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Asai H, Kato K, Miyasaka M, Hatsukawa K, Murakami N, Takeda N, Abe J, Aoyagi Y, Kohda Y, Gui MY, Jin YR, Li XW, Hitotsuyanagi Y, Takeya K, Andoh T, Kurosaki H, Fukuishi N. Kamebakaurin Suppresses Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Activation by Inhibition of FcεRI Signaling Pathway. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38797160 DOI: 10.1159/000536334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kamebakaurin is an active constituent of both Rabdosia japonica and Rabdosia excisa, which are utilized in Chinese traditional medicine for improving symptoms in patients with allergies. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of the anti-allergic effects of kamebakaurin using BMMCs. METHODS The degranulation ratio, histamine release, and the interleukin (IL)-4, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and cysteinyl leukotriene productions on antigen-triggered BMMC were investigated. Additionally, the effects of kamebakaurin on signal transduction proteins were examined by Western blot and binding to the Syk and Lyn kinase domain was calculated. The effects of kamebakaurin on antigen-induced hyperpermeability were investigated using mouse model. RESULTS At 10 μm, kamebakaurin partially inhibited degranulation, histamine release, and IL-4 production. At 30 μm, kamebakaurin partially reduced LTB4 and cysteinyl leukotriene productions and suppressed degranulation, histamine release, and IL-4 production. Phosphorylation of both Syk Y519/520 and its downstream protein, Gab2, was reduced by kamebakaurin, and complete inhibition was observed with 30 μm kamebakaurin. In contrast, phosphorylation of Erk was only partially inhibited, even in the presence of 30 μm kamebakaurin. Syk Y519/520 is known to be auto-phosphorylated via intramolecular ATP present in its own ATP-binding site, and this auto-phosphorylation triggers degranulation, histamine release, and IL-4 production. Docking simulation study indicated kamebakaurin blocked ATP binding to the ATP-binding site in Syk. Therefore, inhibition of Syk auto-phosphorylation by kamebakaurin binding to the Syk ATP-binding site appeared to cause a reduction of histamine release and IL-4 production. Kamebakaurin inhibited antigen-induced vascular hyperpermeability in a dose-dependent fashion but did not reduce histamine-induced vascular hyperpermeability. CONCLUSION Kamebakaurin ameliorates allergic symptoms via inhibition of Syk phosphorylation; thus, kamebakaurin could be a lead compound for the new anti-allergic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Asai
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan,
| | - Koichi Kato
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayu Miyasaka
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaho Hatsukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nanami Murakami
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoko Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Junna Abe
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Aoyagi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Kohda
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ming-Yu Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yong-Ri Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Yukio Hitotsuyanagi
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Takeya
- School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsugunobu Andoh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kurosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fukuishi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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Aschner Y, Downey GP. The Importance of Tyrosine Phosphorylation Control of Cellular Signaling Pathways in Respiratory Disease: pY and pY Not. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:535-547. [PMID: 29812954 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0049tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine residues is an essential signaling mechanism by which diverse cellular processes are closely regulated. The tight temporal and spatial control of the tyrosine phosphorylation status of proteins by protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) is critical to cellular homeostasis as well as to adaptations to the external environment. Via regulation of cellular signaling cascades involving other protein kinases and phosphatases, receptors, adaptor proteins, and transcription factors, PTKs and PTPs closely control diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, inflammation, and maintenance of cellular barrier function. Given these key regulatory roles, it is not surprising that dysfunction of PTKs and PTPs is important in the pathogenesis of human disease, including many pulmonary diseases. The roles of various PTKs and PTPs in acute lung injury and repair, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary vascular disease, and inflammatory airway disease are discussed in this review. It is important to note that although there is overlap among many of these proteins in various disease states, the mechanisms by which they influence the pathogenesis of these conditions differ, suggesting wide-ranging roles for these enzymes and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Aschner
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Gregory P Downey
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,2 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and.,3 Department of Medicine.,4 Department of Pediatrics, and.,5 Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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McAdoo S, Tam FWK. Role of the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Pathway in Driving Inflammation in IgA Nephropathy. Semin Nephrol 2019; 38:496-503. [PMID: 30177021 PMCID: PMC6135887 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Summary: IgA nephropathy is the most common type of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. At least 25% of patients may progress to kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation. Treatment of IgA nephropathy using generalized immunosuppression is controversial, with concerns regarding the balance of safety and efficacy in a nonspecific approach. This review describes the recent scientific evidence, and a current clinical trial, investigating whether spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) may be a novel and selective therapeutic target for IgA nephropathy. SYK, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, has a pivotal role as an early intermediate in intracellular signal transduction cascades for the B-cell receptor and the immunoglobulin Fc receptor, and thus is critical for B-cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation, and for mediating proinflammatory responses after Fc-receptor engagement in various cell types. In renal biopsy specimens of patients with IgA nephropathy, increased expression and phosphorylation of SYK were detected, and this correlated with the histologic features of mesangial and endocapillary proliferation. In cell culture studies, patient-derived IgA1 stimulated mesangial cell SYK activation, cell proliferation, and cytokine production, and these responses were attenuated by pharmacologic or molecular inhibition of SYK. A global, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the safety and efficacy of fostamatinib (an oral prodrug SYK inhibitor) in the treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy is ongoing, which may provide important evidence of the safety and efficacy of targeting this pathway in clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McAdoo
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frederick W K Tam
- Renal and Vascular Inflammation Section, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom..
