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Thiele M, Kerschbaumer RJ, Tam FWK, Völkel D, Douillard P, Schinagl A, Kühnel H, Smith J, McDaid JP, Bhangal G, Yu MC, Pusey CD, Cook HT, Kovarik J, Magelky E, Bhan A, Rieger M, Mudde GC, Ehrlich H, Jilma B, Tilg H, Moschen A, Terhorst C, Scheiflinger F. Selective Targeting of a Disease-Related Conformational Isoform of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Ameliorates Inflammatory Conditions. J Immunol 2015. [PMID: 26209628 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine and counterregulator of glucocorticoids, is a potential therapeutic target. MIF is markedly different from other cytokines because it is constitutively expressed, stored in the cytoplasm, and present in the circulation of healthy subjects. Thus, the concept of targeting MIF for therapeutic intervention is challenging because of the need to neutralize a ubiquitous protein. In this article, we report that MIF occurs in two redox-dependent conformational isoforms. We show that one of the two isoforms of MIF, that is, oxidized MIF (oxMIF), is specifically recognized by three mAbs directed against MIF. Surprisingly, oxMIF is selectively expressed in the plasma and on the cell surface of immune cells of patients with different inflammatory diseases. In patients with acute infections or chronic inflammation, oxMIF expression correlated with inflammatory flare-ups. In addition, anti-oxMIF mAbs alleviated disease severity in mouse models of acute and chronic enterocolitis and improved, in synergy with glucocorticoids, renal function in a rat model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. We conclude that oxMIF represents the disease-related isoform of MIF; oxMIF is therefore a new diagnostic marker for inflammation and a relevant target for anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thiele
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | | | - Frederick W K Tam
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Völkel
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Patrice Douillard
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Alexander Schinagl
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Harald Kühnel
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Jennifer Smith
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - John P McDaid
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Gurjeet Bhangal
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Mei-Ching Yu
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Charles D Pusey
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - H Terence Cook
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Josef Kovarik
- Department of Nephrology, Wilhelminenspital, 1160 Vienna, Austria
| | - Erica Magelky
- Department of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Atul Bhan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02214
| | - Manfred Rieger
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Geert C Mudde
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Hartmut Ehrlich
- Baxter Biomedical Research Center, Baxter Innovations GmbH, 2304 Orth/Donau, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cox Terhorst
- Department of Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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McAdoo SP, Reynolds J, Bhangal G, Smith J, McDaid JP, Tanna A, Jackson WD, Masuda ES, Cook HT, Pusey CD, Tam FWK. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition attenuates autoantibody production and reverses experimental autoimmune GN. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2291-302. [PMID: 24700868 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013090978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) has an important role in immunoreceptor signaling, and SYK inhibition has accordingly attenuated immune-mediated injury in several in vivo models. However, the effect of SYK inhibition on autoantibody production remains unclear, and SYK inhibition has not been studied in an autoimmune model of renal disease. We, therefore, studied the effect of SYK inhibition in experimental autoimmune GN, a rodent model of antiglomerular basement membrane disease. We show glomerular SYK expression and activation by immunohistochemistry in both experimental and clinical disease, and we show that treatment with fostamatinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor selective for SYK, completely prevents the induction of experimental autoimmune GN. In established experimental disease, introduction of fostamatinib treatment led to cessation of autoantibody production, reversal of renal injury, preservation of biochemical renal function, and complete protection from lung hemorrhage. B cell ELISpot and flow cytometric analysis suggest that short-term fostamatinib treatment inhibits the generation and activity of antigen-specific B cells without affecting overall B-cell survival. Additionally, fostamatinib inhibited proinflammatory cytokine production by nephritic glomeruli ex vivo and cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro, suggesting additional therapeutic effects independent of effects on autoantibody production that are likely related to inhibited Fc receptor signaling within macrophages in diseased glomeruli. Given these encouraging results in an in vivo model that is highly applicable to human disease, we believe clinical studies targeting SYK in GN are now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Reynolds
- Department of Biomedical/Forensic Science, University of Bedfordshire, Befordshire, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Esteban S Masuda
- Department of Immunology, Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California
| | - H Terence Cook
- Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kim MJ, McDaid JP, McAdoo SP, Barratt J, Molyneux K, Masuda ES, Pusey CD, Tam FWK. Spleen tyrosine kinase is important in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and cell proliferation in human mesangial cells following stimulation with IgA1 isolated from IgA nephropathy patients. J Immunol 2012; 189:3751-8. [PMID: 22956578 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IgA immune complexes are capable of inducing human mesangial cell (HMC) activation, resulting in release of proinflammatory and profibrogenic mediators. The subsequent inflammation, cellular proliferation, and synthesis of extracellular matrix lead to the progression of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is an intracellular protein tyrosine kinase involved in cell signaling downstream of immunoreceptors. In this study, we determined whether SYK is involved in the downstream signaling of IgA1 stimulation in HMC, leading to production of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and cell proliferation. Incubation of HMC with IgA1 purified from IgAN patients significantly increased the synthesis of MCP-1 in a dose-dependent manner. There was also significantly increased production of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ-inducible protein-10, RANTES, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB. Stimulation of HMC with heat-aggregated IgA1 purified from IgAN patients induced significantly increased HMC proliferation. Both pharmacological inhibition of SYK and knockdown of SYK by small interfering RNA significantly reduced the synthesis of these mediators and inhibited HMC proliferation. Moreover, positive immunostaining for total and phospho-SYK in glomeruli of kidney biopsies from IgAN patients strongly suggests the involvement of SYK in the pathogenesis of IgAN. To our knowledge, we demonstrate, for the first time, the involvement of SYK in the downstream signaling of IgA1 stimulation in HMC and in the pathogenesis of IgAN. Hence, SYK represents a potential therapeutic target for IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Kim
- Imperial College Kidney and Transplant Institute, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Tarzi RM, Sharp PEH, McDaid JP, Fossati-Jimack L, Herbert PE, Pusey CD, Cook HT, Warrens AN. Mice with defective Fas ligand are protected from crescentic glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 2011; 81:170-8. [PMID: 21918502 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fas ligand is a well-known inducer of apoptosis in cells expressing its receptor Fas; it also prevents autoimmunity by inducing apoptosis of activated T cells. However, Fas ligand also mediates non-apoptotic functions involving inflammatory cell migration and cytokine responses. We sought here to study the role of Fas ligand in nephrotoxic nephritis, a model of crescentic glomerulonephritis, using generalized lymphoproliferative disorder (GLD) mice on a C57BL/6 background, which have defective Fas ligand and display only mild autoimmunity. These mice were significantly protected from glomerular crescent formation, glomerular thrombosis, renal impairment, and albuminuria 15 days after the induction of glomerulonephritis in comparison with wild-type mice. There were a reduced number of apoptotic cells in the glomeruli of nephritic GLD mice but no defect in their antibody responses or splenocyte proliferation at 15 days following the induction of glomerulonephritis. Bone marrow transplantation from wild-type mice restored disease susceptibility to GLD mice; however, wild-type mice were not protected when transplanted with bone marrow from GLD mice. Mesangial cells express Fas ligand in vitro, and these cells isolated from GLD mice produced lower amounts of monocyte chemoattractive protein-1 following interleukin-1 stimulation compared with cells from wild-type mice. Thus, Fas ligand-defective mice are protected from nephrotoxic nephritis, a disease in which both circulating and intrinsic renal cells appear to have a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Tarzi
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Smith J, McDaid JP, Bhangal G, Chawanasuntorapoj R, Masuda ES, Cook HT, Pusey CD, Tam FWK. A spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor reduces the severity of established glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 21:231-6. [PMID: 19959716 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2009030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis, including that resulting from immune complexes, is an important cause of renal failure and is in need of more specific and effective treatment. Binding of antibody or immune complexes to Fc receptors activates intracellular signal transduction pathways, including spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines. We examined the effect of R788 (fostamatinib disodium), an oral prodrug of the selective Syk inhibitor R406, in nephrotoxic nephritis in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Treatment with R788 reduced proteinuria, tissue injury, glomerular macrophage and CD8+ cell numbers, and renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-1beta, even when we started treatment after the onset of glomerulonephritis. When we administered R788 from days 4 to 10, glomerular crescents reduced by 100% (P < 0.01) compared with the vehicle group. When we administered R788 treatment from days 7 to 14, established glomerular crescents reversed (reduced by 21%, P < 0.001), and renal function was better than the vehicle group (P < 0.001). In vitro, R406 downregulated MCP-1 production from mesangial cells and macrophages stimulated with aggregated IgG. These results suggest that Syk is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Smith
