1
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Kanemaru K, Nakamura Y. Activation Mechanisms and Diverse Functions of Mammalian Phospholipase C. Biomolecules 2023; 13:915. [PMID: 37371495 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) plays pivotal roles in regulating various cellular functions by metabolizing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in the plasma membrane. This process generates two second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, which respectively regulate the intracellular Ca2+ levels and protein kinase C activation. In mammals, six classes of typical PLC have been identified and classified based on their structure and activation mechanisms. They all share X and Y domains, which are responsible for enzymatic activity, as well as subtype-specific domains. Furthermore, in addition to typical PLC, atypical PLC with unique structures solely harboring an X domain has been recently discovered. Collectively, seven classes and 16 isozymes of mammalian PLC are known to date. Dysregulation of PLC activity has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Therefore, identification of new drug targets that can selectively modulate PLC activity is important. The present review focuses on the structures, activation mechanisms, and physiological functions of mammalian PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Kanemaru
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nakamura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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2
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Okada M, Nakagawa-Saito Y, Mitobe Y, Sugai A, Togashi K, Suzuki S, Kitanaka C. Inhibition of the Phospholipase Cε-c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Axis Suppresses Glioma Stem Cell Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158785. [PMID: 35955917 PMCID: PMC9369372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSCs), the cancer stem cells of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), contribute to the malignancy of GBM due to their resistance to therapy and tumorigenic potential; therefore, the development of GSC-targeted therapies is urgently needed to improve the poor prognosis of GBM patients. The molecular mechanisms maintaining GSCs need to be elucidated in more detail for the development of GSC-targeted therapy. In comparison with patient-derived GSCs and their differentiated counterparts, we herein demonstrated for the first time that phospholipase C (PLC)ε was highly expressed in GSCs, in contrast to other PLC isoforms. A broad-spectrum PLC inhibitor suppressed the viability of GSCs, but not their stemness. Nevertheless, the knockdown of PLCε suppressed the survival of GSCs and induced cell death. The stem cell capacity of residual viable cells was also suppressed. Moreover, the survival of mice that were transplanted with PLCε knockdown-GSCs was longer than the control group. PLCε maintained the stemness of GSCs via the activation of JNK. The present study demonstrated for the first time that PLCε plays a critical role in maintaining the survival, stemness, and tumor initiation capacity of GSCs. Our study suggested that PLCε is a promising anti-GSC therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Okada
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-23-628-5214
| | - Yurika Nakagawa-Saito
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuta Mitobe
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Asuka Sugai
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keita Togashi
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Chifumi Kitanaka
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Research Institute for Promotion of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Semaphorin-3 Promotes Specific Immunotherapy Effects on Experimental Food Allergy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5414993. [PMID: 35769512 PMCID: PMC9234049 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5414993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustaining higher frequency of mast cells in the allergic lesion site has been recognized. Factors causing high numbers of mast cells in the local tissues are not fully understood yet. RAS signaling plays a role in sustaining certain cell activities. This study is aimed at elucidating the role of RAS activation in the apoptosis resistance induction in mast cells and at employing semaphorin 3A to regulate RAS activities in sensitized mast cells and alleviating the allergic response in the intestine. A food allergy (FA) mouse model was developed. Mast cells were isolated from FA mouse intestinal tissues by flow cytometry. Mast cell apoptosis was assessed by staining with annexin V and propidium iodide. We found that aberrantly higher p21-activated kinase-1 (Pak1) expression in FA mast cells was associated with mast cell aggregation in the intestine. Sensitization increased Pak1 expression and apoptosis resistance in intestinal mast cells. RAS and Pak1 mutually potentiated each other in sensitized mast cells. Semaphorin 3A (sema3A) suppressed the Pak1 expression and RAS activation in mast cells. sema3A restored the apoptosis sensitivity in sensitized mast cells. Administration of sema3A potentiated allergen-specific immunotherapy in experimental FA. In conclusion, mast cells of FA mice showed higher Pak1 expression and high RAS activation status that contributed to apoptosis resistance in mast cells. Administration of sema3A restored the sensitivity to apoptosis inducers and promoted the therapeutic effects of specific immunotherapy on experimental FA.
