1
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Barbero A, Rotundo L, Reviglio C, Gobetto R, Sokolova R, Fiedler J, Nervi C. New Spectroelectrochemical Insights into Manganese and Rhenium Bipyridine Complexes as Catalysts for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Molecules 2023; 28:7535. [PMID: 38005257 PMCID: PMC10673266 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the behavior of different complexes using IR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), a technique that combines IR spectroscopy with electrochemistry. Four different Mn and Re catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction were studied in dry acetonitrile. In the case of Mn(apbpy)(CO)3Br (apbpy = 4(4-aminophenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), SEC suggested that a very slow catalytic reduction of CO2 also occurs in acetonitrile in the absence of proton donors, but at rather negative potentials. In contrast, the corresponding Re(apbpy)(CO)3Br clearly demonstrated slow catalytic conversion at the first reduction potential. Switching to saturated CO2 solutions in a mixture of acetonitrile and 5% water as a proton donor, the SEC of Mn(apbpy)(CO)3Br displayed a faster catalytic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Barbero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Rotundo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Chemistry Division Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Chiara Reviglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Romana Sokolova
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fiedler
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- CIRCC (Interuniversitary Consortium of Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
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2
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Zappia S, Perju E, Bejan A, Coroaba A, Bossola F, Zeng J, Sassone D, Marin L, Destri S, Porzio W. Microporous Polymelamine Framework Functionalized with Re(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes for CO 2 Absorption and Reduction. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245472. [PMID: 36559839 PMCID: PMC9782493 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixture of polymeric complexes based on the reaction between Re(CO)5Cl and the porous polymeric network coming from the coupling of melamine and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxaldehyde was obtained and characterized by FTIR, NMR, SEM, XPS, ICP, XRD, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The formed rhenium-based porous hybrid material reveals a noticeable capability of CO2 absorption. The gas absorption amount measured at 295 K was close to 44 cm3/g at 1 atm. An interesting catalytic activity for CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is observed, resulting in a turn over-number (TON) close to 6.3 under 80 min of test at -1.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl in a TBAPF6 0.1 M ACN solution. A possible use as filler in membranes or columns can be envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Zappia
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR) via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.M.)
| | - Elena Perju
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Bejan
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adina Coroaba
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Filippo Bossola
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR) via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Juqin Zeng
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies CSFT@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT Via Livorno, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Daniele Sassone
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies CSFT@PoliTo, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT Via Livorno, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Luminita Marin
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (L.M.)
| | - Silvia Destri
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR) via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - William Porzio
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “G. Natta” Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (SCITEC-CNR) via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy
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3
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A potential novel and general route for bromide replacement in diimine ReI tricarbonyl complexes leading to carboxylates: The effect in luminescence. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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4
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Light Triggers the Antiproliferative Activity of Naphthalimide-Conjugated (η 6-arene)ruthenium(II) Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147624. [PMID: 35886972 PMCID: PMC9322830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of three half-sandwich Ru(II) arene complexes [(η6-arene)Ru(N,N')L][PF6]2 containing arene = p-cymene, N,N' = bipyridine, and L = pyridine meta- with methylenenaphthalimide (C1), methylene(nitro)naphthalimide (C2), or methylene(piperidinyl)naphthalimide (C3). The naphthalimide acts as an antenna for photoactivation. After 3 h of irradiation with blue light, the monodentate pyridyl ligand had almost completely dissociated from complex C3, which contains an electron donor on the naphthalimide ring, whereas only 50% dissociation was observed for C1 and C2. This correlates with the lower wavelength and strong absorption of C3 in this region of the spectrum (λmax = 418 nm) compared with C1 and C2 (λmax = 324 and 323 nm, respectively). All the complexes were relatively non-toxic towards A549 human lung cancer cells in the dark, but only complex C3 exhibited good photocytoxicity towards these cancer cells upon irradiation with blue light (IC50 = 10.55 ± 0.30 μM). Complex C3 has the potential for use in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT).