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Hayashi H, Kaneko R, Demizu S, Akasaka D, Tayama M, Harada T, Irie H, Ogino Y, Fujino N, Sasaki E. TAS05567, a Novel Potent and Selective Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Abrogates Immunoglobulin-Mediated Autoimmune and Allergic Reactions in Rodent Models. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:84-95. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Lamprinaki D, Beasy G, Zhekova A, Wittmann A, James S, Dicks J, Iwakura Y, Saijo S, Wang X, Chow CW, Roberts I, Korcsmaros T, Mayer U, Wileman T, Kawasaki N. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis Is Required for Dendritic Cell Inflammatory Cytokine Response to Gut Commensal Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1397. [PMID: 29118762 PMCID: PMC5661120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human fungal microbiota known as mycobiota is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in human gut health and disease. Non-pathogenic commensal yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae promote homeostasis in the gut, whereas dysbiosis of the gut mycobiota is associated with inflammation. Glycan-binding receptors (lectins) are key host factors in host-mycobiota interaction in the gut. They are expressed on immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and recognize fungal polysaccharides. This interaction is imperative to mount appropriate immune responses for immune homeostasis in the gut as well as clearance of fungal pathogens. Recent studies demonstrate that microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3 (LC3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is involved in lectin-fungi interactions. Yet, the biological impact of LAP on the lectin function remains largely elusive. In this report, we demonstrate that in mouse LAP is linked to dendritic cell-associated lectin 2 (Dectin-2), a C-type lectin specific to fungal α-mannan polysaccharide. We found that mouse Dectin-2 recognizes commensal yeast S. cerevisiae and Kazachstania unispora. Mouse bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) produced inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β in response to the yeasts in a Dectin-2 and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-dependent manner. We found that S. cerevisiae and K. unispora induced LAP in mouse BMDCs upon internalization. Furthermore, LC3 was activated by stimulation of BMDCs with the yeasts in a Dectin-2 and Syk-dependent manner. To address the biological impact of LAP on Dectin-2 yeast interaction, we established a knock-in mouse strain (Atg16L1E230, thereafter called E230), which BMDCs exhibit autophagy-active and LAP-negative phenotypes. When stimulated with yeasts, E230 BMDCs produced significantly less amounts of TNFα and IL-1β. Taken together, we revealed a novel link between Dectin-2 and LAP that enables host immune cells to respond to mycobiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Lamprinaki
- Food and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Beasy
- Food and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Zhekova
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Wittmann
- Food and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steve James
- The National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Dicks
- The National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Centre for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ian Roberts
- The National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Food and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Earlham Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- School of Biological Science, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.,Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Norihito Kawasaki
- Food and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Tabeling C, Herbert J, Hocke AC, Lamb DJ, Wollin SL, Erb KJ, Boiarina E, Movassagh H, Scheffel J, Doehn JM, Hippenstiel S, Maurer M, Gounni AS, Kuebler WM, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition blocks airway constriction and protects from Th2-induced airway inflammation and remodeling. Allergy 2017; 72:1061-1072. [PMID: 27906453 DOI: 10.1111/all.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an intracellular nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, which has been implicated as central immune modulator promoting allergic airway inflammation. Syk inhibition has been proposed as a new therapeutic approach in asthma. However, the direct effects of Syk inhibition on airway constriction independent of allergen sensitization remain elusive. METHODS Spectral confocal microscopy of human and murine lung tissue was performed to localize Syk expression. The effects of prophylactic or therapeutic Syk inhibition on allergic airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling were analyzed in allergen-sensitized and airway-challenged mice. The effects of Syk inhibitors BAY 61-3606 or BI 1002494 on airway function were investigated in isolated lungs of wild-type, PKCα-deficient, mast cell-deficient, or eNOS-deficient mice. RESULTS Spleen tyrosine kinase expression was found in human and murine airway smooth muscle cells. Syk inhibition reduced allergic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and pulmonary collagen deposition. In naïve mice, Syk inhibition diminished airway responsiveness independently of mast cells, or PKCα or eNOS expression and rapidly reversed established bronchoconstriction independently of NO. Simultaneous inhibition of Syk and PKC revealed additive dilatory effects, whereas combined inhibition of Syk and rho kinase or Syk and p38 MAPK did not cause additive bronchodilation. CONCLUSIONS Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition directly attenuates airway smooth muscle cell contraction independent of its protective immunomodulatory effects on allergic airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. Syk mediates bronchoconstriction in a NO-independent manner, presumably via rho kinase and p38 MAPK, and Syk inhibition might present a promising therapeutic approach in chronic asthma as well as acute asthma attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Tabeling
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - J. Herbert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - A. C. Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - D. J. Lamb
- Respiratory Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach Germany
| | - S. L. Wollin
- Respiratory Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach Germany
| | - K. J. Erb
- Respiratory Diseases Research; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG; Biberach Germany
| | - E. Boiarina
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - H. Movassagh