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Edamatsu H. Zinc ions negatively regulate proapoptotic signaling in cells expressing oncogenic mutant Ras. Biometals 2022; 35:349-362. [PMID: 35212861 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutational activation of the Ras family of proto-oncogenes promotes cell survival and proliferation. Studies using cells cultured in vitro have shown that ectopic expression of constitutively active Ras suppresses apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. However, in some cellular contexts, constitutively active Ras exerts the opposite effects, including apoptosis of serum-starved embryonic fibroblasts. Such observations first came over two decades ago, but the molecular mechanisms by which mutant Ras increases the susceptibility of cells to serum deprivation leading to apoptosis are still not fully understood. To revisit this issue, I investigate the effects of serum depletion and mutant Ras expression on intracellular signaling and transcriptome of cells carrying an inducible allele of constitutively active mutant Hras (HrasG12V). I identify zinc ions (Zn2+) as a serum factor that suppresses proapoptotic signaling in cells expressing HrasG12V. Mechanistically, HrasG12V expression along with Zn2+ deficiency activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which are required for caspase-3 activation involved in the induction of cell death. Transcriptome analyses suggest that HrasG12V induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). Further analyses of intracellular signaling biomolecules related to the UPR indicate that HrasG12V activates inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1), which synergizes with Zn2+ deficiency to activate JNK and p38 MAPK signaling. These results provide insights into a role of Zn2+ that counteracts proapoptotic signaling activated by mutationally activated Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Edamatsu
- Department of Biology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
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5
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Zhang J, Wu J, Sun M, Zhang S, Huang J, Man M, Hu L. Phospholipase C epsilon mediates cytokine cascade induced by acute disruption of epidermal permeability barrier in mice. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 24:100869. [PMID: 33336085 PMCID: PMC7733008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of epidermal barrier is an important trigger in abnormal cutaneous inflammation. Phospholipase C epsilon (PLCε), a Ras/Rap1 effector, is essential for regulating cytokines production in different types of skin inflammation. Our previous studies have demonstrated that elevated expression of PLCε participates in the psoriasis-like inflammation in PLCε overexpressing transgenic mice model, while the reduction in PLCε expression attenuates inflammatory responses in either TPA- or DNFB-induced cutaneous inflammation. Here, we determined the role of PLCε in cutaneous inflammation induced by acute abrogation of epidermal permeability barrier. In comparison to wild type controls, PLCε KO mice exhibited reduced ear swelling and infiltration of granulocytes after tape-stripping. Moreover, expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β), chemokines (CXCL-1, CXCL-2, CCL20), and antimicrobial peptides (S100 proteins, MBD3) were lower in PLCε-deficient versus wild type mice. Likewise, expression levels of cytokines and chemokines were also lower in PLCε deficient keratinocytes and fibroblasts following IL-22 stimulation in vitro. Furthermore, knockdown of PLCε with its siRNA decreased expression of IL-1α, CCL20, and S100 proteins, and MBD3 in HEK cultures. Collectively, these results suggested that PLCε mediated cytokine cascade induced by acute barrier disruption. IL-22 is likely the upstream of PLCε-mediated cytokine cascade following acute barrier disruption. PLCε deficiency reduces inflammation cascade after barrier disruption. IL-22 serves as a possible upstream activator of PLCε in keratinocytes. IL-22/PLCε signaling potentially involves in barrier related diseases like psoriasis.