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5
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Koenig JDB, Piers WE, Welch GC. Promoting photocatalytic CO2 reduction through facile electronic modification of N-annulated perylene diimide rhenium bipyridine dyads. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1049-1059. [PMID: 35211271 PMCID: PMC8790914 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of CO2 conversion catalysts has become paramount in the effort to close the carbon loop. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance for a series of N-annulated perylene diimide (NPDI) tethered Re(bpy) supramolecular dyads [Re(bpy-C2-NPDI-R)], where R = –H, –Br, –CN, –NO2, –OPh, –NH2, or pyrrolidine (–NR2). The optoelectronic properties of these Re(bpy-C2-NPDI-R) dyads were heavily influenced by the nature of the R-group, resulting in significant differences in photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Although some R-groups (i.e. –Br and –OPh) did not influence the performance of CO2 photocatalysis (relative to –H; TONco ∼60), the use of an electron-withdrawing –CN was found to completely deactivate the catalyst (TONco < 1) while the use of an electron-donating –NH2 improved CO2 photocatalysis four-fold (TONco = 234). Despite being the strongest EWG, the –NO2 derivative exhibited good photocatalytic CO2 reduction abilities (TONco = 137). Using a combination of CV and UV-vis-nIR SEC, it was elucidated that the –NO2 derivative undergoes an in situ transformation to –NH2 under reducing conditions, thereby generating a more active catalyst that would account for the unexpected activity. A photocatalytic CO2 mechanism was proposed for these Re(bpy-C2-NPDI-R) dyads (based on molecular orbital descriptions), where it is rationalized that the photoexcitation pathway, as well as the electronic driving-force for NPDI2− to Re(bpy) electron-transfer both significantly influence photocatalytic CO2 reduction. These results help provide rational design principles for the future development of related supramolecular dyads. Seven N-annulated perylene diimide tethered rhenium (2,2′-bipyridine) supramolecular dyads are evaluated as photocatalysts for the reduction for carbon dioxide, highlighting the importance of photoexcitation pathway and electronic driving-force.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D. B. Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Warren E. Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gregory C. Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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6
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Mella P, Arce R, Pizarro N, Vega A. The case of [(bpm)Re(CO)3Br] and anti-[Br(CO)3Re(μ-bpm)Re(CO)3Br] (bpm: 2,2′-bipyrimidine) towards multi-metallic ReI species and their properties. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Koenig JDB, Dubrawski ZS, Rao KR, Willkomm J, Gelfand BS, Risko C, Piers WE, Welch GC. Lowering Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction Overpotential Using N-Annulated Perylene Diimide Rhenium Bipyridine Dyads with Variable Tether Length. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16849-16864. [PMID: 34597040 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report the design, synthesis, and characterization of four N-annulated perylene diimide (NPDI) functionalized rhenium bipyridine [Re(bpy)] supramolecular dyads. The Re(bpy) scaffold was connected to the NPDI chromophore either directly [Re(py-C0-NPDI)] or via an ethyl [Re(bpy-C2-NPDI)], butyl [Re(bpy-C4-NPDI)], or hexyl [Re(bpy-C6-NPDI)] alkyl-chain spacer. Upon electrochemical reduction in the presence of CO2 and a proton source, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all exhibited significant current enhancement effects, while Re(py-C0-NPDI) did not. During controlled potential electrolysis (CPE) experiments at Eappl = -1.8 V vs Fc+/0, Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI) all achieved comparable activity (TONco ∼ 25) and Faradaic efficiency (FEco ∼ 94%). Under identical CPE conditions, the standard catalyst Re(dmbpy) was inactive for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction; only at Eappl = -2.1 V vs Fc+/0 could Re(dmbpy) achieve the same catalytic performance, representing a 300 mV lowering in overpotential for Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI). At higher overpotentials, Re(bpy-C4/6-NPDI) both outperformed Re(bpy-C2-NPDI), indicating the possibility of coinciding electrocatalytic CO2 reduction mechanisms that are dictated by tether-length and overpotential. Using UV-vis-nearIR spectroelectrochemistry (SEC), FTIR SEC, and chemical reduction experiments, it was shown that the NPDI-moiety served as an electron-reservoir for Re(bpy), thereby allowing catalytic activity at lower overpotentials. Density functional theory studies probing the optimized geometries and frontier molecular orbitals of various catalytic intermediates revealed that the geometric configuration of NPDI relative to the Re(bpy)-moiety plays a critical role in accessing electrons from the electron-reservoir. The improved performance of Re(bpy-C2/4/6-NPDI)dyads at lower overpotentials, relative to Re(dmbpy), highlights the utility of chromophore electron-reservoirs as a method for lowering the overpotential for CO2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh D B Koenig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Zachary S Dubrawski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Keerthan R Rao
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Benjamin S Gelfand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Warren E Piers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gregory C Welch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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8
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Wells KA, Yarnell JE, Sheykhi S, Palmer JR, Yonemoto DT, Joyce R, Garakyaraghi S, Castellano FN. Accessing the triplet manifold of naphthalene benzimidazole-phenanthroline in rhenium(I) bichromophores. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13086-13095. [PMID: 34581368 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The steady-state and ultrafast to supra-nanosecond excited state dynamics of fac-[Re(NBI-phen)(CO)3(L)](PF6) (NBI-phen = 16H-benzo[4',5']isoquinolino[2',1':1,2]imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-16-one) as well as their respective models of the general molecular formula [Re(phen)(CO)3(L)](PF6) (L = PPh3 and CH3CN) has been investigated using transient absorption and time-gated photoluminescence spectroscopy. The NBI-phen containing molecules exhibited enhanced visible light absorption with respect to their models and a rapid formation (<6 ns) of the triplet ligand-centred (LC) excited state of the organic ligand, NBI-phen. These triplet states exhibit an extended excited state lifetime that enable the energized molecules to readily engage in triplet-triplet annihilation photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee A Wells
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - James E Yarnell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA. .,Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado, 80840-6230, USA
| | - Sara Sheykhi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Daniel T Yonemoto
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Rosalynd Joyce
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Sofia Garakyaraghi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA.
