MCHC. The inter-batch CV of AC, ACA, and ACA/AC was found to be 5%, 9%, and 11.7%, respectively, with good stability. The study found that serum samples from acute phase reaction patients showed significant differences in ACA compared with healthy individuals, with a p value of 0.018; serum samples from patients with nephrotic syndrome showed significant differences in AC, ACA, and ACA/AC compared with healthy individuals, with p values of 0.014, 0.002, and 0.041, respectively. CONCLUSION Erythrocyte fragments have dissociation-agglutination effect. The complement system immunological functional detection method, based on this effect, has potential clinical application value due to its sensitivity and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ding
- College of Medical LaboratoryDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Lina Liu
- Second Afliated Hospital of Dalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Medical LaboratoryDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Medical LaboratoryDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
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3
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Li V, Binder MD, Kilpatrick TJ. The Tolerogenic Influence of Dexamethasone on Dendritic Cells Is Accompanied by the Induction of Efferocytosis, Promoted by MERTK. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15903. [PMID: 37958886 PMCID: PMC10650502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many treatments for autoimmune diseases, caused by the loss of immune self-tolerance, are broadly immunosuppressive. Dendritic cells (DCs) can be induced to develop anti-inflammatory/tolerogenic properties to suppress aberrant self-directed immunity by promoting immune tolerance in an antigen-specific manner. Dexamethasone can generate tolerogenic DCs and upregulates MERTK expression. As MERTK can inhibit inflammation, we investigated whether dexamethasone's tolerogenic effects are mediated via MERTK, potentially providing a novel therapeutic approach. Monocyte-derived DCs were treated with dexamethasone, and with and without MERTK ligands or MERTK inhibitors. Flow cytometry was used to assess effects of MERTK modulation on co-stimulatory molecule expression, efferocytosis, cytokine secretion and T cell proliferation. The influence on expression of Rab17, which coordinates the diversion of efferocytosed material away from cell surface presentation, was assessed. Dexamethasone-treated DCs had upregulated MERTK expression, decreased expression of co-stimulatory molecules, maturation and proliferation of co-cultured T cells and increased uptake of myelin debris. MERTK ligands did not potentiate these properties, whilst specific MERTK inhibition only reversed dexamethasone's effect on myelin uptake. Cells undergoing efferocytosis had higher Rab17 expression. Dexamethasone-enhanced efferocytosis in DCs is MERTK-dependent and could exert its tolerogenic effects by increasing Rab17 expression to prevent the presentation of efferocytosed material on the cell surface to activate adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Li
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.D.B.); (T.J.K.)
| | - Michele D. Binder
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.D.B.); (T.J.K.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor J. Kilpatrick
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (M.D.B.); (T.J.K.)
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4
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Santarsiero D, Aiello S. The Complement System in Kidney Transplantation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050791. [PMID: 36899927 PMCID: PMC10001167 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the therapy of choice for patients who suffer from end-stage renal diseases. Despite improvements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive treatments, long-term graft survival remains a challenge. A large body of evidence documented that the complement cascade, a part of the innate immune system, plays a crucial role in the deleterious inflammatory reactions that occur during the transplantation process, such as brain or cardiac death of the donor and ischaemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, the complement system also modulates the responses of T cells and B cells to alloantigens, thus playing a crucial role in cellular as well as humoral responses to the allograft, which lead to damage to the transplanted kidney. Since several drugs that are capable of inhibiting complement activation at various stages of the complement cascade are emerging and being developed, we will discuss how these novel therapies could have potential applications in ameliorating outcomes in kidney transplantations by preventing the deleterious effects of ischaemia/reperfusion injury, modulating the adaptive immune response, and treating antibody-mediated rejection.
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5
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Ding X, Qamar A, Liu H. The complement system testing in clinical laboratory. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 541:117238. [PMID: 36746263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advancement in research in the field of the complement system, a more comprehensive understanding developed about the complement system's role in the life process of an organism. It is a system of innate immune surveillance. This system plays a pivotal role in host defense against pathogens, inflammation, B and T cell homeostasis. Complement system analysis has a significant advantage in the assessment of the immune system status, diagnosis and prognosis of diseases, and medication guidelines. Currently, complement system testing is neither yet widely used across all clinical laboratoriesnor are the testing protocols yet systematic. Based on the current research, it is suggested that the analysis of complement activator-activated complement activity and total complement activity would be comprehensively assessed to evaluate the complement system's immunological function, and combine of the detection of its components to establish a systematic protocol for the complement system testing in the clinical laboratory. This article reviews the complement system's physiological role, disease relevance and the current testing status in clinical laboratories. Further more, some suggestions have also been provided for the preparation of complement standards i.e., the standardized preparation process for complement standards seems to be a feasible option given the easy inactivation of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Ding
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ayub Qamar
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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6
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Circulating C1q levels in health and disease, more than just a biomarker. Mol Immunol 2021; 140:206-216. [PMID: 34735869 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
C1q is the recognition molecule of the classical pathway of the complement system. By binding to its targets, such as antigen-bound immunoglobulins or C-reactive protein, C1q contributes to the innate defense against infections. However, C1q also plays several other roles beyond its traditional role in complement activation. Circulating levels of C1q are determined in routine diagnostics as biomarker in several diseases. Decreased C1q levels are present in several autoimmune conditions. The decreased levels reflect the consumption of C1q by complement activation and serves as a biomarker for disease activity. In contrast, increased C1q levels are present in infectious and inflammatory diseases and may serve as a diagnostic biomarker. The increased levels of C1q are still incompletely understood but are suggested to modulate the adaptive immune response as C1q is known to impact on the maturation status of antigen-presenting cells and C1q impacts directly on T cells leading to decreased T-cell activity in high C1q conditions. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature on circulating levels of C1q in health and disease, and discuss how C1q can both protect against infections as well as maintain tolerance by regulating adaptive immunity.
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7
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Stasi A, Castellano G, Ranieri E, Infante B, Stallone G, Gesualdo L, Netti GS. SARS-CoV-2 and Viral Sepsis: Immune Dysfunction and Implications in Kidney Failure. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E4057. [PMID: 33334050 PMCID: PMC7765555 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9124057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first emerged in Wuhan, China. The clinical manifestations of patients infected with COVID-19 include fever, cough, and dyspnea, up to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute cardiac injury. Thus, a lot of severe patients had to be admitted to intensive care units (ICU). The pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection are mediated by the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spikes to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor. The overexpression of human ACE-2 is associated with the disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection, demonstrating that viral entry into cells is a pivotal step. Although the lung is the organ that is most commonly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection, acute kidney injury (AKI), heart dysfunction and abdominal pain are the most commonly reported co-morbidities of COVID-19. The occurrence of AKI in COVID-19 patients might be explained by several mechanisms that include viral cytopathic effects in renal cells and the host hyperinflammatory response. In addition, kidney dysfunction could exacerbate the inflammatory response started in the lungs and might cause further renal impairment and multi-organ failure. Mounting recent evidence supports the involvement of cardiovascular complications and endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19 syndrome, in addition to respiratory disease. To date, there is no vaccine, and no specific antiviral medicine has been shown to be effective in preventing or treating COVID-19. The removal of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the shutdown of the cytokine storm could ameliorate the clinical outcome in severe COVID-19 cases. Therefore, several interventions that inhibit viral replication and the systemic inflammatory response could modulate the severity of the renal dysfunction and increase the probability of a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (B.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Barbara Infante
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (B.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (B.I.); (G.S.)