- Imperial College Kidney and Transplant Institute, Division of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Smith J, Lai PC, Behmoaras J, Roufosse C, Bhangal G, McDaid JP, Aitman T, Tam FWK, Pusey CD, Cook HT. Genes expressed by both mesangial cells and bone marrow-derived cells underlie genetic susceptibility to crescentic glomerulonephritis in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 18:1816-23. [PMID: 17475818 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2006070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat shows marked susceptibility to crescentic glomerulonephritis. In the model of nephrotoxic nephritis (NTN) that is induced by a small dose of nephrotoxic globulin, WKY rats developed crescents in 80 +/- 2% of glomeruli at day 10, whereas no crescents were seen in Lewis rats. This was associated with marked increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 synthesis in WKY glomeruli. It was posited whether susceptibility depended on circulating cells or intrinsic renal cells. Bone marrow (BM) isografts from WKY to WKY or Lewis to Lewis did not affect susceptibility to NTN. When BM was transferred from WKY to Lewis rats, crescents developed in 35 +/- 9% of glomeruli 10 d after induction of NTN, indicating that susceptibility could be transferred by BM cells. However, crescents were also seen in WKY rats that were given Lewis marrow. For assessment of the contribution of intrinsic renal cells, kidneys from WKY or Lewis rats were transplanted into F1 animals. In NTN, the ratio of crescents in the transplanted kidney to the native kidney was significantly higher for WKY-to-F1 than for Lewis-to-F1 transplants, demonstrating that the kidney itself also influences susceptibility. Mesangial cell responses were then examined in the two strains. Mesangial cells that were derived from WKY rats synthesized significantly more monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 basally and after stimulation with heat-aggregated rabbit IgG or TNF-alpha. These results show that susceptibility to NTN in the WKY rat depends on both circulating and intrinsic renal cells and that there are genetic differences between the strains in mesangial responses to inflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Smith
- Department of Histopathology, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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Horwood NJ, Page TH, McDaid JP, Palmer CD, Campbell J, Mahon T, Brennan FM, Webster D, Foxwell BMJ. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is required for TLR2 and TLR4-induced TNF, but not IL-6, production. J Immunol 2006; 176:3635-41. [PMID: 16517732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.6.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), the gene mutated in the human immunodeficiency X-linked agammaglobulinemia, is activated by LPS and is required for LPS-induced TNF production. In this study, we have investigated the role of Btk both in signaling via another TLR (TLR2) and in the production of other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8. Our data show that in X-linked agammaglobulinemia PBMCs, stimulation with TLR4 (LPS) or TLR2 (N-palmitoyl-S-[2, 3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2R)-propyl]-(R)-cysteine) ligands produces significantly less TNF and IL-1beta than in normal controls. In contrast, a lack of Btk has no impact on the production of IL-6, IL-8, or the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Our previous data suggested that Btk lies within a p38-dependent pathway that stabilizes TNF mRNA. Accordingly, TaqMan quantitative PCR analysis of actinomycin D time courses presented in this work shows that overexpression of Btk is able to stabilize TNF, but not IL-6 mRNA. Furthermore, using the p38 inhibitor SB203580, we show that the TLR4-induced production of TNF, but not IL-6, requires the activity of p38 MAPK. These data provide evidence for a common requirement for Btk in TLR2- and TLR4-mediated induction of two important proinflammatory cytokines, TNF and IL-1beta, and reveal important differences in the TLR-mediated signals required for the production of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Charing Cross Campus, 1 Aspenlea Road, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
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Horwood NJ, Mahon T, McDaid JP, Campbell J, Mano H, Brennan FM, Webster D, Foxwell BMJ. Bruton's tyrosine kinase is required for lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production. J Exp Med 2003; 197:1603-11. [PMID: 12810683 PMCID: PMC2193950 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a product of Gram-negative bacteria, is potent mediator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha production by myeloid/macrophage cells. Inhibitors capable of blocking the signaling events that result in TNF alpha production could provide useful therapeutics for treating septic shock and other inflammatory diseases. Broad spectrum tyrosine inhibitors are known to inhibit TNF alpha production, however, no particular family of tyrosine kinases has been shown to be essential for this process. Here we show that the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)-deficient mononuclear cells from X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients have impaired LPS-induced TNF alpha production and that LPS rapidly induces Btk kinase activity in normal monocytes. In addition, adenoviral overexpression of Btk in normal human monocytes enhanced TNF alpha production. We examined the role of Btk in TNF alpha production using luciferase reporter adenoviral constructs and have established that overexpression of Btk results in the stabilization of TNF alpha mRNA via the 3' untranslated region. Stimulation with LPS also induced the activation of related tyrosine kinase, Tec, suggesting that the Tec family kinases are important components for LPS-induced TNF alpha production. This study provides the first clear evidence that tyrosine kinases of the Tec family, in particular Btk, are key elements of LPS-induced TNF alpha production and consequently may provide valuable therapeutic targets for intervention in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom
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