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Wang ZY, Gao ST, Gou XJ, Qiu FR, Feng Q. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase family proteins: An overview of their role in liver disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 978:176773. [PMID: 38936453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family is a group of serine-threonine kinases that regulates various cellular processes via toll-like receptor (TLR)/interleukin-1 receptor (IL1R)-mediated signaling. The IRAK family comprises four members, including IRAK1, IRAK2, IRAK3, and IRAK4, which play an important role in the expression of various inflammatory genes, thereby contributing to the inflammatory response. IRAKs are key proteins in chronic and acute liver diseases, and recent evidence has implicated IRAK family proteins (IRAK1, IRAK3, and IRAK4) in the progression of liver-related disorders, including alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis virus infection, acute liver failure, liver ischemia-reperfusion injury, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the role of IRAK family proteins and their associated inflammatory signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The purpose of this study is to explore whether IRAK family proteins can serve as the main target for the treatment of liver related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Si-Ting Gao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Gou
- Central Laboratory, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Shanghai, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Fu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Kimball AB, Peeva E, Forman S, Moiin A, Khattri S, Porter ML, Mangold AR, Ghosh P, Banfield C, Oemar B. Brepocitinib, Zimlovisertib, and Ropsacitinib in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. NEJM EVIDENCE 2024; 3:EVIDoa2300155. [PMID: 38335032 DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2300155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a debilitating, inflammatory skin disease with limited treatment options and partially understood pathophysiology. Using an umbrella trial design, three kinase inhibitor immunomodulators with different mechanisms of action were evaluated. METHODS: This phase 2a, double-blind, parallel-group trial enrolled adults with moderate to severe HS who were then randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to once-daily brepocitinib 45 mg (a JAK1/TYK2 inhibitor), zimlovisertib 400 mg (an IRAK4 inhibitor), ropsacitinib 400 mg (a TYK2 inhibitor), or matching placebo for 16 weeks. The primary end point was the percentage of participants achieving HS clinical response (HiSCR) at week 16. Safety, including treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), was monitored throughout. RESULTS: Totals of 52, 47, 47, and 48 participants were assigned to brepocitinib, zimlovisertib, ropsacitinib, and placebo, respectively. At week 16, 28% were lost to follow-up and assumed to be nonresponders; HiSCR occurred in 33.3% (16/48) of participants receiving placebo and in 51.9% (27/52), 34.0% (16/47), and 37.0% (17/46) of those receiving brepocitinib, zimlovisertib, and ropsacitinib (difference in percentage points vs. placebo [90% confidence interval], 18.7 [2.7 to 34.6], 0.7 [−15.2 to 16.7], and 3.5 [−12.6 to 19.6]), respectively. TEAEs occurred more frequently with active treatment (brepocitinib, 30 [57.7%]; zimlovisertib, 26 [55.3%]; ropsacitinib, 29 [61.7%]; placebo, 23 [47.9%]). Most TEAEs (infections, skin disorders, and gastrointestinal symptoms) were mild; there were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Participants with moderate to severe HS treated with brepocitinib experienced greater clinical response, whereas those on zimlovisertib and ropsacitinib did not, compared with placebo. These results favor the JAK/STAT pathway as an immunologic target in HS and did not confirm a role for selective IRAK4 or TYK2 inhibition. These results should be confirmed in larger studies with longer follow-up. (Funded by Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov registration number, NCT04092452.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa B Kimball
- Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | | | | | - Ali Moiin
- Revival Research Institute, LLC, Southfield, MI
| | - Saakshi Khattri
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York
| | - Martina L Porter
- Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Aaron R Mangold
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ
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3
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Peng R, Wang CK, Wang‐Kan X, Idorn M, Kjær M, Zhou FY, Fiil BK, Timmermann F, Orozco SL, McCarthy J, Leung CS, Lu X, Bagola K, Rehwinkel J, Oberst A, Maelfait J, Paludan SR, Gyrd‐Hansen M. Human ZBP1 induces cell death-independent inflammatory signaling via RIPK3 and RIPK1. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e55839. [PMID: 36268590 PMCID: PMC9724671 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ZBP1 is an interferon-induced cytosolic nucleic acid sensor that facilitates antiviral responses via RIPK3. Although ZBP1-mediated programmed cell death is widely described, whether and how it promotes inflammatory signaling is unclear. Here, we report a ZBP1-induced inflammatory signaling pathway mediated by K63- and M1-linked ubiquitin chains, which depends on RIPK1 and RIPK3 as scaffolds independently of cell death. In human HT29 cells, ZBP1 associated with RIPK1 and RIPK3 as well as ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and LUBAC. ZBP1-induced K63- and M1-linked ubiquitination of RIPK1 and ZBP1 to promote TAK1- and IKK-mediated inflammatory signaling and cytokine production. Inhibition of caspase activity suppressed ZBP1-induced cell death but enhanced cytokine production in a RIPK1- and RIPK3 kinase activity-dependent manner. Lastly, we provide evidence that ZBP1 signaling contributes to SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine production. Taken together, we describe a ZBP1-RIPK3-RIPK1-mediated inflammatory signaling pathway relayed by the scaffolding role of RIPKs and regulated by caspases, which may induce inflammation when ZBP1 is activated below the threshold needed to trigger a cell death response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoshi Peng
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Chris Kedong Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research CenterUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Xuan Wang‐Kan
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Manja Idorn
- Department of BiomedicineAarhus UniversityAarhus CDenmark
| | - Majken Kjær
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research CenterUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Felix Y Zhou
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Berthe Katrine Fiil