- Department of Immunology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - J. Scheffel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. M. Doehn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - S. Hippenstiel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - M. Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - A. S. Gounni
- Department of Immunology; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg MB Canada
| | - W. M. Kuebler
- Department of Physiology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Departments of Physiology and Surgery; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - N. Suttorp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
| | - M. Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Biberach Germany
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Salehi S, Wang X, Juvet S, Scott JA, Chow CW. Syk Regulates Neutrophilic Airway Hyper-Responsiveness in a Chronic Mouse Model of Allergic Airways Inflammation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0163614. [PMID: 28107345 PMCID: PMC5249072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airways hyper-responsiveness (AHR), reversible airway obstruction, and airway inflammation and remodeling. We previously showed that Syk modulates methacholine-induced airways contractility in naïve mice and in mice with allergic airways inflammation. We hypothesize that Syk plays a role in the pathogenesis of AHR; this was evaluated in a chronic 8-week mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airways inflammation. Methods We used the Sykflox/flox//rosa26CreERT2 conditional Syk knock-out mice to assess the role of Syk prior to HDM exposure, and treated HDM-sensitized mice with the Syk inhibitor, GSK143, to evaluate its role in established allergic airways inflammation. Respiratory mechanics and methacholine (MCh)-responsiveness were assessed using the flexiVent® system. Lungs underwent bronchoalveolar lavage to isolate inflammatory cells or were frozen for determination of gene expression in tissues. Results MCh-induced AHR was observed following HDM sensitization in the Syk-intact (Sykflox/flox) and vehicle-treated BALB/c mice. MCh responsiveness was reduced to control levels in HDM-sensitized Sykdel/del mice and in BALB/c and Sykflox/flox mice treated with GSK143. Both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice mounted appropriate immune responses to HDM, with HDM-specific IgE levels that were comparable to Sykflox/flox and vehicle-treated BALB/c mice. HDM-induced increases in bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts were attenuated in both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice, due primarily to decreased neutrophil recruitment. Gene expression analysis of lung tissues revealed that HDM-induced expression of IL-17 and CXCL-1 was significantly attenuated in both Sykdel/del and GSK143-treated mice. Conclusion Syk inhibitors may play a role in the management of neutrophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Salehi
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Juvet
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy A. Scott
- Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chung-Wai Chow
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Programme, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in antimicrobial host defense, but their improper activation also contributes to inflammation-induced tissue damage. Therefore, understanding neutrophil biology is important for the understanding, diagnosis, and therapy of both infectious and inflammatory diseases. Neutrophils express a large number of cell-surface receptors that sense extracellular cues and trigger various functional responses through complex intracellular signaling pathways. During the last several years, we and others have shown that tyrosine kinases play a critical role in those processes. In particular, Src-family and Syk tyrosine kinases couple Fc-receptors and adhesion receptors (integrins and selectins) to various neutrophil effector functions. This pathway shows surprising similarity to lymphocyte antigen receptor signaling and involves various other enzymes (e.g. PLCγ2), exchange factors (e.g. Vav-family members) and adapter proteins (such as ITAM-containing adapters, SLP-76, and CARD9). Those mediators trigger various antimicrobial functions and play a critical role in coordinating the inflammatory response through the release of inflammatory mediators, such as chemokines and LTB4 . Interestingly, however, tyrosine kinases have a limited direct role in the migration of neutrophils to the site of inflammation. Here, we review the role of tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in neutrophils and how those pathways contribute to neutrophil activation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Futosi
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE "Lendület" Inflammation Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Coffey G, Rani A, Betz A, Pak Y, Haberstock-Debic H, Pandey A, Hollenbach S, Gretler DD, Mant T, Jurcevic S, Sinha U. PRT062607 Achieves Complete Inhibition of the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase at Tolerated Exposures Following Oral Dosing in Healthy Volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 57:194-210. [PMID: 27406873 PMCID: PMC5248591 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) regulates immune cell activation in response to engagement of a variety of receptors, making it an intriguing target for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders as well as certain B‐cell malignancies. We have previously reported on the discovery and preclinical characterization of PRT062607, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of SYK that exhibits robust anti‐inflammatory activity in a variety of animal models. Here we present data from our first human studies aimed at characterizing the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety of PRT062607 in healthy volunteers following single and multiple oral administrations. PRT062607 demonstrated a favorable PK profile and the ability to completely inhibit SYK activity in multiple whole‐blood assays. The PD half‐life in the more sensitive assays was approximately 24 hours and returned to predose levels by 72 hours. Selectivity for SYK was observed at all dose levels tested. Analysis of the PK/PD relationship indicated an IC50 of 324 nM for inhibition of B‐cell antigen receptor‐mediated B‐cell activation and 205 nM for inhibition of FcεRI‐mediated basophil degranulation. PRT062607 was safe and well tolerated across the entire range of doses. Clinical PK/PD was related to in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity of PRT062607 in the rat collagen‐induced arthritis model, which predicts that therapeutic concentrations may be safely achieved in humans for the treatment of autoimmune disease. PRT062607 has a desirable PK profile and is capable of safely, potently, and selectively suppressing SYK kinase function in humans following once‐daily oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Coffey