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Stefano Netti
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
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8
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Hosszu KK, Valentino A, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B. SLE: Novel Postulates for Therapeutic Options. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583853. [PMID: 33117397 PMCID: PMC7575694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiency in C1q is a strong susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two major hypotheses that potentially explain the role of C1q in SLE. The first postulates that C1q deficiency abrogates apoptotic cell clearance, leading to persistently high loads of potentially immunogenic self-antigens that trigger autoimmune responses. While C1q undoubtedly plays an important role in apoptotic clearance, an essential biological process such as removal of self- waste is so critical for host survival that multiple ligand-receptor combinations do fortunately exist to ensure that proper disposal of apoptotic debris is accomplished even in the absence of C1q. The second hypothesis is based on the observation that locally synthesized C1q plays a critical role in regulating the earliest stages of monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and function. Indeed, circulating C1q has been shown to keep monocytes in a pre-dendritic state by silencing key molecular players and ensuring that unwarranted DC-driven immune responses do not occur. Monocytes are also able to display macromolecular C1 on their surface, representing a novel mechanism for the recognition of circulating "danger." Translation of this danger signal in turn, provides the requisite "license" to trigger a differentiation pathway that leads to adaptive immune response. Based on this evidence, the second hypothesis proposes that deficiency in C1q dysregulates monocyte-to-DC differentiation and causes inefficient or defective maintenance of self-tolerance. The fact that C1q receptors (cC1qR and gC1qR) are also expressed on the surface of both monocytes and DCs, suggests that C1q/C1qR may regulate DC differentiation and function through specific cell-signaling pathways. While their primary ligand is C1q, C1qRs can also independently recognize a vast array of plasma proteins as well as pathogen-associated molecular ligands, indicating that these molecules may collaborate in antigen recognition and processing, and thus regulate DC-differentiation. This review will therefore focus on the role of C1q and C1qRs in SLE and explore the gC1qR/C1q axis as a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Valentino
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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9
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Mellors J, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll M. Viral Evasion of the Complement System and Its Importance for Vaccines and Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1450. [PMID: 32733480 PMCID: PMC7363932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is a key component of innate immunity which readily responds to invading microorganisms. Activation of the complement system typically occurs via three main pathways and can induce various antimicrobial effects, including: neutralization of pathogens, regulation of inflammatory responses, promotion of chemotaxis, and enhancement of the adaptive immune response. These can be vital host responses to protect against acute, chronic, and recurrent viral infections. Consequently, many viruses (including dengue virus, West Nile virus and Nipah virus) have evolved mechanisms for evasion or dysregulation of the complement system to enhance viral infectivity and even exacerbate disease symptoms. The complement system has multifaceted roles in both innate and adaptive immunity, with both intracellular and extracellular functions, that can be relevant to all stages of viral infection. A better understanding of this virus-host interplay and its contribution to pathogenesis has previously led to: the identification of genetic factors which influence viral infection and disease outcome, the development of novel antivirals, and the production of safer, more effective vaccines. This review will discuss the antiviral effects of the complement system against numerous viruses, the mechanisms employed by these viruses to then evade or manipulate this system, and how these interactions have informed vaccine/therapeutic development. Where relevant, conflicting findings and current research gaps are highlighted to aid future developments in virology and immunology, with potential applications to the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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10
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Franzin R, Stasi A, Fiorentino M, Stallone G, Cantaluppi V, Gesualdo L, Castellano G. Inflammaging and Complement System: A Link Between Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Graft Damage. Front Immunol 2020; 11:734. [PMID: 32457738 PMCID: PMC7221190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant activation of complement system in several kidney diseases suggests that this pillar of innate immunity has a critical role in the pathophysiology of renal damage of different etiologies. A growing body of experimental evidence indicates that complement activation contributes to the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) such as delayed graft function (DGF) in transplant patients. AKI is characterized by the rapid loss of the kidney's excretory function and is a complex syndrome currently lacking a specific medical treatment to arrest or attenuate progression in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent evidence suggests that independently from the initial trigger (i.e., sepsis or ischemia/reperfusions injury), an episode of AKI is strongly associated with an increased risk of subsequent CKD. The AKI-to-CKD transition may involve a wide range of mechanisms including scar-forming myofibroblasts generated from different sources, microvascular rarefaction, mitochondrial dysfunction, or cell cycle arrest by the involvement of epigenetic, gene, and protein alterations leading to common final signaling pathways [i.e., transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), p16 ink4a , Wnt/β-catenin pathway] involved in renal aging. Research in recent years has revealed that several stressors or complications such as rejection after renal transplantation can lead to accelerated renal aging with detrimental effects with the establishment of chronic proinflammatory cellular phenotypes within the kidney. Despite a greater understanding of these mechanisms, the role of complement system in the context of the AKI-to-CKD transition and renal inflammaging is still poorly explored. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings describing the role of complement in AKI-to-CKD transition. We will also address how and when complement inhibitors might be used to prevent AKI and CKD progression, therefore improving graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Franzin
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorentino
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cantaluppi
- Department Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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11
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Cillo AR, Kürten CHL, Tabib T, Qi Z, Onkar S, Wang T, Liu A, Duvvuri U, Kim S, Soose RJ, Oesterreich S, Chen W, Lafyatis R, Bruno TC, Ferris RL, Vignali DAA. Immune Landscape of Viral- and Carcinogen-Driven Head and Neck Cancer. Immunity 2020; 52:183-199.e9. [PMID: 31924475 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises through exposure to environmental carcinogens or malignant transformation by human papillomavirus (HPV). Here, we assessed the transcriptional profiles of 131,224 single cells from peripheral and intra-tumoral immune populations from patients with HPV- and HPV+ HNSCC and healthy donors. Immune cells within tumors of HPV- and HPV+ HNSCC displayed a spectrum of transcriptional signatures, with helper CD4+ T cells and B cells being relatively divergent and CD8+ T cells and CD4+ regulatory T cells being relatively similar. Transcriptional results were contextualized through multispectral immunofluorescence analyses and evaluating putative cell-cell communication based on spatial proximity. These analyses defined a gene expression signature associated with CD4+ T follicular helper cells that is associated with longer progression-free survival in HNSCC patients. The datasets and analytical approaches herein provide a resource for the further study of the impact of immune cells on viral- and carcinogen-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Cillo
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Cornelius H L Kürten
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Tracy Tabib
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zengbiao Qi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sayali Onkar
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Angen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Umamaheswar Duvvuri
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seungwon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ryan J Soose
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Steffi Oesterreich
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Women's Cancer Research Center. Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tullia C Bruno
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
| | - Robert L Ferris
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
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12
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Kim K, Yang S, Ha SJ, Lee I. VirtualCytometry: a webserver for evaluating immune cell differentiation using single-cell RNA sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2019; 36:546-551. [PMID: 31373613 PMCID: PMC9883706 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION The immune system has diverse types of cells that are differentiated or activated via various signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation upon challenging conditions. Immunophenotyping by flow and mass cytometry are the major approaches for identifying key signaling molecules and transcription factors directing the transition between the functional states of immune cells. However, few proteins can be evaluated by flow cytometry in a single experiment, preventing researchers from obtaining a comprehensive picture of the molecular programs involved in immune cell differentiation. Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) have enabled unbiased genome-wide quantification of gene expression in individual cells on a large scale, providing a new and versatile analytical pipeline for studying immune cell differentiation. RESULTS We present VirtualCytometry, a web-based computational pipeline for evaluating immune cell differentiation by exploiting cell-to-cell variation in gene expression with scRNA-seq data. Differentiating cells often show a continuous spectrum of cellular states rather than distinct populations. VirtualCytometry enables the identification of cellular subsets for different functional states of differentiation based on the expression of marker genes. Case studies have highlighted the usefulness of this subset analysis strategy for discovering signaling molecules and transcription factors for human T-cell exhaustion, a state of T-cell dysfunction, in tumor and mouse dendritic cells activated by pathogens. With more than 226 scRNA-seq datasets precompiled from public repositories covering diverse mouse and human immune cell types in normal and disease tissues, VirtualCytometry is a useful resource for the molecular dissection of immune cell differentiation. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION www.grnpedia.org/cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sunmo Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Sang-Jun Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Insuk Lee
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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Švajger U, Rožman P. Induction of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells by Endogenous Biomolecules: An Update. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2482. [PMID: 30416505 PMCID: PMC6212600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of microenvironment on dendritic cell (DC) function and development has been strongly established during the last two decades. Although DCs with general tolerogenic characteristics have been isolated and defined as a particular sub-population, it is predominantly their unequivocal biological plasticity, which allows for unparalleled responsiveness to environmental ques and shaping of their tolerogenic characteristics when interacting with tolerance-inducing biomolecules. Dendritic cells carry receptors for a great number of endogenous factors, which, after ligation, can importantly influence the development of their activation state. For this there is ample evidence merely by observation of DC characteristics isolated from various anatomical niches, e.g., the greater immunosuppressive potential of DCs isolated from intestine compared to conventional blood DCs. Endogenous biomolecules present in these environments most likely play a major role as a determinant of their phenotype and function. In this review, we will concisely summarize in what way various, tolerance-inducing endogenous factors influence DC biology, the development of their particular tolerogenic state and their subsequent actions in context of immune response inhibition and induction of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Švajger
- Department for Therapeutic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Rožman
- Department for Therapeutic Services, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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14
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Complement C1q expression in Erythema nodosum leprosum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006321. [PMID: 29499046 PMCID: PMC5851649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement C1q is a soluble protein capable of initiating components of the classical pathway in host defence system. In earlier qualitative studies, C1q has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL). However, little is known about the role of this complement in ENL reaction. In the present study we described the protein level of C1q production and its gene expression in the peripheral blood and skin biopsies in patients with ENL reaction and lepromatous leprosy (LL) patient controls before and after treatment. Thirty untreated patients with ENL reaction and 30 non-reactional LL patient controls were recruited at ALERT Hospital, Ethiopia. Peripheral blood and skin biopsies were obtained from each patient before and after treatment. The level of circulating C1q in the plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expression of the three C1q components, C1qA, C1qB, and C1qC in the peripheral blood and skin biopsies was determined by qPCR. Circulating C1q in the peripheral blood of untreated ENL patients was significantly decreased compared to LL patient controls. Untreated ENL patients had increased C1q gene expression in the peripheral blood compared to LL controls. Similarly, C1qA and C1qC gene expression were substantially increased in the skin biopsies of untreated ENL patients compared to LL controls. However, after treatment none of these genes show significant difference in both groups. In conclusion, while circulating C1q is inversely correlated with active ENL reactions, its gene expression is directly correlated with ENL. The decreased circulating C1q may suggest the utilization of C1q in immune-complex formation in these patients. Therefore, C1q could be a potential diagnostic marker for active ENL reactions as well as for monitoring ENL treatment.