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research CenterUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Frederik Timmermann
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research CenterUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Susana L Orozco
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Julia McCarthy
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Carol S Leung
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Xin Lu
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Division of ImmunologyFederal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul‐Ehrlich‐InstitutLangenGermany
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of ImmunologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
| | - Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB‐UGent Center for Inflammation ResearchGhentBelgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular BiologyGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Mads Gyrd‐Hansen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research CenterUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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4
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IRAK family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Hrdinka M, Schlicher L, Dai B, Pinkas DM, Bufton JC, Picaud S, Ward JA, Rogers C, Suebsuwong C, Nikhar S, Cuny GD, Huber KV, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Degterev A, Gyrd-Hansen M. Small molecule inhibitors reveal an indispensable scaffolding role of RIPK2 in NOD2 signaling. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899372. [PMID: 30026309 PMCID: PMC6120666 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RIPK2 mediates inflammatory signaling by the bacteria‐sensing receptors NOD1 and NOD2. Kinase inhibitors targeting RIPK2 are a proposed strategy to ameliorate NOD‐mediated pathologies. Here, we reveal that RIPK2 kinase activity is dispensable for NOD2 inflammatory signaling and show that RIPK2 inhibitors function instead by antagonizing XIAP‐binding and XIAP‐mediated ubiquitination of RIPK2. We map the XIAP binding site on RIPK2 to the loop between β2 and β3 of the N‐lobe of the kinase, which is in close proximity to the ATP‐binding pocket. Through characterization of a new series of ATP pocket‐binding RIPK2 inhibitors, we identify the molecular features that determine their inhibition of both the RIPK2‐XIAP interaction, and of cellular and in vivoNOD2 signaling. Our study exemplifies how targeting of the ATP‐binding pocket in RIPK2 can be exploited to interfere with the RIPK2‐XIAP interaction for modulation of NOD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matous Hrdinka
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Schlicher
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Pinkas
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua C Bufton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer A Ward
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sameer Nikhar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kilian Vm Huber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Qing R, Huang Z, Tang Y, Xiang Q, Yang F. Cordycepin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 60:18-25. [PMID: 29702279 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study is to investigate the protective effect of cordycepin on inflammatory reactions in rats with acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as the underlying mechanism. METHODS Wistar rat model of ALI was induced by intravenous injection of LPS (30 mg/kg body weight). One hour later, intravenous injection of cordycepin (1, 10 or 30 mg/kg body weight) was administered. The wet-to-dry weight ratio of lung tissues and myeloperoxidase activity in the lung tissues were measured. The contents of nitrite and nitrate were measured by reduction method, while chemiluminescence was used to determine the content of superoxide. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of mRNA and protein, respectively. Colorimetry was performed to determine the enzymatic activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was identified by Western blotting. The plasma contents of cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Cordycepin enhanced the expression and enzymatic activity of HO-1 in ALI rats, and activated Nrf2 by inducing the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to nucleus. In addition, cordycepin regulated the secretion of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 via HO-1, and suppressed inflammation in lung tissues of ALI rats by inducing the expression of HO-1. HO-1 played important roles in the down-regulation of superoxide levels in lung tissues by cordycepin, and HO-1 expression induced by cordycepin affected nitrite and nitrate concentrations in plasma and iNOS protein expression in lung tissues. Cordycepin showed protective effect on injuries in lung tissues. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that cordycepin alleviates inflammation induced by LPS via the activation of Nrf2 and up-regulation of HO-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qing
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Zezhi Huang
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Yufei Tang
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Qingke Xiang
- Division of Pathogenic Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, PR China.
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7
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Abstract
MicroRNAs are small endogenous noncoding RNAs implicating in the regulation of diverse biological processes, including proliferation, differentiation, cancer, apoptosis, and viral infections. MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by either mRNA degradation or inhibition of protein translation. Although microRNAs have emerged as important controller involved in regulation of inflammatory response, the microRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism remains less clear in teleost. Here, we report that miR-148 targets MyD88 and down-regulates its expression by inhibition protein translation rather than degradation mRNA in miiuy croaker. Additionally, we found that miR-148 was significantly upregulated in miiuy croaker after treated with Vibro harveyi, as well as LPS. Overexpression of miR-148 inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines production, such as IL-6 and IL-1β, which then avoid excessive inflammation response. miR-148 has also been identified to suppress NF-κB pathway through targeting and repressing MyD88 expression. Taken together, our findings indicate that miR-148 participates in bacteria-induced inflammatory response and act as a negative regulator for MyD88-mediated NF-κB signaling, which may clarify the mechanism of microRNAs for avoiding excessive inflammation in teleost fish.