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9
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Quartapelle Procopio E, Boni A, Veronese L, Marcaccio M, Mercandelli P, Valenti G, Panigati M, Paolucci F. Dinuclear Re(I) Complexes as New Electrocatalytic Systems for CO
2
Reduction. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Boni
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘‘ Giacomo Ciamician'' Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Lorenzo Veronese
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘‘ Giacomo Ciamician'' Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mercandelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘‘ Giacomo Ciamician'' Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Monica Panigati
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
- Consorzio INSTM via G. Giusti 9 50121 Firenze Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘‘ Giacomo Ciamician'' Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna via F. Selmi 2 40126 Bologna Italy
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10
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
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11
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Case DR, Spear A, Henwood AF, Nanao M, Dampf S, Korter TM, Gunnlaugsson T, Zubieta J, Doyle RP. [Re(CO) 3(5-PAN)Cl], a rhenium(I) naphthalimide complex for the visible light photocatalytic reduction of CO 2. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:3479-3486. [PMID: 33660719 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04116e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rhenium(i) naphthalimide complex [Re(CO)3(5-PAN)Cl] (Re(5-PAN); 5-PAN = 1-(1,10-phenanthroline)-4-nitro-naphthalimide) was synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as a photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. Characterization included use of MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry, FT-IR, RAMAN, 1H and 13C NMR, elemental analysis, electronic absorption and emission spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, DFT and cyclic voltammetry. Photocatalytic (406 nm) reduction of 13CO2 to formate (H13COO) in the presence of this catalyst was tracked via13C NMR. Results support Re5-PAN (φ = 0.021) functioning as a catalyst for the reduction of CO2 (maximum turn-over 48-50 at 300 equiv. triethylamine as the sacrificial electron donor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek R Case
- 111 College Place, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Alyssa Spear
- 111 College Place, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Adam F Henwood
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Max Nanao
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structural Biology Group, 71, Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Dampf
- 111 College Place, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Timothy M Korter
- 111 College Place, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Thorfinnur Gunnlaugsson
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Jon Zubieta
- 111 College Place, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Robert P Doyle
- 111 College Place, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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12
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Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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13
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Singh Z, Donnarumma PR, Majewski MB. Molecular Copper(I)-Copper(II) Photosensitizer-Catalyst Photoelectrode for Water Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12994-12999. [PMID: 32909755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II)-based electrocatalysts for water oxidation in aqueous solution have been studied previously, but photodriving these systems still remains a challenge. In this work, a bis(diimine)copper(I)-based donor-chromophore-acceptor system is synthesized and applied as the light-harvesting component of a photoanode. This molecular assembly was integrated onto a zinc oxide nanowire surface, and upon photoexcitation, chronoamperometric studies reveal that the integrated triad can inject electrons directly into the conduction band of zinc oxide, generating oxidizing equivalents that are then transferred to a copper(II) water oxidation catalyst in aqueous solution, yielding O2 from water with a Faradaic efficiency of 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - P Rafael Donnarumma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Marek B Majewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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14
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Rotundo L, Polyansky DE, Gobetto R, Grills DC, Fujita E, Nervi C, Manbeck GF. Molecular Catalysts with Intramolecular Re-O Bond for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12187-12199. [PMID: 32804491 PMCID: PMC8009525 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A new Re bipyridine-type complex,
namely, fac-Re(pmbpy)(CO)3Cl (pmbpy =
4-phenyl-6-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine), 1, carrying a single OH moiety as local proton source, has
been synthesized, and its electrochemical behavior under Ar and under
CO2 has been characterized. Two isomers of 1, namely, 1-cis characterized by the
proximity of Cl to OH and 1-trans, are
identified. The interconversion between 1-cis and 1-trans is clarified by DFT calculations,
which reveal two transition states. The energetically lower pathway
displays a non-negligible barrier of 75.5 kJ mol–1. The 1e– electrochemical reduction of 1 affords the neutral intermediate 1-OPh, formally derived
by reductive deprotonation and loss of Cl– from 1. 1-OPh, which exhibits an entropically favored
intramolecular Re–O bond, has been isolated and characterized.