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Key Words
- BMP4, bone morphogenetic protein 4
- Barrier function
- CCL20, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 20
- CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand
- FLG, filaggrin
- HEK, human epidermal keratinocytes
- IL-22
- IVL, involucrin
- K1, keratin 1
- K15, keratin 15
- LHX2, LIM homeobox 2
- LOR, loricrin
- MBD, murine beta defensin
- PLCε
- PLCε, phospholipase C epsilon
- PMA, Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
- Psoriasis
- SHH, sonic hedgehog
- SOX9, SRY-box 9
- SPT1, serine palmitoyltransferase 1
- STAT3, transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Skin inflammation
- TGF, transforming growth factor
- TLR2, toll like receptor 2
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jiangmei Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mengke Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Shuchang Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Junkai Huang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Maoqiang Man
- Dermatology Services, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Immunology Department, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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Wang ZC, Zhao WY, Cao Y, Liu YQ, Sun Q, Shi P, Cai JQ, Shen XZ, Tan WQ. The Roles of Inflammation in Keloid and Hypertrophic Scars. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603187. [PMID: 33343575 PMCID: PMC7746641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms of wound healing are complex but inflammation is one of the determining factors. Besides its traditional role in combating against infection upon injury, the characteristics and magnitude of inflammation have dramatic impacts on the pathogenesis of scar. Keloids and hypertrophic scars are pathological scars that result from aberrant wound healing. They are characterized by continuous local inflammation and excessive collagen deposition. In this review, we aim at discussing how dysregulated inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of scar formation. Immune cells, soluble inflammatory mediators, and the related intracellular signal transduction pathways are our three subtopics encompassing the events occurring in inflammation associated with scar formation. In the end, we enumerate the current and potential medicines and therapeutics for suppressing inflammation and limiting progression to scar. Understanding the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation will provide insights into the mechanisms of scar formation and is useful for developing effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Cai Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wan-Yi Zhao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Cao
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Qi Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qihang Sun
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qin Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Z Shen
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Tan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Mühl H, Bachmann M. IL-18/IL-18BP and IL-22/IL-22BP: Two interrelated couples with therapeutic potential. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109388. [PMID: 31401146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-22 are key components of cytokine networks that play a decisive role in (pathological) inflammation, host defense, and tissue regeneration. Tight regulation of cytokine-driven signaling, inflammation, and immunoactivation is supposed to enable nullification of a given deleterious trigger without mediating overwhelming collateral tissue damage or even activating a cancerous face of regeneration. In fact, feedback regulation by specific cytokine opponents is regarded as a major means by which the immune system is kept in balance. Herein, we shine a light on the interplay between IL-18 and IL-22 and their opponents IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and IL-22BP in order to provide integrated information on their biology, pathophysiological significance, and prospect as targets and/or instruments of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern- Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern- Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Umezawa K, Nagano T, Kobayashi K, Dokuni R, Katsurada M, Yamamoto M, Yoshikawa Y, Kataoka T, Nishimura Y. Phospholipase Cε plays a crucial role in neutrophilic inflammation accompanying acute lung injury through augmentation of CXC chemokine production from alveolar epithelial cells. Respir Res 2019; 20:9. [PMID: 30634975 PMCID: PMC6330467 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that phospholipase Cε (PLCε), an effector of Ras and Rap1 small GTPases, plays pivotal roles in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis by augmenting proinflammatory cytokine production from epithelial cells of various organs. The purpose of this study is to analyze its role in neutrophilic alveolar inflammation accompanying acute lung injury (ALI), focusing on that in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), which are known to make a major contribution to the pathogenesis of ALI. METHODS We examine the effect of the PLCε genotypes on the development of ALI induced by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to PLCε wild-type (PLCε+/+) and knockout (PLCεΔX/ΔX) mice. Pathogenesis of ALI is analyzed by histological examination of lung inflammation and measurements of the levels of various cytokines, in particular neutrophil-attracting chemokines such as Cxcl5, by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Primary