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8
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Chu Q, Sun Y, Cui J, Xu T. Inducible microRNA-214 contributes to the suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory response via targeting myd88 gene in fish. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5282-5290. [PMID: 28235799 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon recognition of bacterial pathogens by pattern recognition receptors, cells are activated to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I IFN by multiple signaling pathways. Every step of the process must be precisely regulated to prevent dysregulation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to be important regulators with profound effects on inflammatory response. Nevertheless, the miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism remains unclear in fish species. Here, we addressed the role of miiuy croaker miR-214 in the bacteria triggered inflammatory response. miR-214 could significantly be up-regulated by Vibro harveyi and LPS stimulation. Up-regulating miR-214 subsequently inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by targeting myd88 to avoid excessive inflammation. Moreover, the negative regulatory mechanism of miR-214 has been demonstrated to be via the myd88-mediated NF-κB pathway. This is the first to focus on miR-214 acting as the negative regulator involved in the bacteria-triggered inflammatory response and thus may provide knowledge on the host-cell regulator responses to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chu
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- From the Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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9
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Dudhgaonkar S, Ranade S, Nagar J, Subramani S, Prasad DS, Karunanithi P, Srivastava R, Venkatesh K, Selvam S, Krishnamurthy P, Mariappan TT, Saxena A, Fan L, Stetsko DK, Holloway DA, Li X, Zhu J, Yang WP, Ruepp S, Nair S, Santella J, Duncia J, Hynes J, McIntyre KW, Carman JA. Selective IRAK4 Inhibition Attenuates Disease in Murine Lupus Models and Demonstrates Steroid Sparing Activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:1308-1319. [PMID: 28003376 PMCID: PMC5253435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)4 is a critical regulator of innate immunity. We have identified BMS-986126, a potent, highly selective inhibitor of IRAK4 kinase activity that demonstrates equipotent activity against multiple MyD88-dependent responses both in vitro and in vivo. BMS-986126 failed to inhibit assays downstream of MyD88-independent receptors, including the TNF receptor and TLR3. Very little activity was seen downstream of TLR4, which can also activate an MyD88-independent pathway. In mice, the compound inhibited cytokine production induced by injection of several different TLR agonists, including those for TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9. The compound also significantly suppressed skin inflammation induced by topical administration of the TLR7 agonist imiquimod. BMS-986126 demonstrated robust activity in the MRL/lpr and NZB/NZW models of lupus, inhibiting multiple pathogenic responses. In the MRL/lpr model, robust activity was observed with the combination of suboptimal doses of BMS-986126 and prednisolone, suggesting the potential for steroid sparing activity. BMS-986126 also demonstrated synergy with prednisolone in assays of TLR7- and TLR9-induced IFN target gene expression using human PBMCs. Lastly, BMS-986126 inhibited TLR7- and TLR9-dependent responses using cells derived from lupus patients, suggesting that inhibition of IRAK4 has the potential for therapeutic benefit in treating lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourabh Ranade
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Jignesh Nagar
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Siva Subramani
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Durga Shiv Prasad
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Ratika Srivastava
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Kamala Venkatesh
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Sabariya Selvam
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | | | - Ajay Saxena
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Li Fan
- Immunology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Dawn K Stetsko
- Immunology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | | | - Xin Li
- Lead Evaluation, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Jun Zhu
- Translational Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ 08525
| | - Wen-Pin Yang
- Translational Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hopewell, NJ 08525
| | - Stefan Ruepp
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543; and
| | - Satheesh Nair
- Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Joseph Santella
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - John Duncia
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - John Hynes
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Kim W McIntyre
- Immunology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543
| | - Julie A Carman
- Immunology Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543;
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10
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Sun WW, Zhang XX, Wan WS, Wang SQ, Wen XB, Zheng HP, Zhang YL, Li SK. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) participates in anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs) gene expression in mud crab. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:361-376. [PMID: 27581742 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key cytoplasm signal adaptor that mediates signals activated by tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily and the Interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1/TLR) superfamily. The full-length 2492 bp TRAF6 (Sp-TRAF6) from Scylla paramamosain contains 1800 bp of open reading frame (ORF) encoding 598 amino acids, including an N-terminal RING-type zinc finger, two TRAF-type zinc fingers and a conserved C-terminal meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain. Multiple alignment analysis shows that the putative amino acid sequence of Sp-TRAf6 has highest identity of 88% with Pt-TRAF6 from Portunus trituberculatus, while the similarity of Sp-TRAF6 with other crustacean sequences was 54-55%. RT-PCR analysis indicated that Sp-TRAF6 transcripts were predominantly expressed in the hepatopancreas and stomach, whereas it was barely detected in the heart and hemocytes in our study. Moreover, Sp-TRAF6 transcripts were significantly up-regulated after Vibrio parahemolyticus and LPS challenges. RNA interference assay was carried out used by siRNA to investigate the genes expression patterns regulated by Sp-TRAF6. The qRT-PCR results showed that silencing Sp-TRAF6 gene could inhibit SpALF1, SpALF2, SpALF5 and SpALF6 expression in hemocytes, while inhibit SpALF1, SpALF3, SpALF4, SpALF5 and SpALF6 expression in hepatopancreas. Taken together, the acute-phase response to immune challenges and the inhibition of SpALFs gene expression indicate that Sp-TRAF6 plays an important role in host defense against pathogen invasions via regulation of ALF gene expression in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xin-Xu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Wei-Song Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shu-Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huai-Ping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yue-Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Sheng-Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.