The detailed electrochemical mechanism is demonstrated by combined
chemical reactivity, spectroelectrochemistry, spectroscopic (IR and
NMR), and computational (DFT) approaches. Comparison with previous
Re and Mn derivatives carrying local proton sources highlights that
the catalytic activity of Re complexes is more sensitive to the presence
of local OH groups. Similar to Re-2OH (2OH = 4-phenyl-6-(phenyl-2,6-diol)-2,2′-bipyridine), 1 and Mn-1OH display a selective reduction of
CO2 to CO. In the case of the Re bipyridine-type complex,
the formation of a relatively stable Re–O bond and a preference
for phenolate-based reactivity with CO2 slightly inhibit
the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO, resulting
in a low TON value of 9, even in the presence of phenol as a proton
source. A new Re bipyridine-type complex, namely, fac-Re(pmbpy)(CO)3Cl (pmbpy = 4-phenyl-6-(2-hydroxy-phenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine), 1, carrying a single OH moiety as local proton source, has
been synthesized, and its electrochemical behavior under Ar and under
CO2 has been characterized. Two isomers of 1, namely, 1-cis characterized by the
proximity of Cl to OH and 1-trans, are
identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rotundo
- Chemistry Department, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Bari), University of Bari, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Dmitry E Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Chemistry Department, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Bari), University of Bari, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - David C Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Chemistry Department, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Bari), University of Bari, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gerald F Manbeck
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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15
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Wells KA, Yarnell JE, Palmer JR, Lee TS, Papa CM, Castellano FN. Energy Migration Processes in Re(I) MLCT Complexes Featuring a Chromophoric Ancillary Ligand. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8259-8271. [PMID: 32491840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis, structural characterization, electronic structure calculations, and ultrafast and supra-nanosecond photophysical properties of a series of five Re(I) bichromophores exhibiting metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states based on the general formula fac-[Re(N∧N)(CO)3(PNI-py)]PF6, where PNI-py is 4-piperidinyl-1,8-naphthalimidepyridine and N∧N is a diimine ligand (Re1-5), along with their corresponding model chromophores where 4-ethylpyridine was substituted for PNI-py (Mod1-5). The diimine ligands used include 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1), 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bcp, 2), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dtbb, 3), 4,4'-diethyl ester-2,2'-bipyridine (deeb, 4), and 2,2'-biquinoline (biq, 5). In these metal-organic bichromophores, structural modification of the diimine ligand resulted in substantial changes to the observed energy transfer efficiencies between the two chromophores as a result of the variation in 3MLCT excited-state energies. The photophysical properties and energetic pathways of the model chromophores were investigated in parallel to accurately track the changes that arose from introduction of the organic chromophore pendant on the ancillary ligand. All relevant photophysical and energy transfer processes were probed and characterized using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultrafast and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Of the five bichromophores in this study, four (Re1-4) exhibited a thermal equilibrium between the 3PNI-py and the 3MLCT excited state, drastically extending the lifetimes of the parent model chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee A Wells
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - James E Yarnell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-6230, United States
| | - Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Tia S Lee
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Christopher M Papa
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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16
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Isolating substituent effects in Re(I)-phenanthroline electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Souza BL, Faustino LA, Prado FS, Sampaio RN, Maia PIS, Machado AEH, Patrocinio AOT. Spectroscopic characterization of a new Re(i) tricarbonyl complex with a thiosemicarbazone derivative: towards sensing and electrocatalytic applications. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:16368-16379. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel Re(i) complex with a thiosemicarbazone derivative is described and fully characterized. Its was further explored as CO2 reduction electrocatalyst, being the first complex with a thiosemicarbazone derivative applied to this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno L. Souza
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Uberlandia
- Uberlandia
- Brazil
| | - Leandro A. Faustino
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Uberlandia
- Uberlandia
- Brazil
| | - Fernando S. Prado