cultures of AECs, established from PLCε+/+ and PLCεΔX/ΔX mice, are used to analyze the roles of PLCε, protein kinase D (PKD) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in augmentation of LPS-induced Cxcl5 expression. RESULTS Compared to PLCε+/+ mice, PLCεΔX/ΔX mice exhibit marked alleviation of lung inflammation as shown by great reduction in lung wet/dry weight ratios, accumulation of inflammatory cells in the alveolar space and thickening of alveolar walls as well as the number of neutrophils and the protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Also, LPS-induced expression of the CXC family of chemokines, in particular Cxcl5, is substantially diminished in the total lung and AECs of PLCεΔX/ΔX mice. Moreover, LPS-induced Cxcl5 expression in primary cultured AECs is markedly suppressed on the PLCεΔX/ΔX background (p < 0.05 versus PLCε+/+ AECs), which is accompanied by the reduction in phosphorylation of inhibitor κB (IκB), PKD and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Also, it is suppressed by the treatment with inhibitors of PKD and IκB kinase, suggesting the involvement of the PLCε-PKD-IκB-NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS PLCε-mediated augmentation of the production of the CXC family of chemokines, in particular Cxcl5, in AECs plays a crucial role in neutrophilic alveolar inflammation accompanying ALI, suggesting that PLCε may be a potential molecular target for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Umezawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryota Dokuni
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsurada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Yamamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tohru Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Kobe University Incubation Center, 1-5-6 Miyakojima Minami-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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Chen Y, Wang D, Peng H, Chen X, Han X, Yu J, Wang W, Liang L, Liu Z, Zheng Y, Hu J, Yang L, Li J, Zhou H, Cui X, Li F. Epigenetically upregulated oncoprotein PLCE1 drives esophageal carcinoma angiogenesis and proliferation via activating the PI-PLCε-NF-κB signaling pathway and VEGF-C/ Bcl-2 expression. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:1. [PMID: 30609930 PMCID: PMC6320601 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies. Neovascularization during tumorigenesis supplies oxygen and nutrients to proliferative tumor cells, and serves as a conduit for migration. Targeting oncogenes involved in angiogenesis is needed to treat organ-confined and locally advanced ESCC. Although the phospholipase C epsilon-1 (PLCE1) gene was originally identified as a susceptibility gene for ESCC, how PLCE1 is involved in ESCC is unclear. METHODS Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to measure the methylation status of the PLCE1 promoter region. To validate the underlying mechanism for PLCE1 in constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, we performed studies using in vitro and in vivo assays and samples from 368 formalin-fixed esophageal cancer tissues and 215 normal tissues with IHC using tissue microarrays and the Cancer Genome Atlas dataset. RESULTS We report that hypomethylation-associated up-regulation of PLCE1 expression was correlated with tumor angiogenesis and poor prognosis in ESCC cohorts. PLCE1 can activate NF-κB through phosphoinositide-phospholipase C-ε (PI-PLCε) signaling pathway. Furthermore, PLCE1 can bind p65 and IκBα proteins, promoting IκBα-S32 and p65-S536 phosphorylation. Consequently, phosphorylated IκBα promotes nuclear translocation of p50/p65 and p65, as a transcription factor, can bind vascular endothelial growth factor-C and bcl-2 promoters, enhancing angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis in vitro. Moreover, xenograft tumors in nude mice proved that PLCE1 can induce angiogenesis, inhibit apoptosis, and increase tumor aggressiveness via the NF-κB signaling pathway in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings not only provide evidence that hypomethylation-induced PLCE1 confers angiogenesis and proliferation in ESCC by activating PI-PLCε-NF-κB signaling pathway and VEGF-C/Bcl-2 expression, but also suggest that modulation of PLCE1 by epigenetic modification or a selective inhibitor may be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhao Chen
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China.,The people's hospital of Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, Suzhou, 215010, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Xueping Han
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Jie Yu
- The people's hospital of Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, Suzhou, 215010, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Lirong Liang
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Bone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaobin Cui
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China. .,Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, 832002, China. .,Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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10
