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Fan YC, Chen JM, Chen YY, Ke YD, Chang GJJ, Chiou SS. Epitope(s) involving amino acids of the fusion loop of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein is(are) important to elicit protective immunity. J Virol 2024; 98:e0177323. [PMID: 38530012 PMCID: PMC11019926 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01773-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue vaccine candidates have been shown to improve vaccine safety and efficacy by altering the residues or accessibility of the fusion loop on the virus envelope protein domain II (DIIFL) in an ex vivo animal study. The current study aimed to comprehensively investigate the impact of DIIFL mutations on the antigenicity, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) virus-like particles (VLPs) in mice. We found the DIIFL G106K/L107D (KD) and W101G/G106K/L107D (GKD) mutations altered the binding activity of JEV VLP to cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies but had no effect on their ability to elicit total IgG antibodies in mice. However, JEV VLPs with KD or GKD mutations induced significantly less neutralizing antibodies against JEV. Only 46% and 31% of the KD and GKD VLPs-immunized mice survived compared to 100% of the wild-type (WT) VLP-immunized mice after a lethal JEV challenge. In passive protection experiments, naïve mice that received sera from WT VLP-immunized mice exhibited a significantly higher survival rate of 46.7% compared to those receiving sera from KD VLP- and GKD VLP-immunized mice (6.7% and 0%, respectively). This study demonstrated that JEV DIIFL is crucial for eliciting potently neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity against JEV. IMPORTANCE Introduction of mutations into the fusion loop is one potential strategy for generating safe dengue and Zika vaccines by reducing the risk of severe dengue following subsequent infections, and for constructing live-attenuated vaccine candidates against newly emerging Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) or Japanese encephalitis (JE) serocomplex virus. The monoclonal antibody studies indicated the fusion loop of JE serocomplex viruses primarily comprised non-neutralizing epitopes. However, the present study demonstrates that the JEV fusion loop plays a critical role in eliciting protective immunity in mice. Modifications to the fusion loop of JE serocomplex viruses might negatively affect vaccine efficacy compared to dengue and zika serocomplex viruses. Further studies are required to assess the impact of mutant fusion loop encoded by commonly used JEV vaccine strains on vaccine efficacy or safety after subsequent dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Fan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Master of Public Health Degree Program, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Dun Ke
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gwong-Jen J. Chang
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Shyan-Song Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chen L, Zhou X, Yang C, Wu HJ, Tian Y, Hong S, Hu H, Wang K, Wu S, Wei Z, Li T, Huang Y, Hua Z, Xia Q, Chen XJ, Lv Z, Lv L. Gene association analysis to determine the causal relationship between immune cells and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2024; 22:35. [PMID: 38459548 PMCID: PMC10921670 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-024-00970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a type of chronic childhood arthritis with complex pathogenesis. Immunological studies have shown that JIA is an acquired self-inflammatory disease, involving a variety of immune cells, and it is also affected by genetic and environmental susceptibility. However, the precise causative relationship between the phenotype of immune cells and JIA remains unclear to date. The objective of our study is to approach this inquiry from a genetic perspective, employing a method of genetic association analysis to ascertain the causal relationship between immune phenotypes and the onset of JIA. METHODS In this study, a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was used to select single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with immune cells as instrumental variables to analyze the bidirectional causal relationship between 731 immune cells and JIA. There were four types of immune features (median fluorescence intensity (MFI), relative cellular (RC), absolute cellular (AC), and morphological parameters (MP)). Finally, the heterogeneity and horizontal reproducibility of the results were verified by sensitivity analysis, which ensured more robust results. RESULTS We found that CD3 on CM CD8br was causally associated with JIA at the level of 0.05 significant difference (95% CI = 0.630 ~ 0.847, P = 3.33 × 10-5, PFDR = 0.024). At the significance level of 0.20, two immunophenotypes were causally associated with JIA, namely: HLA DR on CD14+ CD16- monocyte (95% CI = 0.633 ~ 0.884, P = 6.83 × 10-4, PFDR = 0.16) and HLA DR on CD14+ monocyte (95% CI = 0.627 ~ 0.882, P = 6.9 × 10-4, PFDR = 0.16). CONCLUSION Our study assessed the causal effect of immune cells on JIA from a genetic perspective. These findings emphasize the complex and important role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of JIA and lay a foundation for further study of the pathogenesis of JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhao Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Tuina (Spinal disease), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingchen Zhou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Jiao Wu
- Hangzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Hangzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Tian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuangwei Hong
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Hu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaizheng Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zicheng Wei
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanshen Huang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Hua
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Xia
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Jie Chen
- The 72nd Group Army Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Huzhou, China
| | - Zhizhen Lv
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Research Institute of Tuina (Spinal disease), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Lijiang Lv
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhongshan Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine (School of Rehabilitation Medicine), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
- Research Institute of Tuina (Spinal disease), Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China.