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Uberlandia
- Uberlandia
- Brazil
| | - Renato N. Sampaio
- Chemistry Division
- Energy & Photon Sciences Directorate
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | - Pedro I. S. Maia
- Núcleo de Desenvolvimento de Compostos Bioativos (NDCBio)
- Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro
- 38025-440 Uberaba
- Brazil
| | - Antonio Eduardo H. Machado
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Uberlandia
- Uberlandia
- Brazil
| | - Antonio Otavio T. Patrocinio
- Laboratory of Photochemistry and Materials Science
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Federal de Uberlandia
- Uberlandia
- Brazil
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18
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Zhao J, Sun S, Li X, Zhang W, Gou S. Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy of Upconversion-Based Nanoparticles Conjugated with a Long-Lived Triplet Excited State Iridium(III)-Naphthalimide Complex: Toward Highly Enhanced Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 3:252-262. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuchen Sun
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research and Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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19
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Do the bridging angle affect the luminescent properties of [(CO)3(phen)Re(µ-OH)Re(phen)(CO)3]+? An experimental and computational study on three polymorphs. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Yarnell JE, Wells KA, Palmer JR, Breaux JM, Castellano FN. Excited-State Triplet Equilibria in a Series of Re(I)-Naphthalimide Bichromophores. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7611-7627. [PMID: 31405284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis, structural characterization, electronic structure calculations, and the ultrafast and supra-nanosecond photophysical properties of a series of five bichromophores of the general structural formula [Re(5-R-phen)(CO)3(dmap)](PF6), where R is a naphthalimide (NI), phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and dmap is 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The NI chromophores were systematically modified at their 4-positions with -H (NI), -Br (BrNI), phenoxy (PONI), thiobenzene (PSNI), and piperidine (PNI), rendering a series of metal-organic bichromophores (Re1-Re5, respectively) featuring variability in the singlet and triplet energies in the pendant NI subunit. Five closely related organic chromophores as well as [Re(phen)(CO)3(dmap)](PF6) (Re6) were investigated in parallel to appropriately model the photophysical properties exhibited in the bichromophores. The excited state processes of all molecules in this study were elucidated using a combination of transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, revealing the kinetics of the energy transfer processes occurring between the appended chromophores. The spectroscopic analysis was further supported by electronic structure calculations which identified the origin of many of the experimentally observed electronic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Yarnell
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-6230 United States
| | - Kaylee A Wells
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan R Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Josué M Breaux
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-6230 United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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21
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Spiteri JC, Denisov SA, Jonusauskas G, Klejna S, Szaciłowski K, McClenaghan ND, Magri DC. Molecular engineering of logic gate types by module rearrangement in 'Pourbaix Sensors': the effect of excited-state electric fields. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:6195-6201. [PMID: 29714805 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two types of fluorescent logic gates are accessed from two different arrangements of the same modular components, one as an AND logic gate (1) and the other as a PASS 0 logic gate (2). The logic gates were designed with an 'electron-donor-spacer1-fluorophore-spacer2-receptor' format and demonstrated in 1 : 1 (v/v) methanol/water. The molecules consist of ferrocene as the electron donor, 4-aminonaphthalimide as the fluorophore and a tertiary alkylamine as the receptor. In the presence of high H+ and Fe3+ levels, regioisomers 1a and 1b switch 'on' as AND logic gates with fluorescence enhancement ratios of 16-fold and 10-fold, respectively, while regioisomers 2a and 2b are functionally dormant, exhibiting no fluorescence switching. The PASS 0 logic of 2a and 2b results from the transfer of an electron from the excited state fluorophore to the ferrocenium unit under oxidising conditions as predicted by DFT calculations. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy provided lifetimes of 8.3 ns and 8.1 ns for 1a and 1b, respectively. The transient signal recovery rate of 1b is ∼10 ps while that of 2b is considerably longer on the nanosecond timescale. The divergent logic attributes of 1 and 2 highlight the importance of field effects and opens up a new approach for regulating logic-based molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake C Spiteri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, Msida, MSD 2080, Malta.