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Lee SJ, Lee KB, Son YH, Shin J, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Hong AY, Bae HW, Kwon MA, Lee WJ, Kim JH, Lee DH, Jeong EM, Kim IG. Transglutaminase 2 mediates UV-induced skin inflammation by enhancing inflammatory cytokine production. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3148. [PMID: 29072680 PMCID: PMC5680918 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UV irradiation elicits acute inflammation in the skin by increasing proinflammatory cytokine production in keratinocytes. However, the downstream protein target(s) that link UV radiation to the activation of signaling pathways responsible for cytokine expression have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we report a novel role of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a member of the TG enzyme family whose activities are critical for cornified envelope formation, in mediating UV-induced inflammation. Our results showed that TG2-deficient mice exhibited reduced inflammatory responses to UV irradiation, including reduced erythema, edema, dilation of blood vessels, inflammatory cell infiltration, and levels of inflammatory cytokines. Using primary mouse keratinocytes and HaCaT cells, we found that UV irradiation-induced cytokine production by activating TG2, but not by upregulating TG2 expression, and that ER calcium release triggered by the UV-induced activation of phospholipase C was required for TG2 activation. Moreover, TG2 activity enhanced p65 phosphorylation, leading to an increase in NF-κB transcriptional activity. These results indicate that TG2 is a critical mediator of cytokine expression in the UV-induced inflammatory response of keratinocytes, and suggest that TG2 inhibition might be useful for preventing UV-related skin disorders, such as photoaging and skin cancer caused by chronic UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Baek Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Son
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Shin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Haeng Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Ae Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Cheongju University College of Health Science, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chichelnitskiy E, Himmelseher B, Bachmann M, Pfeilschifter J, Mühl H. Hypothermia Promotes Interleukin-22 Expression and Fine-Tunes Its Biological Activity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:742. [PMID: 28706520 PMCID: PMC5489602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed homeostasis as a result of tissue stress can provoke leukocyte responses enabling recovery. Since mild hypothermia displays specific clinically relevant tissue-protective properties and interleukin (IL)-22 promotes healing at host/environment interfaces, effects of lowered ambient temperature on IL-22 were studied. We demonstrate that a 5-h exposure of endotoxemic mice to 4°C reduces body temperature by 5.0° and enhances splenic and colonic il22 gene expression. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-17A were not increased. In vivo data on IL-22 were corroborated using murine splenocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured upon 33°C and polyclonal T cell activation. Upregulation by mild hypothermia of largely T-cell-derived IL-22 in PBMC required monocytes and associated with enhanced nuclear T-cell nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-c2. Notably, NFAT antagonism by cyclosporin A or FK506 impaired IL-22 upregulation at normothermia and entirely prevented its enhanced expression upon hypothermic culture conditions. Data suggest that intact NFAT signaling is required for efficient IL-22 induction upon normothermic and hypothermic conditions. Hypothermia furthermore boosted early signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation by IL-22 and shaped downstream gene expression in epithelial-like cells. Altogether, data indicate that hypothermia supports and fine-tunes IL-22 production/action, which may contribute to regulatory properties of low ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Chichelnitskiy
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Britta Himmelseher
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Malte Bachmann
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heiko Mühl
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Phospholipase Cε deficiency delays the early stage of cutaneous wound healing and attenuates scar formation in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 484:144-151. [PMID: 28093232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of phospholipase Cε (PLCε) in the skin wound healing process. PLCε, an effect factor of Ras/Rap small G protein, plays a crucial role in skin inflammation by regulating inflammatory cytokines. Inflammatory responses are closely associated with wound healing. Full-thickness skin wounds were made in the PLCε knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice, and the healing process was analyzed. The macroscopic wound closure rate declined in the PLCε KO mice on days 3, 4, and 5 after wounding, following the decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (Cxcl)-1, Cxcl-2, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (Ccl) 20. The proliferation rate of epidermal keratinocytes was not affected by PLCε, but silencing of PLCε resulted in the delayed migration of keratinocytes. Moreover, the scars were found to be much smaller in the PLCε KO mice than in the WT mice. The mRNA expression of Ccl20, collagen (Col) 6a1, and Col17a1 decreased in the PLCε KO mice. These results were in agreement with a previous hypothesis that PLCε might delay the early stage of cutaneous wound healing by inhibiting the migration of keratinocytes, and decrease the expression of Col6a1, Col17a1, and Ccl20 by inhibiting the inflammatory response to reduce scar formation. This study shed light on a novel role of PLCε in wound healing and provided new therapeutic approaches to target PLCε for diminishing scar formation after injury.