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15
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Cai Y, Wee SYK, Chen J, Teo BHD, Ng YLC, Leong KP, Lu J. Broad Susceptibility of Nucleolar Proteins and Autoantigens to Complement C1 Protease Degradation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3981-3990. [PMID: 29070672 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anti-nuclear autoantibodies, which frequently target the nucleoli, are pathogenic hallmarks of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although the causes of these Abs remain broad and ill-defined, a genetic deficiency in C1 complex (C1qC1r2C1s2) or C4 is able to induce these Abs. Considering a recent finding that, in dead cells, nucleoli were targeted by C1q and two nucleolar autoantigens were degraded by C1r/C1s proteases, we considered that C1 could help protect against antinuclear autoimmunity by broadly degrading nucleolar proteins or autoantigens. Nucleoli were isolated to homogeneity and structurally defined. After C1 treatment, cleaved nucleolar proteins were identified by proteomic two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, and further verified by Western blotting using specific Abs. The extent of nucleolar autoantigen degradation upon C1 treatment was estimated using SLE patient autoantibodies. The isolated nucleoli were broadly reactive with SLE patient autoantibodies. These nucleoli lacked significant autoproteolysis, but many nucleolar proteins and autoantigens were degraded by C1 proteases; >20 nucleolar proteins were identified as C1 cleavable. These were further validated by Western blotting using specific Abs. The broad autoantigenicity of the nucleoli may attribute to their poor autoproteolysis, causing autologous immune stimulation upon necrotic exposure. However, C1q targets at these nucleoli to cause C1 protease activation and the cleavage of many nucleolar proteins or autoantigens. This may represent one important surveillance mechanism against antinuclear autoimmunity because C1 genetic deficiency causes anti-nuclear autoantibodies and SLE disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
| | - Seng Yin Kelly Wee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
| | - Junjie Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
| | - Boon Heng Dennis Teo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
| | - Yee Leng Carol Ng
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Khai Pang Leong
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Jinhua Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; and
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16
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Thielens NM, Tedesco F, Bohlson SS, Gaboriaud C, Tenner AJ. C1q: A fresh look upon an old molecule. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:73-83. [PMID: 28601358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Originally discovered as part of C1, the initiation component of the classical complement pathway, it is now appreciated that C1q regulates a variety of cellular processes independent of complement activation. C1q is a complex glycoprotein assembled from 18 polypeptide chains, with a C-terminal globular head region that mediates recognition of diverse molecular structures, and an N-terminal collagen-like tail that mediates immune effector mechanisms. C1q mediates a variety of immunoregulatory functions considered important in the prevention of autoimmunity such as the enhancement of phagocytosis, regulation of cytokine production by antigen presenting cells, and subsequent alteration in T-lymphocyte maturation. Furthermore, recent advances indicate additional roles for C1q in diverse physiologic and pathologic processes including pregnancy, tissue repair, and cancer. Finally, C1q is emerging as a critical component of neuronal network refinement and homeostatic regulation within the central nervous system. This review summarizes the classical functions of C1q and reviews novel discoveries within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Tedesco
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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17
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Lu J, Kishore U. C1 Complex: An Adaptable Proteolytic Module for Complement and Non-Complement Functions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:592. [PMID: 28596769 PMCID: PMC5442170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement C1 is the defining component of the classical pathway. Within the C1qC1r2C1s2 complex, C1q functions as a molecular scaffold for C1r2C1s2 and C1q binding to its ligands activates these two serine proteases. The classic C1q ligands are antigen-bound antibodies and activated C1s cleaves C4 and C2 to initiate the complement cascade. Recent studies suggest broad C1 functions beyond the complement system. C1q binds to the Frizzled receptors to activate C1s, which cleaves lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 to trigger aging-associated Wnt receptor signaling. C1q binds to apoptotic cells and the activated C1 proteases cleave nuclear antigens. C1s also cleaves MHC class I molecule and potentially numerous other proteins. The diversity of C1q ligands and C1 protease substrates renders C1 complex versatile and modular so that it can adapt to multiple molecular and cellular processes besides the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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18
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Mascarell L, Airouche S, Berjont N, Gary C, Gueguen C, Fourcade G, Bellier B, Togbe D, Ryffel B, Klatzmann D, Baron-Bodo V, Moingeon P. The regulatory dendritic cell marker C1q is a potent inhibitor of allergic inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:695-704. [PMID: 27731323 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complement subunit C1q was recently identified as a marker for monocyte-derived regulatory dendritic cells supporting the differentiation of interleukin (IL)-10-secreting CD4+ T cells with a suppressive activity. Furthermore, C1q expression is upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of allergic patients in the course of successful allergen immunotherapy. Herein, we investigated a potential direct role of C1q in downregulating allergic inflammation. In mice with ovalbumin (OVA) or birch pollen (BP)-induced allergic asthma, C1q is as efficacious as dexamethasone to reduce both airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophil, and ILC2 infiltrates in bronchoalveolar lavages, as well as allergen-specific T helper 2 cells in the lungs. Administration of C1q does not expand IL-10+/Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in the lungs, spleen, or in the blood. Depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) abrogates the capacity of C1q to reduce AHR and eosinophilic infiltrates in OVA-sensitized mice. Also C1q treatment inhibits the activation of human and mouse pDCs by CpGs, thereby demonstrating a critical role for pDCs in the anti-inflammatory activity of C1q. We conclude that regulatory dendritic cells can mediate a potent direct anti-inflammatory activity via the expression and/or secretion of molecules such as C1q, independently of their capacity to expand the pool of regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mascarell
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | - S Airouche
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | - N Berjont
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | - C Gary
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France.,CEA, Fontenay-aux-roses, France
| | - C Gueguen
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | - G Fourcade
- CNRS UMR7211 & INSERM U959, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - B Bellier
- CNRS UMR7211 & INSERM U959, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - D Togbe
- Artimmune SAS, Orléans, France
| | - B Ryffel
- CNRS UMR 7355-University of Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - D Klatzmann
- CNRS UMR7211 & INSERM U959, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - V Baron-Bodo
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
| | - P Moingeon
- Research Department, Stallergenes Greer, Antony, France
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19
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Son M, Diamond B, Volpe BT, Aranow CB, Mackay MC, Santiago-Schwarz F. Evidence for C1q-mediated crosslinking of CD33/LAIR-1 inhibitory immunoreceptors and biological control of CD33/LAIR-1 expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:270. [PMID: 28325905 PMCID: PMC5412647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00290-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
C1q collagen-like region (CLR) engaging and activating the LAIR-1 inhibitory immunoreceptor represents a non-complement mechanism for maintaining immune quiescence. Given the binding promiscuity of C1q’s globular region (gC1q), we hypothesized that C1q concurrently associates with distinct inhibitory immunoreceptors to produce C1q-mediated modulatory networking. Like LAIR-1, CD33 inhibitory immunoreceptors are highly expressed on monocytes. Binding CD33 restricts cell activation/differentiation; however, natural ligands for CD33 remain elusive. CD33 has IgC2-like domains potentially recognized by gC1q. Thus, we asked whether C1q binds to CD33 and if C1q mediates CD33/LAIR-1 crosslinking. Our findings demonstrate that C1q and gC1q interact with CD33 to activate its inhibitory motifs, while CLR does not. Whole C1q is required to crosslink CD33 and LAIR-1 and concurrently activate CD33/LAIR-1 inhibitory motifs. While C1q binds CD33C2 domains, decreased C1q-CD33 interactions resulting from sialic acid masking of CD33C2 domains suggests a process for regulating C1q-CD33 activity. Consistent with defective self-tolerance, CD33/LAIR-1 expression is reduced in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) myelomonocytes. The anti-inflammatory cytokine M-CSF, but not DC growth factors, sustains CD33/LAIR-1 expression on both healthy and SLE cells suggesting further biological control of C1q-CD33/LAIR-1 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungsun Son
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Bruce T Volpe
- Center for Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Cynthia B Aranow
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Meggan C Mackay
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Frances Santiago-Schwarz
- Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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20
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Xu XY, Li HJ, Zhang LY, Lu X, Zuo DM, Shan GQ, Xu TY, Chen ZL. Mannan-binding lectin at supraphysiological concentrations inhibits differentiation of dendritic cells from human CD14+monocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:724-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Hui-Jie Li
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Li-Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Da-Ming Zuo