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11
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Recent Progress in the Molecular Recognition and Therapeutic Importance of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111529. [PMID: 27845762 PMCID: PMC6274160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most upstream pattern recognition receptors in the cell, which detect pathogen associated molecular patterns and initiate signal transduction, culminating in the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antiviral interferon. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a key mediator in TLR (except for TLR3) and interleukin-1 receptor signaling pathways. The loss of kinase function of IRAK4 is associated with increased susceptibility to various pathogens, while its over-activation causes autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. The therapeutic importance of this master kinase has been advocated by a number of recent preclinical studies, where potent inhibitors have been administered to improve various TLR-mediated pathologies. Increasing studies of X-ray crystallographic structures with bound inhibitors have improved our knowledge on the molecular recognition of ligands by IRAK4, which will be crucial for the development of new inhibitors with improved potencies. In this review, we briefly discuss the structural aspect of ligand recognition by IRAK4 and highlight its therapeutic importance in the context of TLR-associated unmet medical needs.
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The IRAK-ERK-p67phox-Nox-2 axis mediates TLR4, 2-induced ROS production for IL-1β transcription and processing in monocytes. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:745-763. [PMID: 26320741 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In monocytic cells, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)- and TLR2-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress and inflammatory response; however, the mechanism is not well understood. The present study investigated the role of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p67phox and Nox-2 in TLR4- and TLR2-induced ROS generation during interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) transcription, processing, and secretion. An IRAK1/4 inhibitor, U0126, PD98059, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (diphenyleneiodonium (DPI)), and a free radical scavenger (N-acetyl cysteine (NAC))-attenuated TLR4 (lipopolysaccharide (LPS))- and TLR2 (Pam3csk4)-induced ROS generation and IL-1β production in THP-1 and primary human monocytes. An IRAK1/4 inhibitor and siRNA-attenuated LPS- and Pam3csk4-induced ERK-IRAK1 association and ERK phosphorylation and activity. LPS and Pam3csk4 also induced IRAK1/4-, ERK- and ROS-dependent activation of activator protein-1 (AP-1), IL-1β transcription, and IL-1β processing because significant inhibition in AP-1 activity, IL-1β transcription, Pro- and mature IL-β expression, and caspase-1 activity was observed with PD98059, U0126, DPI, NAC, an IRAK1/4 inhibitor, tanshinone IIa, and IRAK1 siRNA treatment. IRAK-dependent ERK-p67phox interaction, p67phox translocation, and p67phox-Nox-2 interaction were observed. Nox-2 siRNA significantly reduced secreted IL-1β, IL-1β transcript, pro- and mature IL-1β expression, and caspase-1 activity indicating a role for Nox-2 in LPS- and Pam3csk4-induced IL-1β production, transcription, and processing. In the present study, we demonstrate that the TLR4- and TLR2-induced IRAK-ERK pathway cross-talks with p67phox-Nox-2 for ROS generation, thus regulating IL-1β transcription and processing in monocytic cells.
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Chaudhary D, Robinson S, Romero DL. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4) as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammation and Oncology Disorders. J Med Chem 2014; 58:96-110. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5016044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chaudhary
- Nimbus Discovery, 25 First Street,
Suite 404, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Shaughnessy Robinson
- Schrödinger Inc., 120 West Forty-Fifth
Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Donna L. Romero
- Nimbus Discovery, 25 First Street,
Suite 404, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
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Abstract
Innate immune signalling has an essential role in inflammation, and the dysregulation of signalling components of this pathway is increasingly being recognised as an important mediator in cancer initiation and progression. In some malignancies, dysregulation of inflammatory toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 receptor (IL1R) signalling is typified by increased NF-κB activity, and it occurs through somatic mutations, chromosomal deletions, and/or transcriptional deregulation. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family members are mediators of TLR/IL1R superfamily signalling, and mounting evidence implicates these kinases as viable cancer targets. Although there have been previous efforts aimed at the development of IRAK kinase inhibitors, this is currently an area of renewed interest for cancer drug development.