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Wakita M, Edamatsu H, Li M, Emi A, Kitazawa S, Kataoka T. Phospholipase Cϵ Activates Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling by Causing Cytoplasmic Localization of Ribosomal S6 Kinase and Facilitating Its Phosphorylation of Inhibitor κB in Colon Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12586-12600. [PMID: 27053111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.717561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase Cϵ (PLCϵ), an effector of Ras and Rap small GTPases, plays a crucial role in inflammation by augmenting proinflammatory cytokine expression. This proinflammatory function of PLCϵ is implicated in its facilitative role in tumor promotion and progression during skin and colorectal carcinogenesis, although their direct link remains to be established. Moreover, the molecular mechanism underlying these functions of PLCϵ remains unknown except that PKD works downstream of PLCϵ. Here we show by employing the colitis-induced colorectal carcinogenesis model, where Apc(Min) (/+) mice are administered with dextran sulfate sodium, that PLCϵ knock-out alleviates the colitis and suppresses the following tumorigenesis concomitant with marked attenuation of proinflammatory cytokine expression. In human colon epithelial Caco2 cells, TNF-α induces sustained expression of proinflammatory molecules and sustained activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and PKD, the late phases of which are suppressed by not only siRNA-mediated PLCϵ knockdown but also treatment with a lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor antagonist. Also, LPA stimulation induces these events in an early time course, suggesting that LPA mediates TNF-α signaling in an autocrine manner. Moreover, PLCϵ knockdown results in inhibition of phosphorylation of IκB by ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) but not by IκB kinases. Subcellular fractionation suggests that enhanced phosphorylation of a scaffolding protein, PEA15 (phosphoprotein enriched in astrocytes 15), downstream of the PLCϵ-PKD axis causes sustained cytoplasmic localization of phosphorylated RSK, thereby facilitating IκB phosphorylation in the cytoplasm. These results suggest the crucial role of the TNF-α-LPA-LPA receptor-PLCϵ-PKD-PEA15-RSK-IκB-NF-κB pathway in facilitating inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Wakita
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Hironori Edamatsu
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Mingzhen Li
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Aki Emi
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Sohei Kitazawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Tohru Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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14
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Zhang RY, Du WQ, Zhang YC, Zheng JN, Pei DS. PLCε signaling in cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:715-22. [PMID: 26109147 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As one of the members of the PLC family, the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cε (PLCε) has been shown to play pivotal roles in multiple signal pathways and control a variety of cellular functions. A number of studies have shown that aberrant regulation of PLCε was involved in various types of animal and human cancer. However, the role of PLCε in cancer remains elusive. In this review, we provide an overview of the PLCε, especially its roles in multiple signal pathways, and summarize the recent findings that highlight the roles of PLCε in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, making an avenue to provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. METHODS A literature search mainly paying attention to the network of PLCε involved in tumorigenesis and development was performed in electronic databases. RESULTS PLCε plays a key role in medicating the development and progression of human cancers with highest potency to be a target of cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Chun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Nian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221002, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Phospholipase cε, an effector of ras and rap small GTPases, is required for airway inflammatory response in a mouse model of bronchial asthma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108373. [PMID: 25269075 PMCID: PMC4182471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phospholipase Cε (PLCε) is an effector of Ras and Rap small GTPases and expressed in non-immune cells. It is well established that PLCε plays an important role in skin inflammation, such as that elicited by phorbol ester painting or ultraviolet irradiation and contact dermatitis that is mediated by T helper (Th) 1 cells, through upregulating inflammatory cytokine production by keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. However, little is known about whether PLCε is involved in regulation of inflammation in the respiratory system, such as Th2-cells-mediated allergic asthma. Methods We prepared a mouse model of allergic asthma using PLCε+/+ mice and PLCεΔX/ΔX mutant mice in which PLCε was catalytically-inactive. Mice with different PLCε genotypes were immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by the challenge with an OVA-containing aerosol to induce asthmatic response, which was assessed by analyzing airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, inflammatory cytokine levels, and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) levels. Effects of PLCε genotype on cytokine production were also examined with primary-cultured bronchial epithelial cells. Results After OVA challenge, the OVA-immunized PLCεΔX/ΔX mice exhibited substantially attenuated airway hyper-responsiveness and broncial inflammation, which were accompanied by reduced Th2 cytokine content in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. In contrast, the serum levels of OVA-specific IgGs and IgE were not affected by the PLCε genotype, suggesting that sensitization was PLCε-independent. In the challenged mice, PLCε deficiency reduced proinflammatory cytokine production in the bronchial epithelial cells. Primary-cultured bronchial epithelial cells prepared from PLCεΔX/ΔX mice showed attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine production when stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α, suggesting that reduced cytokine production in PLCεΔX/ΔX mice was due to cell-autonomous effect of PLCε deficiency. Conclusions PLCε plays an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma through upregulating inflammatory cytokine production by the bronchial epithelial cells.