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Andreas Betz
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yvonne Pak
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Anjali Pandey
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Tim Mant
- Quintiles Drug Research Unit at Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Uma Sinha
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Ryan J, Kanellis J, Blease K, Ma FY, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Promotes Myeloid Cell Recruitment and Kidney Damage after Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2032-2042. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lamb DJ, Wollin SL, Schnapp A, Bischoff D, Erb KJ, Bouyssou T, Guilliard B, Strasser C, Wex E, Blum S, Thaler E, Nickel H, Radmacher O, Haas H, Swantek JL, Souza D, Canfield M, White D, Panzenbeck M, Kashem MA, Sanville-Ross M, Kono T, Sewald K, Braun A, Obernolte H, Danov O, Schaenzle G, Rast G, Maier GM, Hoffmann M. BI 1002494, a Novel Potent and Selective Oral Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, Displays Differential Potency in Human Basophils and B Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 357:554-61. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Matsuda Y, Wang X, Oishi H, Guan Z, Saito M, Liu M, Keshavjee S, Chow CW. Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Modulates Fibrous Airway Obliteration and Associated Lymphoid Neogenesis After Transplantation. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:342-52. [PMID: 26308240 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lung allograft dysfunction, the major cause of death following lung transplantation, usually manifests as irreversible airflow obstruction associated with obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), a lesion characterized by chronic inflammation, lymphoid neogenesis, fibroproliferation and small airway obliteration. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a tyrosine kinase that regulates B cell function and innate immunity, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation and tissue repair. This study evaluated the role of Syk in development of OB, using an intrapulmonary tracheal transplant model of OB with the conditional Syk-knockout Syk(flox/flox) //rosa26-CreER(T2) mice and a Syk-selective inhibitor, GSK2230413. BALB/c trachea allografts were transplanted into Syk-knockout (Syk(del/del) ) mice or wild-type C57BL/6 recipients treated with GSK2230413. At day 28, histological analysis revealed that in the Syk(del/del) and GSK2230413-treated C57BL/6 recipients, the graft lumen remained open compared with allografts transplanted into Syk-expressing (Syk(flox/flox) ) and placebo control-treated C57BL/6 recipients. Immunofluorescence showed lymphoid neogenesis with distinct B and T cell zones in control mice. In contrast, lymphoid neogenesis was absent and few B or T cells were found in Syk(del/del) and GSK2230413-treated mice. These observations suggest that inhibition of Syk may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the management of OB following lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsuda
- The Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - X Wang
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - H Oishi
- The Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Z Guan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Saito
- The Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - M Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - S Keshavjee
- The Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Latner Thoracic Surgery Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - C-W Chow
- The Toronto Lung Transplant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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13
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Ryan J, Ma FY, Han Y, Ozols E, Kanellis J, Tesch GH, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Myeloid cell-mediated renal injury in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis depends upon spleen tyrosine kinase. J Pathol 2015; 238:10-20. [PMID: 26251216 DOI: 10.1002/path.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent activation of myeloid cells within the glomerulus plays a central role in rapidly progressive forms of glomerulonephritis. The spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is expressed by all leukocytes, except mature T cells, and is required for signalling via the B-cell receptor, Fc receptors, and some integrins. Syk has been proposed as a therapeutic target in glomerulonephritis. However, little is known of Syk activation in human kidney disease, while studies in experimental glomerulonephritis using non-selective Syk inhibitors require validation via conditional gene deletion. The current study addressed both of these important points. Syk activation (Tyr(525/526) phosphorylation) was examined in a cohort of 96 patients with different glomerulonephritides. Syk activation was evident in infiltrating leukocytes, mainly neutrophils and macrophages, in 36/40 cases of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. In contrast, non-proliferative diseases showed little or no Syk activation. Glomerular and interstitial cells exhibiting Syk activation correlated with renal function and systemic inflammation. Next, we examined mice with conditional Syk gene deletion in myeloid cells (Syk(My) ) versus Syk(f/f) littermate controls in nephrotoxic serum nephritis - a model of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Control Syk(f/f) mice featured a transient neutrophil influx at 3 h and severe disease on day 9 of nephrotoxic serum nephritis, with crescent formation, macrophage infiltration, inflammation, kidney fibrosis, and renal dysfunction. In contrast, Syk(My) mice had significantly reduced neutrophil and macrophage infiltration despite equivalent glomerular deposition of humoral reactants. Syk(My) mice exhibited reduced crescent formation, inflammation, and fibrosis, with improved renal function on day 9 of nephrotoxic serum nephritis. In conclusion, Syk activation is prominent in infiltrating myeloid cells in human rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and functional studies demonstrate that Syk deletion in myeloid cells is protective in mouse nephrotoxic serum nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ryan
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frank Y Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yingjie Han
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elyce Ozols
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Kanellis