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Gui-Qiu Shan
- Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command; Liuhua Road 111 Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Tian-Yu Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Zheng-Liang Chen
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
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21
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Castellano G. The pivotal role of the mentor in triggering the research on Complement system. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:25-6. [PMID: 26597200 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that was one of the first systems to be discovered and investigated in the innate immunity, Complement is continuing to receive growing attention by the scientific community. Complement is involved in several diseases such as diabetes, atherosclerosis or Systemic Lupus Erythematous. Successful therapeutic intervention in treating Complement-mediated diseases such as Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome represent a promising advance to continue the research on Complement to develop specific inhibitors for treating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Castellano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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22
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Gueguen C, Bouley J, Moussu H, Luce S, Duchateau M, Chamot-Rooke J, Pallardy M, Lombardi V, Nony E, Baron-Bodo V, Mascarell L, Moingeon P. Changes in markers associated with dendritic cells driving the differentiation of either TH2 cells or regulatory T cells correlate with clinical benefit during allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:545-58. [PMID: 26522402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory dendritic cell (DC) markers, such as C1Q, are upregulated in PBMCs of patients with grass pollen allergy exhibiting clinical benefit during allergen immunotherapy (AIT). OBJECTIVES We sought to define markers differentially expressed in human monocyte-derived DCs differentiated toward a proallergic (DCs driving the differentiation of TH2 cells [DC2s]) phenotype and investigate whether changes in such markers in the blood correlate with AIT efficacy. METHODS Transcriptomes and proteomes of monocyte-derived DCs polarized toward DCs driving the differentiation of TH1 cells (DC1s), DC2s, or DCs driving the differentiation of regulatory T cells (DCreg cells) profiles were compared by using genome-wide cDNA microarrays and label-free quantitative proteomics, respectively. Markers differentially regulated in DC2s and DCreg cells were assessed by means of quantitative PCR in PBMCs from 80 patients with grass pollen allergy before and after 2 or 4 months of sublingual AIT in parallel with rhinoconjunctivitis symptom scores. RESULTS We identified 20 and 26 new genes/proteins overexpressed in DC2s and DCreg cells, respectively. At an individual patient level, DC2-associated markers, such as CD141, GATA3, OX40 ligand, and receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 4 (RIPK4), were downregulated after a 4-month sublingual AIT course concomitantly with an upregulation of DCreg cell-associated markers, including complement C1q subcomponent subunit A (C1QA), FcγRIIIA, ferritin light chain (FTL), and solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1 (SLCO2B1), in the blood of clinical responders as opposed to nonresponders. Changes in such markers were better correlated with clinical benefit than alterations of allergen-specific CD4(+) T-cell or IgG responses. CONCLUSIONS A combination of 5 markers predominantly expressed by blood DCs (ie, C1Q and CD141) or shared with lymphoid cells (ie, FcγRIIIA, GATA3, and RIPK4) reflecting changes in the balance of regulatory/proallergic responses in peripheral blood can be used as early as after 2 months to monitor the early onset of AIT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gueguen
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France
| | - Julien Bouley
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France
| | - Hélène Moussu
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France
| | - Sonia Luce
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France
| | - Magalie Duchateau
- Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse Structurale et Protéomique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Julia Chamot-Rooke
- Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse Structurale et Protéomique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Sud, INSERM UMR 996, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vincent Lombardi
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France
| | - Emmanuel Nony
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France
| | | | - Laurent Mascarell
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France
| | - Philippe Moingeon
- Research and Pharmaceutical Development, Stallergenes, Antony, France.
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23
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Schinnerling K, García-González P, Aguillón JC. Gene Expression Profiling of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells - Searching for Molecular Regulators of Tolerogenicity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:528. [PMID: 26539195 PMCID: PMC4609880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate and modulate antigen-specific immune responses has made them attractive targets for immunotherapy. Since DC research in humans is limited by the scarcity of DC populations in the blood circulation, most of our knowledge about DC biology and function has been obtained in vitro from monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), which can be readily generated in sufficient numbers and are able to differentiate into distinct functional subsets depending on the nature of stimulus. In particular, moDCs with tolerogenic properties (tolDCs) possess great therapeutic potential for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Several protocols have been developed to generate tolDCs in vitro, able to reinstruct auto-reactive T cells and to promote regulatory cells. While ligands and soluble mediators, by which DCs shape immune responses, have been vastly studied, the intracellular pathways and transcriptional regulators that govern tolDC differentiation and function are poorly understood. Whole-genome microarrays and proteomics provide useful strategies to dissect the complex molecular processes that promote tolerogenicity. Only few attempts have been made to understand tolDC biology through a global view on "omics" profiles. So far, the identification of a common regulator of tolerogenicity has been hampered by the fact that each protocol, used for tolDC generation, targets distinct signaling pathways. Here, we review the progress in understanding the transcriptional regulation of moDC differentiation, with a special focus on tolDCs, and highlight candidate molecules that might be associated with DC tolerogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina Schinnerling
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
| | - Paulina García-González
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Immune Regulation and Tolerance Research Group, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy (IMII) , Santiago , Chile
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Cai Y, Teo BHD, Yeo JG, Lu J. C1q protein binds to the apoptotic nucleolus and causes C1 protease degradation of nucleolar proteins. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22570-80. [PMID: 26231209 PMCID: PMC4566231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.670661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In infection, complement C1q recognizes pathogen-congregated antibodies and elicits complement activation. Among endogenous ligands, C1q binds to DNA and apoptotic cells, but whether C1q binds to nuclear DNA in apoptotic cells remains to be investigated. With UV irradiation-induced apoptosis, C1q initially bound to peripheral cellular regions in early apoptotic cells. By 6 h, binding concentrated in the nuclei to the nucleolus but not the chromatins. When nucleoli were isolated from non-apoptotic cells, C1q also bound to these structures. In vivo, C1q exists as the C1 complex (C1qC1r2C1s2), and C1q binding to ligands activates the C1r/C1s proteases. Incubation of nucleoli with C1 caused degradation of the nucleolar proteins nucleolin and nucleophosmin 1. This was inhibited by the C1 inhibitor. The nucleoli are abundant with autoantigens. C1q binding and C1r/C1s degradation of nucleolar antigens during cell apoptosis potentially reduces autoimmunity. These findings help us to understand why genetic C1q and C1r/C1s deficiencies cause systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Cai
- From the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Boon Heng Dennis Teo
- From the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Joo Guan Yeo
- From the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
| | - Jinhua Lu
- From the Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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Merle NS, Noe R, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Roumenina LT. Complement System Part II: Role in Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:257. [PMID: 26074922 PMCID: PMC4443744 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 633] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system has been considered for a long time as a simple lytic cascade, aimed to kill bacteria infecting the host organism. Nowadays, this vision has changed and it is well accepted that complement is a complex innate immune surveillance system, playing a key role in host homeostasis, inflammation, and in the defense against pathogens. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of the role of complement in physiology and pathology. It starts with a description of complement contribution to the normal physiology (homeostasis) of a healthy organism, including the silent clearance of apoptotic cells and maintenance of cell survival. In pathology, complement can be a friend or a foe. It acts as a friend in the defense against pathogens, by inducing opsonization and a direct killing by C5b–9 membrane attack complex and by triggering inflammatory responses with the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. Opsonization plays also a major role in the mounting of an adaptive immune response, involving antigen presenting cells, T-, and B-lymphocytes. Nevertheless, it can be also an enemy, when pathogens hijack complement regulators to protect themselves from the immune system. Inadequate complement activation becomes a disease cause, as in atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, C3 glomerulopathies, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Age-related macular degeneration and cancer will be described as examples showing that complement contributes to a large variety of conditions, far exceeding the classical examples of diseases associated with complement deficiencies. Finally, we discuss complement as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Merle