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the receptors for interleukin (IL)-1, IL-18 and IL-33 are required for defence against microbial pathogens but, if hyper-activated or not switched off efficiently, can cause tissue damage and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Understanding how the checks and balances in the system are integrated to fight infection without the network operating out of control will be crucial for the development of improved drugs to treat these diseases in the future. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, I provide a brief overview of how one of these intricate networks is controlled by the interplay of protein phosphorylation and protein ubiquitylation events, and the mechanisms in myeloid cells that restrict and terminate its activation to prevent inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Finally, I suggest a few protein kinases that have been neglected as drug targets, but whose therapeutic potential should be explored in the light of recent advances in our understanding of their roles in the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Cohen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Tumey LN, Boschelli DH, Bhagirath N, Shim J, Murphy EA, Goodwin D, Bennett EM, Wang M, Lin LL, Press B, Shen M, Frisbie RK, Morgan P, Mohan S, Shin J, Rao VR. Identification and optimization of indolo[2,3-c]quinoline inhibitors of IRAK4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2066-72. [PMID: 24726805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
IRAK4 is responsible for initiating signaling from Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and members of the IL-1/18 receptor family. Kinase-inactive knock-ins and targeted deletions of IRAK4 in mice cause reductions in TLR induced pro-inflammatory cytokines and these mice are resistant to various models of arthritis. Herein we report the identification and optimization of a series of potent IRAK4 inhibitors. Representative examples from this series showed excellent selectivity over a panel of kinases, including the kinases known to play a role in TLR-mediated signaling. The compounds exhibited low nM potency in LPS- and R848-induced cytokine assays indicating that they are blocking the TLR signaling pathway. A key compound (26) from this series was profiled in more detail and found to have an excellent pharmaceutical profile as measured by predictive assays such as microsomal stability, TPSA, solubility, and clogP. However, this compound was found to afford poor exposure in mouse upon IP or IV administration. We found that removal of the ionizable solubilizing group (32) led to increased exposure, presumably due to increased permeability. Compounds 26 and 32, when dosed to plasma levels corresponding to ex vivo whole blood potency, were shown to inhibit LPS-induced TNFα in an in vivo murine model. To our knowledge, this is the first published in vivo demonstration that inhibition of the IRAK4 pathway by a small molecule can recapitulate the phenotype of IRAK4 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nathan Tumey
- Pfizer Global R&D, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | | | - Niala Bhagirath
- Pfizer Global R&D, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jaechul Shim
- Pfizer Global R&D, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | - Deborah Goodwin
- Pfizer Global R&D, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Eric M Bennett
- Pfizer Global R&D, 87 Cambridgepark Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Pfizer Global R&D, 1 Burtt Rd., Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Lih-Ling Lin
- Pfizer Global R&D, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Barry Press
- Pfizer Global R&D, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Marina Shen
- Pfizer Global R&D, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | | | - Paul Morgan
- Pfizer Global R&D, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Shashi Mohan
- Pfizer Global R&D, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Julia Shin
- Pfizer Global R&D, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Vikram R Rao
- Pfizer Global R&D, 200 Cambridge Park Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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Xu Y, Jin H, Yang X, Wang L, Su L, Liu K, Gu Q, Xu X. MicroRNA-93 inhibits inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages by targeting IRAK4. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1692-8. [PMID: 24642374 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) is an animal model of acute ocular inflammation for the study of human endogenous anterior uveitis. The mechanisms accounting for the development of ocular inflammation remain hazy. MicroRNAs (mi-RNAs) have been proposed as novel regulators of inflammation. It remains unclear whether a microRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism is involved in LPS-induced EIU. In this study, we report that miR-93 expression in the eyes of EIU rats and LPS-stimulated macrophages is significantly decreased. We also show that miR-93 inhibits NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines by targeting IRAK4 expression. We further demonstrate that miR-93 inhibits IRAK4 expression by binding directly to the 3'-UTR of IRAK4. Our findings suggest that miR-93 is a negative regulator of the immune response in EIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyi Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolu Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Inhibition of IRAK-4 activity for rescuing endotoxin LPS-induced septic mortality in mice by lonicerae flos extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 442:183-8. [PMID: 24269819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lonicerae flos extract (HS-23) is a clinical candidate currently undergoing Phase I trial in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected healthy human volunteers, but its molecular basis remains to be defined. Here, we investigated protective effects of HS-23 or its major constituents on Escherichia coli LPS-induced septic mortality in mice. Intravenous treatment with HS-23 rescued LPS-intoxicated C57BL/6J mice under septic conditions, and decreased the levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB-1) in the blood. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and its isomers were assigned as major constituents of HS-23 in the protection against endotoxemia. As a molecular mechanism, HS-23 or CGA isomers inhibited endotoxin LPS-induced autophosphorylation of the IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4) in mouse peritoneal macrophages as well as the kinase activity of IRAK-4 in cell-free reactions. HS-23 consequently suppressed downstream pathways critical for LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB or activating protein 1 (AP-1) in the peritoneal macrophages. HS-23 also inhibited various toll-like receptor agonists-induced nitric oxide (NO) production, and down-regulated LPS-induced expression of NF-κB/AP-1-target inflammatory genes in the cells. Taken together, HS-23 or CGA isomers exhibited anti-inflammatory therapy against LPS-induced septic mortality in mice, at least in part, mediated through the inhibition of IRAK-4.
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Deciphering the contribution of human meningothelial cells to the inflammatory and antimicrobial response at the meninges. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4299-310. [PMID: 24002066 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00477-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the response of primary human meningothelial cells to Neisseria meningitidis. Through a transcriptome analysis, we provide a comprehensive examination of the response of meningothelial cells to bacterial infection. A wide range of chemokines are elicited which act to attract and activate the main players of innate and adaptive immunity. We showed that meningothelial cells expressed a high level of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and, using a gene silencing strategy, we demonstrated the contribution of this pathogen recognition receptor in meningothelial cell activation. Secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), CXCL10, and CCL5 was almost exclusively TLR4 dependent and relied on MyD88 and TRIF adaptor cooperation. In contrast, IL-8 induction was independent of the presence of TLR4, MyD88, and TRIF. Transcription factors NF-κB p65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK1), IRF3, and IRF7 were activated after contact with bacteria. Interestingly, the protein kinase IRAK4 was found to play a minor role in the meningothelial cell response to Neisseria infection. Our work highlights the role of meningothelial cells in the development of an immune response and inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to meningococcal infection. It also sheds light on the complexity of intracellular signaling after TLR triggering.