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22
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Liang HP, Acharjya A, Anito DA, Vogl S, Wang TX, Thomas A, Han BH. Rhenium-Metalated Polypyridine-Based Porous Polycarbazoles for Visible-Light CO2 Photoreduction. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Peng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Chemistry, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, Berlin D-10623, Germany
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Amitava Acharjya
- Department of Chemistry, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, Berlin D-10623, Germany
| | - Dejene Assefa Anito
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sarah Vogl
- Department of Chemistry, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, Berlin D-10623, Germany
| | - Tian-Xiong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Arne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, Berlin D-10623, Germany
| | - Bao-Hang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Highly Photoactive Polythiophenes Obtained by Electrochemical Synthesis from Bipyridine-Containing Terthiophenes. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12030341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to numerous previous reports, a Z-scheme with two photon absorbers is the most promising strategy to achieve artificial photosynthesis, but in addition to two efficient catalysts — one for oxygen evolution, the other for CO2 reduction — two different and complementary semiconducting sensitizers are required. Here we present the synthesis of two bipyridine-functionalized terthiophenes, which can be electropolymerized to give photoactive p-type semiconductors the capability to perform as photocathode in photoelectrochemical cells for water photosplitting or artificial photosynthesis. Indeed the bipyridine moiety in their structure allows the binding of transition metal carbonyl complexes employed in CO2 reduction, and their band-gap is suitable for the coupling with wide band-gap semiconductors, which have already found application as photoanodes. Finally, they are characterized by photogenerated charge carrier density between 1.1 and 1.4 × 1019 cm−3, with first-order recombination constant of 0.7–1.8 × 10−2 s−1. These figures are of the same order of magnitude of their inorganic counterparts and would therefore guarantee photoconductivity of the device and the activation of the organometallic catalysts with which they should be coupled to function as photocathodes for CO2 reduction.
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24
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Pizarro N, Saldías M, Guzmán N, Sandoval-Altamirano C, Kahlal S, Saillard JY, Hamon JR, Vega A. 1IL and 3MLCT excited states modulated by H+: the structure and photophysical properties of [(2-bromo-5-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyrazine)Re(CO)3Br]. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical characterization of pyrazolyl–pyrazine Re(i) complex, shows a 1IL and 3MLCT excited states, being just the 3MLCT able to react with trifluoroacetic acid to yield the protonated and long-lived 3ILH+ species. These findings make the compound a potential sensor for protons in solution in the presence of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Pizarro
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Viña del Mar
- Chile
| | - Marianela Saldías
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Viña del Mar
- Chile
| | - Nicolás Guzmán
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Viña del Mar
- Chile
| | | | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Jean-René Hamon
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR 6226
- F-35000 Rennes
- France
| | - Andrés Vega
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Viña del Mar
- Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, CEDENNA
- Chile
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25
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Taylor JO, Leavey RD, Hartl F. Solvent and Ligand Substitution Effects on the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2
with [Mo(CO)4
(x,x
′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)] (x
=4-6) Enhanced at a Gold Cathodic Surface. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James O. Taylor
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy Department of Chemistry; University of Reading; Whiteknights Campus Reading RG6 6AD
| | - Roisín D. Leavey
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy Department of Chemistry; University of Reading; Whiteknights Campus Reading RG6 6AD
| | - František Hartl
- School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy Department of Chemistry; University of Reading; Whiteknights Campus Reading RG6 6AD
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26
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Neyhouse BJ, White TA. Modifying the steric and electronic character within Re(I)-phenanthroline complexes for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Francke R, Schille B, Roemelt M. Homogeneously Catalyzed Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide-Methods, Mechanisms, and Catalysts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4631-4701. [PMID: 29319300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of CO2 via electrochemical reduction constitutes a promising approach toward production of value-added chemicals or fuels using intermittent renewable energy sources. For this purpose, molecular electrocatalysts are frequently studied and the recent progress both in tuning of the catalytic properties and in mechanistic understanding is truly remarkable. While in earlier years research efforts were focused on complexes with rare metal centers such as Re, Ru, and Pd, the focus has recently shifted toward earth-abundant transition metals such as Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. By application of appropriate ligands, these metals have been rendered more than competitive for CO2 reduction compared to the heavier homologues. In addition, the important roles of the second and outer coordination spheres in the catalytic processes have become apparent, and metal-ligand cooperativity has recently become a well-established tool for further tuning of the catalytic behavior. Surprising advances have also been made with very simple organocatalysts, although the mechanisms behind their reactivity are not yet entirely understood. Herein, the developments of the last three decades in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with homogeneous catalysts are reviewed. A discussion of the underlying mechanistic principles is included along with a treatment of the experimental and computational techniques for mechanistic studies and catalyst benchmarking. Important catalyst families are discussed in detail with regard to mechanistic aspects, and recent advances in the field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry , Rostock University , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Benjamin Schille