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Oldenburger A, Timens W, Bos S, Smit M, Smrcka AV, Laurent AC, Cao J, Hylkema M, Meurs H, Maarsingh H, Lezoualc'h F, Schmidt M. Epac1 and Epac2 are differentially involved in inflammatory and remodeling processes induced by cigarette smoke. FASEB J 2014; 28:4617-28. [PMID: 25103224 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) induces inflammatory responses characterized by increase of immune cells and cytokine release. Remodeling processes, such as mucus hypersecretion and extracellular matrix protein production, are also directly or indirectly induced by CS. Recently, we showed that activation of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) attenuates CS extract-induced interleukin (IL)-8 release from cultured airway smooth muscle cells. Using an acute, short-term model of CS exposure, we now studied the role of Epac1, Epac2, and the Epac effector phospholipase-Cε (PLCε) in airway inflammation and remodeling in vivo. Compared to wild-type mice exposed to CS, the number of total inflammatory cells, macrophages, and neutrophils and total IL-6 release was lower in Epac2(-/-) mice, which was also the case for neutrophils and IL-6 in PLCε(-/-) mice. Taken together, Epac2, acting partly via PLCε, but not Epac1, enhances CS-induced airway inflammation in vivo. In total lung homogenates of Epac1(-/-) mice, MUC5AC and matrix remodeling parameters (transforming growth factor-β1, collagen I, and fibronectin) were increased at baseline. Our findings suggest that Epac1 primarily is capable of inhibiting remodeling processes, whereas Epac2 primarily increases inflammatory processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Oldenburger
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD and
| | - Wim Timens
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD and Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Bos
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and
| | | | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Anne-Coline Laurent
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; and
| | - Junjun Cao
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD and Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Machteld Hylkema
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD and Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Meurs
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD and
| | - Harm Maarsingh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lloyd L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse III, Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; and
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD and
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Chen J, Wang W, Zhang T, Ji J, Qian Q, Lu L, Fu H, Jin W, Cui D. Differential expression of phospholipase C epsilon 1 is associated with chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47563. [PMID: 23077637 PMCID: PMC3471869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation plays a causal role in gastric tumor initiation. The identification of predictive biomarkers from gastric inflammation to tumorigenesis will help us to distinguish gastric cancer from atrophic gastritis and establish the diagnosis of early-stage gastric cancer. Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCε1) is reported to play a vital role in inflammation and tumorigenesis. This study was aimed to investigate the clinical significance of PLCε1 in the initiation and progression of gastric cancer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Firstly, the mRNA and protein expression of PLCε1 were analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting in normal gastric mucous epithelial cell line GES-1 and gastric cancer cell lines AGS, SGC7901, and MGC803. The results showed both mRNA and protein levels of PLCε1 were up-regulated in gastric cancer cells compared with normal gastric mucous epithelial cells. Secondly, this result was confirmed by immunohistochemical detection in a tissue microarray including 74 paired gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues. Thirdly, an independence immunohistochemical analysis of 799 chronic atrophic gastritis tissue specimens demonstrated that PLCε1 expression in atrophic gastritis tissues were down-regulated since PLCε1 expression was negative in 524 (65.6%) atrophic gastritis. In addition, matched clinical tissues from atrophic severe gastritis and gastric cancer patients were used to further confirm the previous results by analyzing mRNA and protein levels expression of PLCε1 in clinical samples. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCES Our results suggested that PLCε1 protein may be a potential biomarker to distinguish gastric cancer from inflammation lesion, and could have great potential in applications such as diagnosis and pre-warning of early-stage gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Department of Education, Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastric & Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Fujian Academy of Medical Science, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Department of Education, Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qirong Qian