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Greg H Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Draber P, Halova I, Polakovicova I, Kawakami T. Signal transduction and chemotaxis in mast cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:11-23. [PMID: 25941081 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells play crucial roles in both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Along with basophils, mast cells are essential effector cells for allergic inflammation that causes asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy and atopic dermatitis. Mast cells are usually increased in inflammatory sites of allergy and, upon activation, release various chemical, lipid, peptide and protein mediators of allergic reactions. Since antigen/immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated activation of these cells is a central event to trigger allergic reactions, innumerable studies have been conducted on how these cells are activated through cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Development of mature mast cells from their progenitor cells is under the influence of several growth factors, of which the stem cell factor (SCF) seems to be the most important. Therefore, how SCF induces mast cell development and activation via its receptor, KIT, has been studied extensively, including a cross-talk between KIT and FcεRI signaling pathways. Although our understanding of the signaling mechanisms of the FcεRI and KIT pathways is far from complete, pharmaceutical applications of the knowledge about these pathways are underway. This review will focus on recent progresses in FcεRI and KIT signaling and chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Draber
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Halova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Department of Signal Transduction, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Toshiaki Kawakami
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory for Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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15
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Wang X, Khanna N, Wu J, Godri Pollitt K, Evans GJ, Chow CW, Scott JA. Syk mediates airway contractility independent of leukocyte function. Allergy 2015; 70:429-35. [PMID: 25556883 DOI: 10.1111/all.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syk, an immune regulatory tyrosine kinase, plays a role in inflammatory disease processes. We recently reported a role for epithelial expression of Syk in the airways hyper-responsiveness in response to air pollution in a mouse model of asthma. The aim of this study was to further investigate the role of Syk in airway contractility in response to methacholine (MCh) and particulate matter (PM) air pollutants, in the absence of underlying inflammation. METHODS We used Syk(flox/flox) //rosa26CreER(T) (2) conditional Syk knockout mice to evaluate respiratory mechanics and MCh responsiveness following PM exposure in vivo using the ventilator-based flexiVent system. RESULTS While total and differential cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were similar between the Syk(flox/flox) and Syk(del/del) mice, central airways respiratory resistance (RN ) to MCh was significantly augmented following PM exposure between Syk-intact (Syk(flox/flox) ) and Syk-deficient (Syk(del/del) ) mice (RN (max) : 2.06 ± 0.29 vs. 1.29 ± 0.10, respectively; p < 0.05, n = 8-10/group). We employed live videomicroscopy to investigate changes in airway luminal diameter using ex vivo lung slices, which were devoid of circulating leukocytes. MCh reduced the airway luminal area of Syk(flox/flox) mice to 81.1 ± 1.4% of baseline, which was virtually abrogated in Syk(del/del) mice (luminal area = 93.2 ± 0.5%, n = 5/group, p < 0.05). In response to PM exposure, Syk(flox/flox) airways contracted to 73.8 ± 2.7% of baseline luminal diameter, whereas Syk(del/del) airways exhibited minimal contractility to PM and MCh (90.0 ± 1.3% of baseline, n = 5/group, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that Syk mediates airway contractility in the normal and allergic airways, independent of its role and function in leukocytes, and supports a paracrine role for airway epithelial Syk in modulating airway smooth muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Wang
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - N. Khanna
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. Wu
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - K. Godri Pollitt
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - G. J. Evans
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - C.-W. Chow
- Division of Respirology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Multi-Organ Transplant Programme; University Health Network; Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health; Faculty of Medicine; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - J. A. Scott
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering; Southern Ontario Center for Atmospheric Aerosol Research; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health; Faculty of Medicine; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Health Sciences; Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences; Lakehead University; Thunder Bay ON Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences; Northern Ontario School of Medicine; Thunder Bay ON Canada
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16
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Subramanian H, Gupta K, Parameswaran N, Ali H. Regulation of Fc∈RI signaling in mast cells by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and its RH domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 289:20917-27. [PMID: 24904059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.523969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonist-induced phosphorylation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) by GPCRkinases (GRKs) promotes their desensitization and internalization. Here, we sought to determine the role of GRK2 on Fc∈RI signaling and mediator release in mast cells. The strategies utilized included lentiviral shRNA-mediated GRK2 knockdown, GRK2 gene deletion (GRK2(flox/flox)/cre recombinase) and overexpression of GRK2 and its regulator of G protein signaling homology (RH) domain (GRK2-RH). We found that silencing GRK2 expression caused ~50% decrease in antigen-induced Ca(2+) mobilization and degranulation but resulted in ablation of cytokine (IL-6 and IL-13) generation. The effect of GRK2 on cytokine generation does not require its catalytic activity but is mediated via the phosphorylation of p38 and Akt. Overexpression of GRK2 or its RH domain (GRK2-RH) enhanced antigen-induced mast cell degranulation and cytokine generation without affecting the expression levels of any of the Fc∈RI subunits (α, β, and γ). GRK2 or GRK2-RH had no effect on antigen-induced phosphorylation of Fc∈RIγ or Src but enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk. These data demonstrate that GRK2 modulates Fc∈RI signaling in mast cells via at least two mechanisms.One involves GRK2-RH and modulates tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, and the other is mediated via the phosphorylation of p38 and Akt.