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Hurme A, Jalkanen P, Marttila-Vaara M, Heroum J, Jokinen H, Vara S, Liedes O, Lempainen J, Melin M, Julkunen I, Kainulainen L. T cell immunity following COVID-19 vaccination in adult patients with primary antibody deficiency - a 22-month follow-up. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146500. [PMID: 37234151 PMCID: PMC10206403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies, such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), are heterogenous disease entities consisting of primary hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired antibody responses to vaccination and natural infection. CVID is the most common primary immunodeficiency in adults, presenting with recurrent bacterial infections, enteropathy, autoimmune disorders, interstitial lung diseases and increased risk of malignancies. Patients with CVID are recommended to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, but there are relatively few studies investigating humoral and cellular responses to immunization. We studied the dynamics of humoral and cell-mediated immunity responses up to 22 months in 28 patients with primary immunodeficiency and three patients with secondary immunodeficiency receiving ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines. Despite inadequate humoral response to immunization, we demonstrate a robust T cell activation likely protecting from severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Hurme
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Pinja Jalkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minna Marttila-Vaara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jemna Heroum
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Jokinen
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saimi Vara
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oona Liedes
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Lempainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Merit Melin
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Kainulainen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Verschoor CP, Picard E, Andrew MK, Haynes L, Loeb M, Pawelec G, Kuchel GA. NK- and T-cell granzyme B and K expression correlates with age, CMV infection and influenza vaccine-induced antibody titres in older adults. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 3:1098200. [PMID: 36685324 PMCID: PMC9849551 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1098200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Granzymes are a family of serine-proteases that act as critical mediators in the cytolytic and immunomodulatory activities of immune cells such as CD8+ T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Previous work indicates that both granzyme B (GZB) and K (GZK) are increased with age in CD8+ T-cells, and in the case of GZB, contribute to dysfunctional immune processes observed in older adults. Here, we sought to determine how GZB and GZK expression in NK-cells, and CD4+, CD8+, and gamma-delta T-cells, quantified in terms of positive cell frequency and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), differed with age, age-related health-traits and the antibody response to high-dose influenza vaccine. We found that the frequency and MFI of GZB-expressing NK-cells, and CD8+ and Vδ1+ T-cells, and GZK-expressing CD8+ T-cells was significantly higher in older (66-97 years old; n = 75) vs. younger (24-37 years old; n = 10) adults by up to 5-fold. There were no significant associations of GZB/GZK expression with sex, frailty or plasma levels of TNF or IL-6 in older adults, but those who were seropositive for cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibited significantly higher frequencies of GZB+ NK-cells, and CD4+, CD8+ and Vδ1+ T-cells, and GZK+ CD8+ T-cells (Cohen's d = .5-1.5). Pre-vaccination frequencies of GZB+ NK-cells were positively correlated with vaccine antibody responses against A/H3N2 (d = .17), while the frequencies of GZK+ NK and CD8+ T-cells were inversely associated with A/H1N1 (d = -0.18 to -0.20). Interestingly, GZK+ NK-cell frequency was inversely correlated with pre-vaccination A/H1N1 antibody titres, as well as those measured over the previous 4 years, further supporting a role for this subset in influencing vaccine antibody-responses. These findings further our understanding of how granzyme expression in different lymphoid cell-types may change with age, while suggesting that they influence vaccine responsiveness in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P. Verschoor
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada,Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Chris P. Verschoor,
| | - Emilie Picard