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Lee MS, Kim B, Lee SM, Cho WC, Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi UY, Lyu J, Kim YJ. Genome-wide profiling of in vivo LPS-responsive genes in splenic myeloid cells. Mol Cells 2013; 35:498-513. [PMID: 23666259 PMCID: PMC3887871 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major causative agent of bacterial sepsis, has been used by many laboratories in genome-wide expression profiling of the LPS response. However, these studies have predominantly used in vitro cultured macrophages (Macs), which may not accurately reflect the LPS response of these innate immune cells in vivo. To overcome this limitation and to identify inflammatory genes in vivo, we have profiled genome-wide expression patterns in non-lymphoid, splenic myeloid cells extracted directly from LPS-treated mice. Genes encoding factors known to be involved in mediating or regulating inflammatory processes, such as cytokines and chemokines, as well as many genes whose immunological functions are not well known, were strongly induced by LPS after 3 h or 8 h of treatment. Most of the highly LPS-responsive genes that we randomly selected from the microarray data were independently confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, implying that our microarray data are quite reliable. When our in vivo data were compared to previously reported microarray data for in vitro LPS-treated Macs, a significant proportion (∼20%) of the in vivo LPS-responsive genes defined in this study were specific to cells exposed to LPS in vivo, but a larger proportion of them (∼60%) were influenced by LPS in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This result indicates that our in vivo LPS-responsive gene set includes not only previously identified in vitro LPS-responsive genes but also novel LPS-responsive genes. Both types of genes would be a valuable resource in the future for understanding inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Byungil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Sun-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Woo-Cheul Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Jaemyun Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
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Xiong Y, Pennini M, Vogel SN, Medvedev AE. IRAK4 kinase activity is not required for induction of endotoxin tolerance but contributes to TLR2-mediated tolerance. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:291-300. [PMID: 23695305 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0812401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior exposure to LPS induces "endotoxin tolerance" that reprograms TLR4 responses to subsequent LPS challenge by altering expression of inflammatory mediators. Endotoxin tolerance is thought to limit the excessive cytokine storm and prevent tissue damage during sepsis but renders the host immunocompromised and susceptible to secondary infections. Tolerance initiated via one TLR can affect cellular responses to challenge via the same TLR ("homotolerance") or through different TLRs ("heterotolerance"). IRAK4, an essential component of the MyD88-dependent pathway, functions as a kinase and an adapter, activating subsets of divergent signaling pathways. In this study, we addressed mechanistically the role of IRAK4 kinase activity in TLR4- and TLR2-induced tolerance using macrophages from WT versus IRAK4(KDKI) mice. Whereas IRAK4 kinase deficiency decreased LPS signaling, it did not prevent endotoxin tolerance, as endotoxin pretreatment of WT and IRAK4(KDKI) macrophages inhibited LPS-induced MAPK phosphorylation, degradation of IκB-α and recruitment of p65 to the TNF-α promoter, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and increased levels of A20 and IRAK-M. Pretreatment of WT macrophages with Pam3Cys, a TLR2-TLR1 agonist, ablated p-p38 and p-JNK in response to challenge with Pam3Cys and LPS, whereas IRAK4(KDKI) macrophages exhibited attenuated TLR2-elicited homo- and heterotolerance at the level of MAPK activation. Thus, IRAK4 kinase activity is not required for the induction of endotoxin tolerance but contributes significantly to TLR2-elicited homo- and heterotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbao Xiong
- 1.University of Connecticut Health Center, ARB Bldg., Rm. E6032, 263 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Loss of interleukin receptor-associated kinase 4 signaling suppresses amyloid pathology and alters microglial phenotype in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2013; 32:15112-23. [PMID: 23100432 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1729-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is typified by the deposition of amyloid in the brain, which elicits a robust microglial-mediated inflammatory response that is associated with disease exacerbation and accelerated progression. Microglia are the principal immune effector cells in the brain and interact with fibrillar forms of Aβ (fAβ) through a receptor complex that includes Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2/4/6 and their coreceptors. Interleukin receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) are essential intracellular signaling molecules for transduction of TLR signals. Studies of mouse models of AD in which the individual TLRs are knocked out have produced conflicting results on roles of TLR signaling in amyloid homeostasis. Therefore, we disrupted a common downstream TLR signaling element, IRAK4. We report that microglial IRAK4 is necessary in vitro for fAβ to activate the canonical pro-inflammatory signaling pathways leading to activation of p38, JNK, and ERK MAP kinases and to generate reactive oxygen species. In vivo the loss of IRAK4 function results in decreased Aβ levels in a murine model of AD. This was associated with diminished microgliosis and astrogliosis in aged mice. Analysis of microglia isolated from the adult mouse brain revealed an altered pattern of gene expression associated with changes in microglial phenotype that were associated with expression of IRF transcription factors that govern microglial phenotype. Further, loss of IRAK4 function also promoted amyloid clearance mechanisms, including elevated expression of insulin-degrading enzyme. Finally, blocking IRAK function restored olfactory behavior. These data demonstrate that IRAK4 activation acts normally to regulate microglial activation status and influence amyloid homeostasis in the brain.