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17
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Wex E, Thaler E, Blum S, Lamb D. A novel model of IgE-mediated passive pulmonary anaphylaxis in rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116166. [PMID: 25541997 PMCID: PMC4277472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are central effector cells in allergic asthma and are augmented in the airways of asthma patients. Attenuating mast cell degranulation and with it the early asthmatic response is an important intervention point to inhibit bronchoconstriction, plasma exudation and tissue oedema formation. To validate the efficacy of novel pharmacological interventions, appropriate and practicable in vivo models reflecting mast cell-dependent mechanisms in the lung, are missing. Thus, we developed a novel model of passive pulmonary anaphylaxis in rats. Rats were passively sensitized by concurrent intratracheal and intradermal (ear) application of an anti-DNP IgE antibody. Intravenous application of the antigen, DNP-BSA in combination with Evans blue dye, led to mast cell degranulation in both tissues. Quantification of mast cell degranulation in the lung was determined by (1) mediator release into bronchoalveolar lavage, (2) extravasation of Evans blue dye into tracheal and bronchial lung tissue and (3) invasive measurement of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction. Quantification of mast cell degranulation in the ear was determined by extravasation of Evans blue dye into ear tissue. We pharmacologically validated our model using the SYK inhibitor Fostamatinib, the H1-receptor antagonist Desloratadine, the mast cell stabilizer disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) and the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist Formoterol. Fostamatinib was equally efficacious in lung and ear. Desloratadine effectively inhibited bronchoconstriction and ear vascular leakage, but was less effective against pulmonary vascular leakage, perhaps reflecting the differing roles for histamine receptor sub-types. DSCG attenuated both vascular leakage in the lung and bronchoconstriction, but with a very short duration of action. As an inhaled approach, Formoterol was more effective in the lung than in the ear. This model of passive pulmonary anaphylaxis provides a tissue relevant readout of early mast cell activity and pharmacological benchmarking broadly reflects responses observed in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Wex
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Eva Thaler
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sylvia Blum
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Lamb
- Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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18
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Coffey G, Betz A, DeGuzman F, Pak Y, Inagaki M, Baker DC, Hollenbach SJ, Pandey A, Sinha U. The novel kinase inhibitor PRT062070 (Cerdulatinib) demonstrates efficacy in models of autoimmunity and B-cell cancer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:538-48. [PMID: 25253883 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.218164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity and severity of certain autoimmune diseases and B-cell malignancies warrant simultaneous targeting of multiple disease-relevant signaling pathways. Dual inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and Janus kinase (JAK) represents such a strategy and may elicit several benefits relative to selective kinase inhibition, such as gaining control over a broader array of disease etiologies, reducing probability of selection for bypass disease mechanisms, and the potential that an overall lower level suppression of individual targets may be sufficient to modulate disease activity. To this end, we provide data on the discovery and preclinical development of PRT062070 [4-(cyclopropylamino)-2-({4-[4-(ethylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]phenyl}amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide hydrochloride], an orally active kinase inhibitor that demonstrates activity against SYK and JAK. Cellular assays demonstrated specific inhibitory activity against signaling pathways that use SYK and JAK1/3. Limited inhibition of JAK2 was observed, and PRT062070 did not inhibit phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-mediated signaling or activation in B and T cells nor T-cell antigen receptor-mediated signaling in T cells, providing evidence for selectivity of action. Potent antitumor activity was observed in a subset of B-cell lymphoma cell lines. After oral dosing, PRT062070 suppressed inflammation and autoantibody generation in a rat collagen-induced arthritis model and blocked B-cell activation and splenomegaly in a mouse model of chronic B-cell antigen receptor stimulation. PRT062070 is currently under evaluation in a phase I dose escalation study in patients with B-cell leukemia and lymphoma (NCT01994382), with proof-of-concept studies in humans planned to assess therapeutic potential in autoimmune and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Coffey
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Andreas Betz
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | | | - Yvonne Pak
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Mayuko Inagaki
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Dale C Baker
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | | | - Anjali Pandey
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California
| | - Uma Sinha
- Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, California
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19
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Geahlen RL. Getting Syk: spleen tyrosine kinase as a therapeutic target. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:414-22. [PMID: 24975478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase well known for its ability to couple immune cell receptors to intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cellular responses to extracellular antigens and antigen-immunoglobulin (Ig) complexes of particular importance to the initiation of inflammatory responses. Thus, Syk is an attractive target for therapeutic kinase inhibitors designed to ameliorate the symptoms and consequences of acute and chronic inflammation. Its more recently recognized role as a promoter of cell survival in numerous cancer cell types ranging from leukemia to retinoblastoma has attracted considerable interest as a target for a new generation of anticancer drugs. This review discusses the biological processes in which Syk participates that have made this kinase such a compelling drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Geahlen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Research Building, 210 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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20