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Remi Noe
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France ; Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) , Paris , France
| | - Lise Halbwachs-Mecarelli
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France ; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou , Paris , France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06 , Paris , France
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Scott D, Botto M. The paradoxical roles of C1q and C3 in autoimmunity. Immunobiology 2015; 221:719-25. [PMID: 26001732 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this review we will focus on the links between complement and autoimmune diseases and will highlight how animal models have provided insights into the manner by which C1q and C3 act to modulate both adaptive and innate immune responses. In particular we will highlight how C1q may not only act as initiator of the classical complement pathway, but can also mediate multiple immune responses in a complement activation independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Scott
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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27
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Salvadori M, Rosso G, Bertoni E. Complement involvement in kidney diseases: From physiopathology to therapeutical targeting. World J Nephrol 2015; 4:169-184. [PMID: 25949931 PMCID: PMC4419127 DOI: 10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement cascade is involved in several renal diseases and in renal transplantation. The different components of the complement cascade might represent an optimal target for innovative therapies. In the first section of the paper the authors review the physiopathology of complement involvement in renal diseases and transplantation. In some cases this led to a reclassification of renal diseases moving from a histopathological to a physiopathological classification. The principal issues afforded are: renal diseases with complement over activation, renal diseases with complement dysregulation, progression of renal diseases and renal transplantation. In the second section the authors discuss the several complement components that could represent a therapeutic target. Even if only the anti C5 monoclonal antibody is on the market, many targets as C1, C3, C5a and C5aR are the object of national or international trials. In addition, many molecules proved to be effective in vitro or in preclinical trials and are waiting to move to human trials in the future.
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28
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Kim SJ, Diamond B. Modulation of tolerogenic dendritic cells and autoimmunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 41:49-58. [PMID: 24747368 PMCID: PMC9973561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A key function of dendritic cells (DCs) is to induce either immune tolerance or immune activation. Many new DC subsets are being recognized, and it is now clear that each DC subset has a specialized function. For example, different DC subsets may express different cell surface molecules and respond differently to activation by secretion of a unique cytokine profile. Apart from intrinsic differences among DC subsets, various immune modulators in the microenvironment may influence DC function; inappropriate DC function is closely related to the development of immune disorders. The most exciting recent advance in DC biology is appreciation of human DC subsets. In this review, we discuss functionally different mouse and human DC subsets both in lymphoid organs and non-lymphoid organs, the molecules that regulate DC function, and the emerging understanding of the contribution of DCs to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Betty Diamond
- The Center for Autoimmune and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, United States.
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Clarke EV, Weist BM, Walsh CM, Tenner AJ. Complement protein C1q bound to apoptotic cells suppresses human macrophage and dendritic cell-mediated Th17 and Th1 T cell subset proliferation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:147-60. [PMID: 25381385 PMCID: PMC4377823 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0614-278r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete genetic deficiency of the complement protein C1q results in SLE with nearly 100% penetrance in humans, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for this association have not yet been fully determined. C1q opsonizes ACs for enhanced ingestion by phagocytes, such as Mϕ and iDCs, avoiding the extracellular release of inflammatory DAMPs upon loss of the membrane integrity of the dying cell. We previously showed that human monocyte-derived Mϕ and DCs ingesting autologous, C1q-bound LALs (C1q-polarized Mϕ and C1q-polarized DCs), enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduce proinflammatory cytokines relative to Mϕ or DC ingesting LAL alone. Here, we show that C1q-polarized Mϕ have elevated PD-L1 and PD-L2 and suppressed surface CD40, and C1q-polarized DCs have higher surface PD-L2 and less CD86 relative to Mϕ or DC ingesting LAL alone, respectively. In an MLR, C1q-polarized Mϕ reduced allogeneic and autologous Th17 and Th1 subset proliferation and demonstrated a trend toward increased Treg proliferation relative to Mϕ ingesting LAL alone. Moreover, relative to DC ingesting AC in the absence of C1q, C1q-polarized DCs decreased autologous Th17 and Th1 proliferation. These data demonstrate that a functional consequence of C1q-polarized Mϕ and DC is the regulation of Teff activation, thereby "sculpting" the adaptive immune system to avoid autoimmunity, while clearing dying cells. It is noteworthy that these studies identify novel target pathways for therapeutic intervention in SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth V Clarke
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; and
| | - Brian M Weist
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Craig M Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; and
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute for Immunology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; and
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30
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Cai Y, Yang Q, Tang Y, Zhang M, Liu H, Zhang G, Deng Q, Huang J, Gao Z, Zhou B, Feng CG, Chen X. Increased complement C1q level marks active disease in human tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92340. [PMID: 24647646 PMCID: PMC3960215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complement functions as an important host defense system and complement C5 and C7 have been implicated in immunopathology of tuberculosis. However, little is known about the role of other complement components in tuberculosis. Methods Complement gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of tuberculosis patients and controls were determined using whole genome transcriptional microarray assays. The mRNA and protein levels of three C1q components, C1qA, C1qB, and C1qC, were further validated by qRT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The percentages of C1q expression in CD14 positive cells were determined by flow cytometry. Finally, C1qC protein level was quantified in the pleural fluid of tuberculosis and non-tuberculosis pleurisy. Results C1q expression increases significantly in the peripheral blood of patients with active tuberculosis compared to healthy controls and individuals with latent TB infection. The percentage of C1q-expressing CD14 positive cells is significantly increased in active TB patients. C1q expression in the peripheral blood correlates with sputum smear positivity in tuberculosis patients and is reduced after anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Notably, receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that C1qC mRNA levels in peripheral blood efficiently discriminate active from latent tuberculosis infection and healthy controls. Additionally, C1qC protein level in pleural effusion shows improved power in discriminating tuberculosis from non-tuberculosis pleurisy when compared to other inflammatory markers, such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Conclusions C1q expression correlates with active disease in human tuberculosis. C1q could be a potential diagnostic marker to discriminate active tuberculosis from latent tuberculosis infection as well as tuberculosis pleurisy from non-tuberculosis pleurisy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianting Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yueqiang Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qunyi Deng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Disease and Health Genomics, National Engineering Center for Biochip at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiliang Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney University, Australia
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Verneret M, Tacnet-Delorme P, Osman R, Awad R, Grichine A, Kleman JP, Frachet P. Relative contribution of c1q and apoptotic cell-surface calreticulin to macrophage phagocytosis. J Innate Immun 2014; 6:426-34. [PMID: 24557008 DOI: 10.1159/000358834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q has been shown to recognize apoptotic cells, to enhance their uptake and to modulate cytokine release by phagocytes and thus promote immune tolerance. Surface-exposed calreticulin (CRT), known as a C1q receptor, is also considered to be an early eat-me signal that enhances the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and is capable of eliciting an immunogenic response. However, the molecular mechanisms that trigger these functions are not clear. We hypothesized that CRT and C1q might act together in these processes. We first showed, by means of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), that CRT interacts with the C1q globular region at the surface of early apoptotic cells. Next, we pointed out that knockdown of CRT on early apoptotic HeLa cells impairs the enhancement effect of C1q on their uptake by THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. Furthermore, a deficiency of CRT induces contrasting effects on cytokine release by THP-1 macrophages, increasing interleukin (IL)-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1/CCL2 and decreasing IL-8. Remarkably, these effects were greatly reduced when apoptotic cells were opsonized by C1q, which counterbalanced the effect of the CRT deficiency. These results demonstrate that CRT-C1q interaction is involved in the C1q bridging function and they highlight the particular ability of C1q to control the phagocyte inflammatory status, i.e. by integrating the molecular changes that could occur at the surface of dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Verneret