- Department of Surgery, Changzheng Hospital affiliated to Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lungeng Lu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Department of Education, Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Department of Education, Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Department of Bio-Nano Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology of Department of Education, Institute of Micro/Nano Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Intranasal immunization with a formalin-inactivated human influenza A virus whole-virion vaccine alone and intranasal immunization with a split-virion vaccine with mucosal adjuvants show similar levels of cross-protection. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:979-90. [PMID: 22552600 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00016-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The antigenicity of seasonal human influenza virus changes continuously; thus, a cross-protective influenza vaccine design needs to be established. Intranasal immunization with an influenza split-virion (SV) vaccine and a mucosal adjuvant induces cross-protection; however, no mucosal adjuvant has been assessed clinically. Formalin-inactivated intact human and avian viruses alone (without adjuvant) induce cross-protection against the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. However, it is unknown whether seasonal human influenza formalin-inactivated whole-virion (WV) vaccine alone induces cross-protection against strains within a subtype or in a different subtype of human influenza virus. Furthermore, there are few reports comparing the cross-protective efficacy of the WV vaccine and SV vaccine-mucosal adjuvant mixtures. Here, we found that the intranasal human influenza WV vaccine alone induced both the innate immune response and acquired immune response, resulting in cross-protection against drift variants within a subtype of human influenza virus. The cross-protective efficacy conferred by the WV vaccine in intranasally immunized mice was almost the same as that conferred by a mixture of SV vaccine and adjuvants. The level of cross-protective efficacy was correlated with the cross-reactive neutralizing antibody titer in the nasal wash and bronchoalveolar fluids. However, neither the SV vaccine with adjuvant nor the WV vaccine induced cross-reactive virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity. These results suggest that the intranasal human WV vaccine injection alone is effective against variants within a virus subtype, mainly through a humoral immune response, and that the cross-protection elicited by the WV vaccine and the SV vaccine plus mucosal adjuvants is similar.
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20
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PLCε cooperates with the NF-κB pathway to augment TNFα-stimulated CCL2/MCP1 expression in human keratinocyte. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:106-11. [PMID: 21951843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase Cε (PLCε) is a unique class of PLC regulated by both Ras family small GTPases and heterotrimeric G proteins. We previously showed by using mice bearing its null or transgenic allele that PLCε plays a crucial role in various forms of skin inflammation through upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production from keratinocytes. However, molecular mechanisms how PLCε augments cytokine production were largely unknown. We show here using cultured human keratinocyte PHK16-0b cells that induction of the expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) following stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, which primarily depends on the activation of the NF-κB pathway, is abrogated by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of PLCε. Enforced expression of PLCε causes substantial CCL2 expression and cooperates with low level TNFα stimulation to induce marked overexpression of CCL2, both of which are only partially blocked by pharmacological inhibition of the NF-κB signaling. However, PLCε knockdown exhibits no effect on both the NF-κB-cis-element-mediated transcription per se and the post-translational modifications of NF-κB implicated in transcriptional regulation, suggesting that PLCε constitutes a yet unknown signaling pathway distinct from the NF-κB pathway. This pathway can cooperate with the NF-κB pathway to achieve a synergistic TNFα-stimulated CCL2 induction in keratinocytes.
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Edamatsu H, Takenaka N, Hu L, Kataoka T. Phospholipase Cε as a potential molecular target for anti-inflammatory therapy and cancer prevention. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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