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McAdoo SP, Reynolds J, Bhangal G, Smith J, McDaid JP, Tanna A, Jackson WD, Masuda ES, Cook HT, Pusey CD, Tam FWK. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates autoantibody production and reverses experimental autoimmune GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2291-302. [PMID: 24700868 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has an important role in immunoreceptor signaling, and SYK inhibition has accordingly attenuated immune-mediated injury in several in vivo models. However, the effect of SYK inhibition on autoantibody production remains unclear, and SYK inhibition has not been studied in an autoimmune model of renal disease. We, therefore, studied the effect of SYK inhibition in experimental autoimmune GN, a rodent model of antiglomerular basement membrane disease. We show glomerular SYK expression and activation by immunohistochemistry in both experimental and clinical disease, and we show that treatment with fostamatinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor selective for SYK, completely prevents the induction of experimental autoimmune GN. In established experimental disease, introduction of fostamatinib treatment led to cessation of autoantibody production, reversal of renal injury, preservation of biochemical renal function, and complete protection from lung hemorrhage. B cell ELISpot and flow cytometric analysis suggest that short-term fostamatinib treatment inhibits the generation and activity of antigen-specific B cells without affecting overall B-cell survival. Additionally, fostamatinib inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production by nephritic glomeruli ex vivo and cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro, suggesting additional therapeutic effects independent of effects on autoantibody production that are likely related to inhibited Fc receptor signaling within macrophages in diseased glomeruli. Given these encouraging results in an in vivo model that is highly applicable to human disease, we believe clinical studies targeting SYK in GN are now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical/Forensic Science, University of Bedfordshire, Befordshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Esteban S Masuda
- Department of Immunology, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California
| | - H Terence Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Norman P. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a review of the patent literature 2010 - 2013. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:573-95. [PMID: 24555683 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.890184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The non-receptor tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), is primarily expressed in haematopoietic cells and appears to be particularly important in B cells. Syk is involved in signal transduction processes and appears to regulate allergic, inflammatory and autoimmune responses. It also appears to play a significant role in the development of haematological malignancies. Inhibitors of Syk are potentially useful in treating asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphomas. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the increasing number of patent filings between 2010 and 2013 claiming Syk inhibitors and focuses on the multiple structural classes of Syk inhibitors disclosed. It also comments on recent developments with Syk inhibitors, both clinical results and licensing deals. EXPERT OPINION The increased interest in the identification of Syk inhibitors has seen a sharp increase in patent filings claiming such compounds. However, the number of these is well below that of filings relating to other pro-inflammatory kinases (p38, JAK). These filings have also claimed an increasingly diverse range of chemical classes moving away from the 2,4-diaminopyrimidine motif present in drugs such as fostamatinib and PRT-06207. Many of the claimed compounds are Syk inhibitors with potencies considerably better than fostamatinib. However, good kinase selectivity is also likely to be essential if a Syk inhibitor is to prove useful enough to emulate the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib in gaining marketing authorisation. Recent clinical failures with Syk inhibitors are expected to result in a decrease in the rate of patent filings claiming Syk inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Norman
- Norman Consulting , 18 Pink Lane, Burnham, Bucks, SL1 8JW , UK
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22
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Miller PG, Al-Shahrour F, Hartwell KA, Chu LP, Järås M, Puram RV, Puissant A, Callahan KP, Ashton J, McConkey ME, Poveromo LP, Cowley GS, Kharas MG, Labelle M, Shterental S, Fujisaki J, Silberstein L, Alexe G, Al-Hajj MA, Shelton CA, Armstrong SA, Root DE, Scadden DT, Hynes RO, Mukherjee S, Stegmaier K, Jordan CT, Ebert BL. In Vivo RNAi screening identifies a leukemia-specific dependence on integrin beta 3 signaling. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:45-58. [PMID: 23770013 PMCID: PMC3746037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We used an in vivo small hairpin RNA (shRNA) screening approach to identify genes that are essential for MLL-AF9 acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We found that Integrin Beta 3 (Itgb3) is essential for murine leukemia cells in vivo and for human leukemia cells in xenotransplantation studies. In leukemia cells, Itgb3 knockdown impaired homing, downregulated LSC transcriptional programs, and induced differentiation via the intracellular kinase Syk. In contrast, loss of Itgb3 in normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells did not affect engraftment, reconstitution, or differentiation. Finally, using an Itgb3 knockout mouse model, we confirmed that Itgb3 is dispensable for normal hematopoiesis but is required for leukemogenesis. Our results establish the significance of the Itgb3 signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Miller