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Immune Response to Pathogens and Altered Self (IRPAS) Group, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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McCaughan JA, O'Rourke DM, Courtney AE. The complement cascade in kidney disease: from sideline to center stage. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62:604-14. [PMID: 23489674 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the complement pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of many kidney diseases. The pathologic and clinical features of these diseases are determined in part by the mechanism and location of complement activation within the kidney parenchyma. This review describes the physiology, action, and control of the complement cascade and explains the role of complement overactivation and dysregulation in kidney disease. There have been recent advances in the understanding of the effects of upregulation of the complement cascade after kidney transplantation. Complement plays an important role in initiating and propagating damage to transplanted kidneys in ischemia-reperfusion injury, antibody-mediated rejection, and cell-mediated rejection. Complement-targeting therapies presently are in development, and the first direct complement medication for kidney disease was licensed in 2011. The potential therapeutic targets for anticomplement drugs in kidney disease are described. Clinical and experimental studies are ongoing to identify further roles for complement-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A McCaughan
- Nephrology Research Group, Queen's University, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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33
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Complement C1q production by osteoclasts and its regulation of osteoclast development. Biochem J 2012; 447:229-37. [PMID: 22812635 DOI: 10.1042/bj20120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
C1q deficiency is the strongest known risk factor for SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus) but its endogenous cellular origin remains limitedly understood. In the present study we investigate the production of C1q by both cultured and endogenous bone osteoclasts. Blood monocytes were cultured with RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) and M-CSF (macrophage colony-stimulating factor) to generate osteoclasts and these cells expressed C1Q mRNA and also secreted C1q protein. Intracellular C1q was detectable in developing osteoclasts at day 3 by Western blotting and was also detectable by flow cytometry. By immunofluorescence microscopy, C1q was preferentially detected in immature osteoclasts. By multiple detection methods, C1q expression was markedly increased after IFNγ (interferon γ) treatment. By immunohistochemistry, C1q was also detected in endogenous bone osteoclasts. When osteoclasts were cultured on immobilized C1q, these cells exhibited 2-7-fold increases in the expression of signature osteoclast genes [TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase), cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, carbonic anhydrase II and NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 1)], suggesting an osteoclastogenic capability. This is the first report of C1q production by osteoclasts. Its ability to enhance osteoclast development implies reduced osteoclastogenesis in patients with SLE as they often experience decreased C1q levels. This is consistent with the non-erosive nature of lupus arthritis.
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Terrasse R, Tacnet-Delorme P, Moriscot C, Pérard J, Schoehn G, Vernet T, Thielens NM, Di Guilmi AM, Frachet P. Human and pneumococcal cell surface glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) proteins are both ligands of human C1q protein. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42620-33. [PMID: 23086952 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.423731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q, a key component of the classical complement pathway, is a major player in the response to microbial infection and has been shown to detect noxious altered-self substances such as apoptotic cells. In this work, using complementary experimental approaches, we identified the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a C1q partner when exposed at the surface of human pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and human apoptotic cells. The membrane-associated GAPDH on HeLa cells bound the globular regions of C1q as demonstrated by pulldown and cell surface co-localization experiments. Pneumococcal strains deficient in surface-exposed GAPDH harbored a decreased level of C1q recognition when compared with the wild-type strains. Both recombinant human and pneumococcal GAPDHs interacted avidly with C1q as measured by surface plasmon resonance experiments (K(D) = 0.34-2.17 nm). In addition, GAPDH-C1q complexes were observed by transmission electron microscopy after cross-linking. The purified pneumococcal GAPDH protein activated C1 in an in vitro assay unlike the human form. Deposition of C1q, C3b, and C4b from human serum at the surface of pneumococcal cells was dependent on the presence of surface-exposed GAPDH. This ability of C1q to sense both human and bacterial GAPDHs sheds new insights on the role of this important defense collagen molecule in modulating the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Terrasse
- Pneumococcus (PG), Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble, France
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35
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Elkon KB, Santer DM. Complement, interferon and lupus. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:665-70. [PMID: 22999705 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The complement pathway was implicated in the immunopathogenesis of lupus and other autoimmune disorders decades ago. The apparent paradox that early complement component (C1q, C2 and C4) deficiencies predispose to lupus has been explained by the beneficial roles of these proteins in promoting the clearance of immune complexes (ICs) and apoptotic cells. Recent findings demonstrate that, in the absence of C1q, instead of ICs binding to monocytes, they preferentially engage plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) so generating interferon (IFN) alpha, the cytokine with potent immune adjuvant properties. C1q opsonized apoptotic cells also exert an immunosuppressive effect through cytokine regulation and the stimulation of additional opsonins by macrophages. C1q was recently reported to impede neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) degradation. NETs are known to promote type I IFN production in SLE by providing a source of antigen for the formation of ICs as well as through direct pDC activation by cathelicidin (LL37). Together, these findings provide both direct and indirect links between two key pathways implicated in lupus pathogenesis: complement and IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith B Elkon
- Division of Rheumatology and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Zimmer A, Bouley J, Le Mignon M, Pliquet E, Horiot S, Turfkruyer M, Baron-Bodo V, Horak F, Nony E, Louise A, Moussu H, Mascarell L, Moingeon P. A regulatory dendritic cell signature correlates with the clinical efficacy of allergen-specific sublingual immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1020-30. [PMID: 22464673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given their pivotal role in the polarization of T-cell responses, molecular changes at the level of dendritic cells (DCs) could represent an early signature indicative of the subsequent orientation of adaptive immune responses during immunotherapy. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether markers of effector and regulatory DCs are affected during allergen immunotherapy in relationship with clinical benefit. METHODS Differential gel electrophoresis and label-free mass spectrometry approaches were used to compare whole proteomes from human monocyte-derived DCs differentiated toward either regulatory or effector functions. The expression of those markers was assessed by using quantitative PCR in PBMCs from 79 patients with grass pollen allergy enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study evaluating the efficacy of sublingual tablets in an allergen exposure chamber over a 4-month period. RESULTS We identified several markers associated with DC1 and/or DC17 effector DCs, including CD71, FSCN1, IRF4, NMES1, MX1, TRAF1. A substantial phenotypic heterogeneity was observed among various types of tolerogenic DCs, with ANXA1, Complement component 1 (C1Q), CATC, GILZ, F13A, FKBP5, Stabilin-1 (STAB1), and TPP1 molecules established as shared or restricted regulatory DC markers. The expression of 2 of those DCs markers, C1Q and STAB1, was increased in PBMCs from clinical responders in contrast to that seen in nonresponders or placebo-treated patients. CONCLUSION C1Q and STAB1 represent candidate biomarkers of early efficacy of allergen immunotherapy as the hallmark of a regulatory innate immune response predictive of clinical tolerance.
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DC-SIGN, C1q, and gC1qR form a trimolecular receptor complex on the surface of monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells. Blood 2012; 120:1228-36. [PMID: 22700724 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-369728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q modulates the differentiation and function of cells committed to the monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) lineage. Because the 2 C1q receptors found on the DC surface-gC1qR and cC1qR-lack a direct conduit into intracellular elements, we postulated that the receptors must form complexes with transmembrane partners. In the present study, we show that DC-SIGN, a C-type lectin expressed on DCs, binds directly to C1q, as assessed by ELISA, flow cytometry, and immunoprecipitation experiments. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that the interaction was specific, and both intact C1q and the globular portion of C1q bound to DC-SIGN. Whereas IgG reduced this binding significantly, the Arg residues (162-163) of the C1q-A chain, which are thought to contribute to the C1q-IgG interaction, were not required for C1q binding to DC-SIGN. Binding was reduced significantly in the absence of Ca(2+) and by preincubation of DC-SIGN with mannan, suggesting that C1q binds to DC-SIGN at its principal Ca(2+)-binding pocket, which has increased affinity for mannose residues. Antigen-capture ELISA and immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that C1q and gC1qR associate with DC-SIGN on blood DC precursors and immature DCs. The results of the present study suggest that C1q/gC1qR may regulate DC differentiation and function through the DC-SIGN-mediated induction of cell-signaling pathways.