- Institute of Chemistry , Rostock University , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany.,Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
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28
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Computational study of the electrochemical reduction of W(CO) 4 (2,2′-dipyridylamine). Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Sun C, Rotundo L, Garino C, Nencini L, Yoon SS, Gobetto R, Nervi C. Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction at Glassy Carbon Electrodes Functionalized by Mn I and Re I Organometallic Complexes. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3219-3229. [PMID: 28834058 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activities towards electrochemical CO2 reduction of two new rhenium and manganese complexes, namely fac-Mn(apbpy)(CO)3 Br (1) and fac-Re(apbpy)(CO)3 Cl (2) (apbpy=4-(4-aminophenyl)-2,2'-bipyridine), in both homogeneous and heterogeneous phases are compared. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface has been functionalized with complexes 1 and 2 by two approaches: a) direct electrochemical oxidation of the amino group with formation of C-N bonds, and b) electrochemical reduction of the corresponding diazonium salts with formation of C-C bonds. The chemically modified GCEs show efficient conversion of CO2 into CO, with turnover numbers (TONs) about 60 times higher than those of the corresponding catalysts in homogeneous solutions, and in a much shorter time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunfa Sun
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Laura Rotundo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Nencini
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Sam S Yoon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS (Centre of excellence), University of Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.,CIRCC (Centro Interuniveristario di Reattività Chimica e Catalisi), Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126, Bari, Italy
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30
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Franco F, Cometto C, Nencini L, Barolo C, Sordello F, Minero C, Fiedler J, Robert M, Gobetto R, Nervi C. Local Proton Source in Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction with [Mn(bpy-R)(CO) 3 Br] Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:4782-4793. [PMID: 28106930 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of fac-[Mn(pdbpy)(CO)3 Br] (pdbpy=4-phenyl-6-(phenyl-2,6-diol)-2,2'-bipyridine) (1) in acetonitrile under Ar, and its catalytic performances for CO2 reduction with added water, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE), and phenol are discussed in detail. Preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, carried out at -1.5 V versus the standard calomel electrode (SCE) in CO2 -saturated acetonitrile, reveal that the process selectivity is extremely sensitive to the acid strength, producing CO and formate in different faradaic yields. A detailed spectroelectrochemical (IR and UV/Vis) study under Ar and CO2 atmospheres shows that 1 undergoes fast solvolysis; however, dimer formation in acetonitrile is suppressed, resulting in an atypical reduction mechanism in comparison with other reported MnI catalysts. Spectroscopic evidence of Mn hydride formation supports the existence of different electrocatalytic CO2 reduction pathways. Furthermore, a comparative investigation performed on the new fac-[Mn(ptbpy)(CO)3 Br] (ptbpy=4-phenyl-6-(phenyl-3,4,5-triol)-2,2'-bipyridine) catalyst (2), bearing a bipyridyl derivative with OH groups in different positions to those in 1, provides complementary information about the role that the local proton source plays during the electrochemical reduction of CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Franco
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Cometto
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 7591, Laboratoire Electrochimie Moléculaire, 75205, Paris 13, France
| | - Luca Nencini
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Sordello
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Minero
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of ASCR v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 18223, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marc Robert
- Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 7591, Laboratoire Electrochimie Moléculaire, 75205, Paris 13, France
| | - Roberto Gobetto
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Nervi
- Department of Chemistry and NIS, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
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31
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Ngo KT, McKinnon M, Mahanti B, Narayanan R, Grills DC, Ertem MZ, Rochford J. Turning on the Protonation-First Pathway for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by Manganese Bipyridyl Tricarbonyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2604-2618. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken T. Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Meaghan McKinnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Bani Mahanti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Remya Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - David C. Grills
- Chemistry Division, Energy & Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Mehmed Z. Ertem
- Chemistry Division, Energy & Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Jonathan Rochford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
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32
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Brennaman MK, Dillon RJ, Alibabaei L, Gish MK, Dares CJ, Ashford DL, House RL, Meyer GJ, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ. Finding the Way to Solar Fuels with Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13085-13102. [PMID: 27654634 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b06466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC) integrates high bandgap, nanoparticle oxide semiconductors with the light-absorbing and catalytic properties of designed chromophore-catalyst assemblies. The goals are photoelectrochemical water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen and reduction of CO2 by water to give oxygen and carbon-based fuels. Solar-driven water oxidation occurs at a photoanode and water or CO2 reduction at a cathode or photocathode initiated by molecular-level light absorption. Light absorption is followed by electron or hole injection, catalyst activation, and catalytic water oxidation or water/CO2 reduction. The DSPEC is of recent origin but significant progress has been made. It has the potential to play an important role in our energy future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Robert J Dillon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Leila Alibabaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Melissa K Gish
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Christopher J Dares