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | | | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada,Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - George A. Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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Khare B, Kuhn RJ. The Japanese Encephalitis Antigenic Complex Viruses: From Structure to Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:2213. [PMID: 36298768 PMCID: PMC9607441 DOI: 10.3390/v14102213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, several flaviviruses of concern that belong to different antigenic groups have expanded geographically. This has resulted in the presence of often more than one virus from a single antigenic group in some areas, while in Europe, Africa and Australia, additionally, multiple viruses belonging to the Japanese encephalitis (JE) serogroup co-circulate. Morphological heterogeneity of flaviviruses dictates antibody recognition and affects virus neutralization, which influences infection control. The latter is further impacted by sequential infections involving diverse flaviviruses co-circulating within a region and their cross-reactivity. The ensuing complex molecular virus-host interplay leads to either cross-protection or disease enhancement; however, the molecular determinants and mechanisms driving these outcomes are unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of the epidemiology of four JE serocomplex viruses, parameters affecting flaviviral heterogeneity and antibody recognition, host immune responses and the current knowledge of the cross-reactivity involving JE serocomplex flaviviruses that leads to differential clinical outcomes, which may inform future preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baldeep Khare
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Chen T, Zhu S, Wei N, Zhao Z, Niu J, Si Y, Cao S, Ye J. Protective Immune Responses Induced by an mRNA-LNP Vaccine Encoding prM-E Proteins against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:1121. [PMID: 35746593 PMCID: PMC9227124 DOI: 10.3390/v14061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, which causes central nervous system symptoms in humans and reproductive disorders in swine. It has led to severe impacts on human health and the swine industry; however, there is no medicine available for treating yet. Therefore, vaccination is the best preventive measure for this disease. In the study, a modified mRNA vaccine expressing the prM and E proteins of the JEV P3 strain was manufactured, and a mouse model was used to assess its efficacy. The mRNA encoding prM and E proteins showed a high level of protein expression in vitro and were encapsulated into a lipid nanoparticle (LNP). Effective neutralizing antibodies and CD8+ T-lymphocytes-mediated immune responses were observed in vaccinated mice. Furthermore, the modified mRNA can protect mice from a lethal challenge with JEV and reduce neuroinflammation caused by JEV. This study provides a new option for the JE vaccine and lays a foundation for the subsequent development of a more efficient and safer JEV mRNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ning Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zikai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junjun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Youhui Si
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (T.C.); (S.Z.); (N.W.); (Z.Z.); (J.N.); (Y.S.)
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Chauhan S, Rathore DK, Sachan S, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Gupta N, Awasthi A, Vrati S, Kalia M. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infected Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Activate a Transcriptional Network Leading to an Antiviral Inflammatory Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638694. [PMID: 34220803 PMCID: PMC8247639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the human immune response to virus infection is imperative for developing effective therapies, antivirals, and vaccines. Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the first cells to encounter the virus and are also key antigen-presenting cells that link the innate and adaptive immune system. In this study, we focus on the human immune response to the mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis in south-east Asia and has the potential to become a global pathogen. We describe the gene regulatory circuit of JEV infection in human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) along with its functional validation. We observe that JEV can productively infect human moDCs leading to robust transcriptional activation of the interferon and NF-κB-mediated antiviral and inflammatory pathways. This is accompanied with DC maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, MCP-1. and RANTES. JEV-infected moDCs activated T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in allogenic mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) as seen by upregulated FOXP3 mRNA expression, suggestive of a host response to reduce virus-induced immunopathology. The virus also downregulated transcripts involved in Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR) signalling and fatty acid metabolism pathways suggesting that changes in cellular metabolism play a crucial role in driving the DC maturation and antiviral responses. Collectively, our data describe and corroborate the human DC transcriptional network that is engaged upon JEV sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sebastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
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