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Belderbos ME, Levy O, Stalpers F, Kimpen JL, Meyaard L, Bont L. Neonatal plasma polarizes TLR4-mediated cytokine responses towards low IL-12p70 and high IL-10 production via distinct factors. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33419. [PMID: 22442690 PMCID: PMC3307729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neonates are highly susceptible to infection, which may be due in part to impaired innate immune function. Neonatal Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses are biased against the generation of pro-inflammatory/Th1-polarizing cytokines, yet the underlying mechanisms are incompletely defined. Here, we demonstrate that neonatal plasma polarizes TLR4-mediated cytokine production. When exposed to cord blood plasma, mononuclear cells (MCs) produced significantly lower TLR4-mediated IL-12p70 and higher IL-10 compared to MC exposed to adult plasma. Suppression by neonatal plasma of TLR4-mediated IL-12p70 production, but not induction of TLR4-mediated IL-10 production, was maintained up to the age of 1 month. Cord blood plasma conferred a similar pattern of MC cytokine responses to TLR3 and TLR8 agonists, demonstrating activity towards both MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent agonists. The factor causing increased TLR4-mediated IL-10 production by cord blood plasma was heat-labile, lost after protein depletion and independent of lipoprotein binding protein (LBP) or soluble CD14 (sCD14). The factor causing inhibition of TLR4-mediated IL-12p70 production by cord blood plasma was resistant to heat inactivation or protein depletion and was independent of IL-10, vitamin D and prostaglandin E2. In conclusion, human neonatal plasma contains at least two distinct factors that suppress TLR4-mediated IL-12p70 production or induce IL-10 or production. Further identification of these factors will provide insight into the ontogeny of innate immune development and might identify novel targets for the prevention and treatment of neonatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam E Belderbos
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Yanagita M, Kobayashi R, Kojima Y, Mori K, Murakami S. Nicotine modulates the immunological function of dendritic cells through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ upregulation. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:26-33. [PMID: 22425227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of nicotine on differentiation and function of monocyte-derived human dendritic cells (DCs). NiDCs, which were the DCs differentiated in the presence of nicotine, showed lower levels of CD1a. Secretion of IL-12 and TNF-α by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NiDCs was significantly suppressed compared to monocyte-derived DCs grown without nicotine. NiDCs displayed a diminished capacity to induce allogeneic T cell proliferation with a reduced production of IFN-γ, and maintained/enhanced LPS-mediated expression of coinhibitory molecules. Interestingly, NiDCs enhanced the expression of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ (PPAR γ), which has immunomodulatory properties. Expression of PPAR γ and PPAR γ-target genes was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with d-tubocurarine, antagonist of non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). In addition, reduction of Th1 responses was inhibited after blocking nAChR-mediated signal. These data suggest the effect of nicotine on altering DC immunogenicity by impeding Th1 immunity is partially mediated by upregulation of PPAR γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Yamadaoka 1-8, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Roumenina LT, Sène D, Radanova M, Blouin J, Halbwachs-Mecarelli L, Dragon-Durey MA, Fridman WH, Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Functional complement C1q abnormality leads to impaired immune complexes and apoptotic cell clearance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:4369-73. [PMID: 21930969 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
C1q plays a key role in apoptotic cell and immune complex removal. Its absence contributes to the loss of tolerance toward self structures and development of autoimmunity. C1q deficiencies are extremely rare and are associated with complete lack of C1q or with secretion of surrogate C1q fragments. To our knowledge, we report the first case of a functional C1q abnormality, associated with the presence of a normal C1q molecule. Homozygous GlyB63Ser mutation was found in a patient suffering from lupus with neurologic manifestations and multiple infections. The GlyB63Ser C1q bound to Igs, pentraxins, LPSs, and apoptotic cells, similarly to C1q from healthy donors. However, the interaction of C1r(2)C1s(2) and C1 complex formation was abolished, preventing further complement activation and opsonization by C3. The mutation is located between LysB(61) and LysB(65) of C1q, suggested to form the C1r binding site. Our data infer that the binding of C1q to apoptotic cells in humans is insufficient to assure self-tolerance. The opsonization capacity of C4 and C3 fragments has to be intact to fight infections and to prevent autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubka T Roumenina
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé 872, 75006 Paris, France.
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41
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Chen G, Tan CS, Teh BK, Lu J. Molecular mechanisms for synchronized transcription of three complement C1q subunit genes in dendritic cells and macrophages. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:34941-50. [PMID: 21862594 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary homozygous C1q deficiency is rare, but it almost certainly causes systemic lupus erythematosus. On the other hand, C1q levels can decline in systemic lupus erythematosus patients without apparent C1q gene defects and the versatility in C1q production is a likely cause. As an 18-subunit protein, C1q is assembled in a 1:1:1 ratio from three different subunits. The three human C1q genes are closely bundled on chromosome 1 (C1qA-C1qC-C1qB) and their basal and IFNγ-stimulated expression, largely restricted to macrophages and dendritic cells, is apparently synchronized. We cloned the three gene promoters and observed that although the C1qB promoter exhibited basal and IFNγ-stimulated activities consistent with the endogenous C1qB gene, the activities of the cloned C1qA and C1qC promoters were suppressed by IFNγ. To certain extents, these were corrected when the C1qB promoter was cloned at the 3' end across the luciferase reporter gene. A 53-bp element is essential to the activities of the C1qB promoter and the transcription factors PU.1 and IRF8 bound to this region. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, the C1qB promoter was co-precipitated with PU.1 and IRF8. shRNA knockdown of PU.1 and IRF8 diminished C1qB promoter response to IFNγ. STAT1 instead regulated C1qB promoter through IRF8 induction. Collectively, our results reveal a novel transcriptional mechanism by which the expression of the three C1q genes is synchronized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobao Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Block MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597
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42
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Toufeer M, Bonnefont CMD, Foulon E, Caubet C, Tasca C, Aurel MR, Robert-Granié C, Rupp R, Foucras G. Gene expression profiling of dendritic cells reveals important mechanisms associated with predisposition to Staphylococcus infections. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22147. [PMID: 21857913 PMCID: PMC3155527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of humans and animals and emerging antibiotic-resistant strains have further increased the concern of this health issue. Host genetics influence susceptibility to S. aureus infections, and the genes determining the outcome of infections should be identified to find alternative therapies to treatment with antibiotics. Here, we used outbred animals from a divergent selection based on susceptibility towards Staphylococcus infection to explore host immunogenetics. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated how dendritic cells respond to heat-inactivated S. aureus and whether dendritic cells from animals showing different degrees of susceptibility had distinct gene expression profiles. We measured gene expression levels of in vitro S. aureus-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells at three different time points (0, 3 and 8 hrs) by using 15 k ovine Agilent microarrays. Furthermore, differential expression of a selected number of genes was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Gene signatures of stimulated DCs were obtained and showed that genes involved in the inflammatory process and T helper cell polarization were highly up-regulated upon stimulation. Moreover, a set of 204 genes were statistically differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant animals, and grouped them according to their predisposition to staphylococcal infection. Interestingly, over-expression of the C1q and Ido1 genes was observed in the resistant line and suggested a role of classical pathway of complement and early regulation of inflammation pathways, respectively. On the contrary, over expression of genes involved in the IL1R pathway was observed in susceptible animals. Furthermore, the leucocyte extravasation pathway was also found to be dominant in the susceptible line. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We successfully obtained Staphylococcus aureus associated gene expression of ovine BM-DC in an 8-hour kinetics experiment. The distinct transcriptional profiles of dendritic cells obtained from resistant and susceptible animals may explain susceptibility towards S. aureus infections in a broader context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Toufeer
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT; UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile M. D. Bonnefont
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT; UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UR631, SAGA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Eliane Foulon
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT; UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Caubet
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT; UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Tasca
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT; UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | - Gilles Foucras
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT; UMR 1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR1225, IHAP, Toulouse, France
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43
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Complement and non-complement activating functions of C1q: A prototypical innate immune molecule. Innate Immun 2011; 18:350-63. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425910396252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
C1q is a versatile innate immune molecule that serves as the initiation subcomponent of the classical complement pathway. In addition, it is also a potent pattern recognition molecule, the versatility of which has fuelled its functional flexibility. C1q recognises an array of self, non-self and altered-self ligands. The broad-spectrum ligand-binding potential of C1q is facilitated by the modular organisation of the heterotrimeric globular head region, its ability to change its conformation in a very subtle way, and the manner in which this ancient molecule appears to have evolved to deal with the different types of ligands. Over recent years, molecules that resemble C1q have been put together to form the C1q family. In this review, we briefly summarise complement-dependent and complement-independent functions of C1q, its cognate receptors and key members of the rapidly growing C1q family.