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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23
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Ozaki N, Suzuki S, Ishida M, Harada Y, Tanaka K, Sato Y, Kono T, Kubo M, Kitamura D, Encinas J, Hara H, Yoshida H. Syk-dependent signaling pathways in neutrophils and macrophages are indispensable in the pathogenesis of anti-collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Int Immunol 2013; 24:539-50. [PMID: 22914861 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxs078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is associated with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) and transmits activation signals through FcγRs in myeloid cells. Thus, application of drugs to inhibit Syk activity can affect the development of immune diseases mediated by autoantibodies, while unexpected systemic effects by the inhibition may be concerned because Syk has multiple physiological functions. We used tamoxifen-inducible systemic conditional Syk knockout (KO) mice to evaluate the role of Syk in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis and to investigate the systemic effects of Syk deletion. In a collagen antibody-induced arthritis model, Syk KO mice were almost completely protected from disease induction and showed significantly attenuated accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in the joints. Syk-deleted macrophages showed less IL-6 and MCP-1 production upon FcγR ligation and exhibited reduced FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in vitro. Syk-deleted macrophages produce more RANTES upon FcγR ligation, indicating a Syk-independent signaling through the FcγR. We further found that both wild-type and Syk-deleted macrophages induced neutrophil chemotaxis upon FcγR ligation in vitro, and air-pouch model demonstrated that Syk-deleted neutrophils have a potential to infiltrate into local tissues in response to collagen and anti-collagen antibodies. However, Syk-deleted neutrophils exhibited greatly decreased neutrophil extracellular traps formation and FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. Our results indicated that Syk deficiency rendered mice completely unresponsive to immune activation by anti-collagen antibodies with disabling one pathway of FcγR-mediated signaling that was crucial for arthritis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ozaki
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Hyogo, Japan
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Spurgeon SE, Coffey G, Fletcher LB, Burke R, Tyner JW, Druker BJ, Betz A, DeGuzman F, Pak Y, Baker D, Pandey A, Hollenbach SJ, Sinha U, Loriaux MM. The selective SYK inhibitor P505-15 (PRT062607) inhibits B cell signaling and function in vitro and in vivo and augments the activity of fludarabine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 344:378-87. [PMID: 23220742 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) associated kinases including spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) contribute to the pathogenesis of B-cell malignancies. SYK is persistently phosphorylated in a subset of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and SYK inhibition results in abrogation of downstream kinase activity and apoptosis. P505-15 (also known as PRT062607) is a novel, highly selective, and orally bioavailable small molecule SYK inhibitor (SYK IC(50) = 1 nM) with anti-SYK activity that is at least 80-fold greater than its affinity for other kinases. We evaluated the preclinical characteristics of P505-15 in models of NHL and CLL. P505-15 successfully inhibited SYK-mediated B-cell receptor signaling and decreased cell viability in NHL and CLL. Oral dosing in mice prevented BCR-mediated splenomegaly and significantly inhibited NHL tumor growth in a xenograft model. In addition, combination treatment of primary CLL cells with P505-15 plus fludarabine produced synergistic enhancement of activity at nanomolar concentrations. Our findings support the ongoing development of P505-15 as a therapeutic agent for B-cell malignancies. A dose finding study in healthy volunteers has been completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Spurgeon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Karsten CM, Pandey MK, Figge J, Kilchenstein R, Taylor PR, Rosas M, McDonald JU, Orr SJ, Berger M, Petzold D, Blanchard V, Winkler A, Hess C, Reid DM, Majoul IV, Strait RT, Harris NL, Köhl G, Wex E, Ludwig R, Zillikens D, Nimmerjahn F, Finkelman FD, Brown GD, Ehlers M, Köhl J. Anti-inflammatory activity of IgG1 mediated by Fc galactosylation and association of FcγRIIB and dectin-1. Nat Med 2012; 18:1401-6. [PMID: 22922409 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complement is an ancient danger-sensing system that contributes to host defense, immune surveillance and homeostasis. C5a and its G protein–coupled receptor mediate many of the proinflammatory properties of complement. Despite the key role of C5a in allergic asthma, autoimmune arthritis, sepsis and cancer, knowledge about its regulation is limited. Here we demonstrate that IgG1 immune complexes (ICs), the inhibitory IgG receptor FcγRIIB and the C-type lectin–like receptor dectin-1 suppress C5a receptor (C5aR) functions. IgG1 ICs promote the association of FcγRIIB with dectin-1, resulting in phosphorylation of Src homology 2 domain–containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP) downstream of FcγRIIB and spleen tyrosine kinase downstream of dectin-1. This pathway blocks C5aR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation, C5a effector functions in vitro and C5a-dependent inflammatory responses in vivo, including peritonitis and skin blisters in experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. Notably, high galactosylation of IgG N-glycans is crucial for this inhibitory property of IgG1 ICs, as it promotes the association between FcγRIIB and dectin-1. Thus, galactosylated IgG1 and FcγRIIB exert anti-inflammatory properties beyond their impact on activating FcγRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Karsten
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Sanz MJ, Kubes P. Neutrophil-active chemokines in in vivo imaging of neutrophil trafficking. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:278-83. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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