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Dennis L Ashford
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ralph L House
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - John M Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , CB#3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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33
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Kalläne SI, van Gastel M. Raman Spectroscopy as a Method to Investigate Catalytic Intermediates: CO2 Reducing [Re(Cl)(bpy-R)(CO)3] Catalyst. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7465-74. [PMID: 27580084 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of the type [Re(Cl)(bpy-R)(CO)3] (1, bpy = bipyridine, R = (t)Bu, H, CF3) show high catalytic activity for electrochemical CO2 reduction. Application of Raman spectroscopy to these complexes as well as to the doubly reduced species [Re(bpy-R)(CO)3](-) (3), which are the postulated active species, and the monoreduced complex [Re(Cl)(bpy-CF3)(CO)3](-) (2) and comparison with state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations allows accurate investigation of electronic structures as well as geometries. For doubly reduced complexes, calculations point out a formal closed-shell singlet state only compatible with a formal {Re(I)(bpy-R)(2-)} moiety. In contrast, based on molecular orbital analysis and the change of the actual charge distribution during the overall two-electron reduction, the system is better described as {Re(0)(bpy-R(•))(-)}. Interestingly, the Raman spectra of the monoreduced and doubly reduced complexes with the CF3-substituted bpy ligand are virtually identical, which points to the same overall electronic structure of the bpy species in both complexes. Additional Raman experiments and calculations of [Re(COOH)(bpy)(CO)3] (4) and [Re(bpy)(CO)4]OTf (5), which are proposed to be intermediates of the catalytic cycle for CO2 reduction, confirm the presence of neutral bpy showing that the reducing equivalent stored at the bidentate ligand is involved in the activation of CO2. As such, Raman spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations is an ideal tool to investigate catalysts with redox active ligands, since the spectra give local information about the electronic and geometric structure of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina I Kalläne
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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34
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Castillo CE, Armstrong J, Laurila E, Oresmaa L, Haukka M, Chauvin J, Chardon-Noblat S, Deronzier A. Electro- and Photo-driven Reduction of CO2
by a trans
-(Cl)-[Os(diimine)(CO)2
Cl2
] Precursor Catalyst: Influence of the Diimine Substituent and Activation Mode on CO/HCOO−
Selectivity. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen E. Castillo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR CNRS 5250, BP 53; 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 France
| | - Jennifer Armstrong
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR CNRS 5250, BP 53; 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 France
| | - Elina Laurila
- Department of Chemistry; University of Eastern Finland; Joensuu 80101 Finland
| | - Larisa Oresmaa
- Department of Chemistry; University of Eastern Finland; Joensuu 80101 Finland
| | - Matti Haukka
- Department of Chemistry; University of Eastern Finland; Joensuu 80101 Finland
- Department of Chemistry; University of Jyväskylä; Jyväskylä 40500 Finland
| | - Jérôme Chauvin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR CNRS 5250, BP 53; 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 France
| | | | - Alain Deronzier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR CNRS 5250, BP 53; 38041 Grenoble cedex 9 France
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35
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Sun C, Prosperini S, Quagliotto P, Viscardi G, Yoon SS, Gobetto R, Nervi C. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 by thiophene-substituted rhenium(i) complexes and by their polymerized films. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:14678-88. [PMID: 26800520 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04491j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Three novel thiophene substituted bipyridine ligands and their corresponding rhenium complexes were synthesized and tested for the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. Two complexes underwent oxidative electropolymerization on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. The conductive polymers chemically deposited on the GCE allow electron transport from the surface to the polymer-attached rhenium catalytic center in contact with the solution. The chemically modified electrodes show significant catalytic activities for CO2 reduction, and moderate relative higher stabilities when compared with the homogeneous solution counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunfa Sun
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and CIRCC (Bari), University of Torino via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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36
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Mella P, Cabezas K, Cerda C, Cepeda-Plaza M, Günther G, Pizarro N, Vega A. Solvent, coordination and hydrogen-bond effects on the chromic luminescence of the cationic complex [(phen)(H2O)Re(CO)3]+. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00885b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The unusual behavior of the solution luminescence emission of [(phen)(H2O)Re(CO)3]+(CF3SO3)− depends on the solvent polarity, and coordinating and hydrogen bonding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Mella
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Karina Cabezas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Carla Cerda
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Marjorie Cepeda-Plaza
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - German Günther
- Universidad de Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Nancy Pizarro
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Quillota 980
- Chile
| | - Andrés Vega
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Quillota 980
- Chile
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37
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Dimeric and monomeric fac-rhenium(I)tricarbonyl complexes containing 2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-2-yl)phenolate. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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38
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Franco F, Cometto C, Sordello F, Minero C, Nencini L, Fiedler J, Gobetto R, Nervi C. Electrochemical Reduction of CO2by M(CO)4(diimine) Complexes (M=Mo, W): Catalytic Activity Improved by 2,2′-Dipyridylamine. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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