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44
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Li K, Fazekasova H, Wang N, Sagoo P, Peng Q, Khamri W, Gomes C, Sacks SH, Lombardi G, Zhou W. Expression of complement components, receptors and regulators by human dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1121-7. [PMID: 21397947 PMCID: PMC3084445 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Integration of innate and adaptive arms of the immune response at a cellular and molecular level appears to be fundamental to the development of powerful effector functions in host defence and aberrant immune responses. Here we provide evidence that the functions of human complement activation and antigen presentation converge on dendritic cells (DCs). We show that several subsets of human DCs [i.e., monocyte derived (CD1a(+)CD14(-)), dermal (CD1a(+)DC-SIGN(+)), Langerhans (CD1a(+)Langerin(+)), myeloid (CD1c(+)CD19(-)), plamacytoid (CD45RA(+)CD123(+))] express many of the components of the classical and alternative and terminal pathways of complement. Moreover human DCs have receptors known to detect the biologically active peptides C3a and C5a (C3aR, C5aR) and the covalently bound fragments C3b and metabolites iC3b and C3d which serve in immune adhesion (i.e., CR3, CR4, CRIg). We also show that the human DC surface is characterised by membrane bound regulators of complement activation, which are also known to participate in intracellular signalling (i.e., CD46, CD55, CD59). This work provides an extensive description of complement components relevant to the integrated actions of complement and DC, illuminated by animal studies. It acts as a resource that allows further understanding and exploitation of role of complement in human health and immune mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- King's College London, MRC Centre for Transplantation, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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45
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Teh BK, Yeo JG, Chern LM, Lu J. C1q regulation of dendritic cell development from monocytes with distinct cytokine production and T cell stimulation. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1128-38. [PMID: 21429584 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The causative association of complement C1q deficiency with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which inevitably involves the breakdown of tolerance, remains poorly explained. Its non-hepatic, macrophage and dendritic cell (DC) origin may be highly relevant. In tissues, C1q is produced by DCs and macrophages which deposits around these cells and we ask whether this pericellular form of C1q regulates DC development from monocytes. DCs cultured on immobilized C1q (C1q-DCs) show similar MHC, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD83 and CCR7 expression as normal DCs, but these cells exhibit increased phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and elevated IL-10 but reduced IL-12 and IL-23 production. Intracellularly, C1q-DCs exhibit increased ERK, p38 and p70S6 kinase activity. By mixed leukocyte reaction, C1q-DCs show reduced Th1 and Th17 induction from allogeneic CD4(+) T cells. LPS and IFNγ, which cause normal DCs to induce increased CD25 expression on CD4(+) T cells, attenuate C1q-DC induction of CD25. These imply that the DC pericellular C1q may induce tolerogenic properties in developing DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon King Teh
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Blk MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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46
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Païdassi H, Tacnet-Delorme P, Verneret M, Gaboriaud C, Houen G, Duus K, Ling WL, Arlaud GJ, Frachet P. Investigations on the C1q-calreticulin-phosphatidylserine interactions yield new insights into apoptotic cell recognition. J Mol Biol 2011; 408:277-90. [PMID: 21352829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Both C1q and calreticulin (CRT) are involved in the recognition of apoptotic cells. CRT was initially characterized as a receptor for the C1q collagen-like fragment (CLF), whereas C1q was shown to bind apoptotic cells through its globular region (GR). Using purified CRT and recombinant CRT domains, we now provide unambiguous experimental evidence that, in addition to its CLF, the C1q GR also binds CRT and that both types of interactions are mediated by the CRT globular domain. Surface plasmon resonance analyses revealed that the C1q CLF and GR domains each bind individually to immobilized CRT and its globular domain with K(D) values of (2.6-8.3) × 10(-7) M. Further evidence that CRT binds to the C1q GR was obtained by electron microscopy. The role of CRT in the recognition of apoptotic HeLa cells by C1q was analyzed. The C1q GR partially colocalized with CRT on the surface of early apoptotic cells, and siRNA (small interfering RNA)-induced CRT deficiency resulted in increased apoptotic cell binding to C1q. The interaction between CRT and phosphatidylserine (PS), a known C1q ligand on apoptotic cells, was also investigated. The polar head of PS was shown to bind to CRT with a 10-fold higher affinity (K(D)=1.5 × 10(-5) M) than that determined for C1q, and, accordingly, the C1q GR-PS interaction was impaired in the presence of CRT. Together, these observations indicate that CRT, C1q, and PS are all closely involved in the uptake of apoptotic cells and strongly suggest a combinatorial role of these three molecules in the recognition step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Païdassi
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, 38027 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
One of the ultimate goals in transplantation is to develop novel therapeutic methods for induction of donor-specific tolerance to reduce the side effects caused by the generalized immunosuppression associated to the currently used pharmacologic regimens. Interaction or phagocytosis of cells in early apoptosis exerts potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects on antigen (Ag)-presenting cells (APC) like dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. This observation led to the idea that apoptotic cell-based therapies could be employed to deliver donor-Ag in combination with regulatory signals to recipient’s APC as therapeutic approach to restrain the anti-donor response. This review describes the multiple mechanisms by which apoptotic cells down-modulate the immuno-stimulatory and pro-inflammatory functions of DC and macrophages, and the role of the interaction between apoptotic cells and APC in self-tolerance and in apoptotic cell-based therapies to prevent/treat allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in murine experimental systems and in humans. It also explores the role that in vivo-generated apoptotic cells could have in the beneficial effects of extracorporeal photopheresis, donor-specific transfusion, and tolerogenic DC-based therapies in transplantation.
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48
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Kis-Toth K, Tsokos GC. Dendritic cell function in lupus: Independent contributors or victims of aberrant immune regulation. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:121-30. [PMID: 20102311 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903214041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent an important component of the immune system connecting the innate and adaptive immune responses. They are able to trigger strong immunity as well as tolerance against certain antigens, and therefore it is obvious that they have a central role in the expression of immunological diseases. However, because DCs are sparse, heterogeneous and plastic, their exact role in complex autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains not well defined. In this review, we make an attempt to summarize critically recent knowledge on the role of conventional DCs in the expression of autoimmunity and pathology in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kis-Toth
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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49
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Nayak A, Ferluga J, Tsolaki AG, Kishore U. The non-classical functions of the classical complement pathway recognition subcomponent C1q. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:139-50. [PMID: 20381531 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C1q, the ligand recognition subcomponent of the classical complement pathway has steadily been gaining recognition as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. C1q has been shown to be involved in the modulation of various immune cells (such as dendritic cells, platelets, microglia cells and lymphocytes), clearance of apoptotic cells, a range of cell processes such as differentiation, chemotaxis, aggregation and adhesion, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of C1q during pregnancy, coagulation process and embryonic development including neurological synapse function. It is intriguing to note that a prototypical defence molecule has so many diverse functions that probably have its origin in its versatility as a potent charge pattern recognition molecule, modularity within the ligand-recognising globular domain, and the redundancy of putative C1q receptors. The range of function that C1q has been shown to perform also provides clues for the undiscovered functions of a number of C1q family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Nayak
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, London UB8 3PH, UK
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50
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Crispín JC, Liossis SNC, Kis-Toth K, Lieberman LA, Kyttaris VC, Juang YT, Tsokos GC. Pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus: recent advances. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16:47-57. [PMID: 20138006 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with manifestations derived from the involvement of multiple organs including the kidneys, joints, nervous system and hematopoietic organs. Immune system aberrations, as well as heritable, hormonal and environmental factors interplay in the expression of organ damage. Recent contributions from different fields have developed our understanding of SLE and reshaped current pathogenic models. Here, we review recent findings that deal with (i) genes associated with disease expression; (ii) immune cell molecular abnormalities that lead to autoimmune pathology; (iii) the role of hormones and sex chromosomes in the development of disease; and (iv) environmental and epigenetic factors thought to contribute to the expression of SLE. Finally, we highlight molecular defects intimately associated with the disease process of SLE that might represent ideal therapeutic targets and disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C Crispín
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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