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Pennini ME, Perkins DJ, Salazar AM, Lipsky M, Vogel SN. Complete dependence on IRAK4 kinase activity in TLR2, but not TLR4, signaling pathways underlies decreased cytokine production and increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in IRAK4 kinase-inactive mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:307-16. [PMID: 23209321 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
IRAK4 is critical for MyD88-dependent TLR signaling, and patients with Irak4 mutations are extremely susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections. In these studies, mice homozygous for a mutant IRAK4 that lacks kinase activity (IRAK4(KDKI)) were used to address the role of IRAK4 in response to TLR agonists or bacterial infection. IRAK4(KDKI) macrophages exhibited diminished responsiveness to the TLR4 agonist LPS and little to no response to the TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys compared with wild-type macrophages as measured by cytokine mRNA, cytokine protein expression, and MAPK activation. Importantly, we identified two kinases downstream of the MAPKs, MNK1 and MSK1, whose phosphorylation is deficient in IRAK4(KDKI) macrophages stimulated through either TLR2 or TLR4, suggesting that IRAK4 contributes to TLR signaling beyond the initial phosphorylation of MAPKs. Additionally, IRAK4(KDKI) macrophages produced minimal cytokine mRNA expression in response to the Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus compared with WT cells, and IRAK4(KDKI) mice exhibited increased susceptibility and decreased cytokine production in vivo upon S. pneumoniae infection. Treatment of infected mice with a complex of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethyl cellulose (Hiltonol), a potent TLR3 agonist, significantly improved survival of both WT and IRAK4(KDKI) mice, thereby providing a potential treatment strategy in both normal and immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Pennini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kim TW, Febbraio M, Robinet P, Dugar B, Greene D, Cerny A, Latz E, Gilmour R, Staschke K, Chisolm G, Fox PL, DiCorleto PE, Smith JD, Li X. The critical role of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4-mediated NF-κB activation in modified low-density lipoprotein-induced inflammatory gene expression and atherosclerosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2871-80. [PMID: 21278342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Exciting discoveries related to IL-1R/TLR signaling in the development of atherosclerosis plaque have triggered intense interest in the molecular mechanisms by which innate immune signaling modulates the onset and development of atherosclerosis. Previous studies have clearly shown the definitive role of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 in the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have provided direct evidence supporting a link between innate immunity and atherogenesis. Although it is still controversial about whether infectious pathogens contribute to cardiovascular diseases, direct genetic evidence indicates the importance of IL-1R/TLR signaling in atherogenesis. In this study, we examined the role of IL-1R-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) kinase activity in modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-mediated signaling using bone marrow-derived macrophage as well as an in vivo model of atherosclerosis. First, we found that the IRAK4 kinase activity was required for modified LDL-induced NF-κB activation and expression of a subset of proinflammatory genes but not for the activation of MAPKs in bone marrow-derived macrophage. IRAK4 kinase-inactive knockin (IRAK4KI) mice were bred onto ApoE(-/-) mice to generate IRAK4KI/ApoE(-/-) mice. Importantly, the aortic sinus lesion formation was impaired in IRAK4KI/ApoE(-/-) mice compared with that in ApoE(-/-) mice. Furthermore, proinflammatory cytokine production was reduced in the aortic sinus region of IRAK4KI/ApoE(-/-) mice compared with that in ApoE(-/-) mice. Taken together, our results indicate that the IRAK4 kinase plays an important role in modified LDL-mediated signaling and the development of atherosclerosis, suggesting that pharmacological inhibition of IRAK4 kinase activity might be a feasible approach in the development of antiatherosclerosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Whan Kim
- Department of Immunology, Learner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Wang PH, Wan DH, Gu ZH, Deng XX, Weng SP, Yu XQ, He JG. Litopenaeus vannamei tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) responds to Vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection and activates antimicrobial peptide genes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:105-114. [PMID: 20816892 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is a key signaling adaptor protein not only for the TNFR superfamily but also for the Interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor (IL-1/TLR) superfamily. To investigate TRAF6 function in invertebrate innate immune responses, Litopenaeus vannamei TRAF6 (LvTRAF6) was identified and characterized. The full-length cDNA of LvTRAF6 is 2823bp long, with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a putative protein of 594 amino acids, including a RING-type Zinc finger, two TRAF-type Zinc fingers, a coiled-coil region, and a meprin and TRAF homology (MATH) domain. The overall amino acid sequence identity between LvTRAF6 and other known TRAF6s is 22.2-33.3%. Dual luciferase reporter assays in Drosophila S2 cells revealed that LvTRAF6 could activate the promoters of antimicrobial peptide genes (AMPs), including Drosophila Attacin A and Drosomycin, and shrimp Penaeidins. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) indicated that LvTRAF6 was constitutively expressed in various tissues of L. vannamei. After Vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge, LvTRAF6 was down-regulated, though with different expression patterns in the intestine compared to other tissues. After WSSV challenge, LvTRAF6 was up-regulated 2.7- and 2.3-fold over the control at 3h in gills and hepatopancreas, respectively. These results indicated that LvTRAF6 may play a crucial role in antibacterial and antiviral responses via regulation of AMP gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road West, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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The interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases: critical regulators of innate immune signalling. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1981-91. [PMID: 20599782 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) family are involved in regulating Toll-like receptor (TLR) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) signalling pathways. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune response that are responsible for sensing pathogens and initiating immunity, while IL-1 is one of the key cytokines that mediates inflammation. As such, IL-1/TLR signalling pathways and the IRAK family are critical in anti-pathogen responses, inflammation and autoimmunity. The family comprises of four members, IRAK-1, IRAK-2, IRAK-M (IRAK-3) and IRAK-4, and has a role in both positive and negative regulation of signal transduction. While it was once thought that the family displayed some redundancy, each member of the family is emerging as a distinct and vital contributor to IL-1/TLR signalling mechanisms. Knockout mouse studies have explored the relative contribution of each of the IRAKs in IL-1/TLR signalling, while the recent generation of kinase-inactive knock-in IRAK-4 mice have revealed which of IRAK-4 functions require its kinase activity. IRAK-2, previously thought of as a pseudokinase, has recently been proposed to have kinase activity that is essential for TLR signalling. Not surprisingly given their critical role in IL-1/TLR signalling, the IRAK family members have been implicated in certain disease models including human immunodeficiencies. Thus the potential targeting of these essential protein kinases therapeutically is also discussed.
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Brown KL, Falsafi R, Kum W, Hamill P, Gardy JL, Davidson DJ, Turvey S, Finlay BB, Speert DP, Hancock REW. Robust TLR4-induced gene expression patterns are not an accurate indicator of human immunity. J Transl Med 2010; 8:6. [PMID: 20105294 PMCID: PMC2843650 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is widely accepted as an essential event for defence against infection. Many TLRs utilize a common signalling pathway that relies on activation of the kinase IRAK4 and the transcription factor NFkappaB for the rapid expression of immunity genes. METHODS 21 K DNA microarray technology was used to evaluate LPS-induced (TLR4) gene responses in blood monocytes from a child with an IRAK4-deficiency. In vitro responsiveness to LPS was confirmed by real-time PCR and ELISA and compared to the clinical predisposition of the child and IRAK4-deficient mice to Gram negative infection. RESULTS We demonstrated that the vast majority of LPS-responsive genes in IRAK4-deficient monocytes were greatly suppressed, an observation that is consistent with the described role for IRAK4 as an essential component of TLR4 signalling. The severely impaired response to LPS, however, is inconsistent with a remarkably low incidence of Gram negative infections observed in this child and other children with IRAK4-deficiency. This unpredicted clinical phenotype was validated by demonstrating that IRAK4-deficient mice had a similar resistance to infection with Gram negative S. typhimurium as wildtype mice. A number of immunity genes, such as chemokines, were expressed at normal levels in human IRAK4-deficient monocytes, indicating that particular IRAK4-independent elements within the repertoire of TLR4-induced responses are expressed. CONCLUSIONS Sufficient defence to Gram negative immunity does not require IRAK4 or a robust, 'classic' inflammatory and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Brown
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Koziczak-Holbro M, Littlewood-Evans A, Pöllinger B, Kovarik J, Dawson J, Zenke G, Burkhart C, Müller M, Gram H. The critical role of kinase activity of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 in animal models of joint inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1661-71. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Joosten LAB, Netea MG. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 links innate immunity to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1571-4. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fraczek J, Kim TW, Xiao H, Yao J, Wen Q, Li Y, Casanova JL, Pryjma J, Li X. The kinase activity of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 is required for interleukin-1 receptor/toll-like receptor-induced TAK1-dependent NFkappaB activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:31697-705. [PMID: 18794297 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804779200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two parallel interleukin-1 (IL-1)-mediated signaling pathways have been uncovered for IL-1R-TLR-mediated NFkappaB activation: TAK1-dependent and MEKK3-dependent pathways, respectively. The TAK1-dependent pathway leads to IKKalpha/beta phosphorylation and IKKbeta activation, resulting in classic NFkappaB activation through IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation. The TAK1-independent MEKK3-dependent pathway involves IKKgamma phosphorylation and IKKalpha activation, resulting in NFkappaB activation through dissociation of phosphorylated IkappaBalpha from NFkappaB without IkappaBalpha degradation. IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) belongs to the IRAK family of proteins and plays a critical role in IL-1R/TLR-mediated signaling. IRAK4 kinase-inactive mutant failed to mediate the IL-1R-TLR-induced TAK1-dependent NFkappaB activation pathway, but mediated IL-1-induced TAK1-independent NFkappaB activation and retained the ability to activate substantial gene expression, indicating a structural role of IRAK4 in mediating this alternative NFkappaB activation pathway. Deletion analysis of IRAK4 indicates the essential structural role of the IRAK4 death domain in receptor proximal signaling for mediating IL-1R-TLR-induced NFkappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Fraczek
- Department of Immunology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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