1
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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Hierlmeier G, Coburger P, Scott DJ, Maier TM, Pelties S, Wolf R, Pividori DM, Meyer K, van Leest NP, de Bruin B. Di-tert-butyldiphosphatetrahedrane as a Source of 1,2-Diphosphacyclobutadiene Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:14936-14946. [PMID: 34424579 PMCID: PMC8596834 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of di‐tert‐butyldiphosphatetrahedrane (1) with cycloocta‐1,5‐diene‐ or anthracene‐stabilised metalate anions of iron and cobalt consistently afford complexes of the rarely encountered 1,2‐diphosphacyclobutadiene ligand, which have previously been very challenging synthetic targets. The subsequent reactivity of 1,2‐diphosphacyclobutadiene cobaltates toward various electrophiles has also been investigated and is compared to reactions of related 1,3‐diphosphacyclobutadiene complexes. The results highlight the distinct reactivity of such isomeric species, showing that the 1,2‐isomers can act as precursors for previously unknown triphospholium ligands. The electronic structures of the new complexes were investigated by several methods, including NMR, EPR and Mößbauer spectroscopies as well as quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Coburger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany.,present address: Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas M Maier
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pelties
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel M Pividori
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolaas P van Leest
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
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3
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Kelly JA, Gramüller J, Gschwind RM, Wolf R. Low-oxidation state cobalt-magnesium complexes: ion-pairing and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13985-13992. [PMID: 34542141 PMCID: PMC8507399 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02621f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium cobaltates (Arnacnac)MgCo(COD)2 (1-3) were synthesised by reacting (Arnacnac)MgI(OEt2) with K[Co(η4-COD)2] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) [Arnacnac = CH(ArNCMe)2; Ar = 2,4,6-Me3-C6H2 (Mes), 2,6-Et2-C6H3 (Dep), 2,6-iPr2-C6H3Mes (Dipp)]. Compounds 1-3 form contact ion-pairs in toluene, while solvent separated ion-pairs are formed in THF. The effect of ion-pairing on the reactivity is illustrated by reaction of 2 with tert-butylphosphaalkyne, which affords distinct 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene complexes. The heteroleptic sandwich complex [(Depnacnac)MgCo(P2C2tBu2)]2 (4) is selectively formed in toluene, while the homoleptic bis(1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene) complex [(Depnacnac)Mg(THF)3][Co(P2C2tBu2)2] (5) is obtained in THF. Complex 4 is a precursor to further unusual phosphaorganometallic compounds. Substitution of the labile COD ligand in 4 by white phosphorus (P4) enabled the synthesis of the phosphorus-rich sandwich compound [(Depnacnac)MgCoP4(P2C2tBu2)]2 (6). The heterobimetallic complex (Cp*NiP2C2tBu2)Co(COD) (7) was isolated after treatment of 4 with Cp*Ni(acac) (Cp* = C5Me5, acac = acetylacetonate).
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kelly
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Gramüller
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M Gschwind
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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4
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Witzel BJL, Klein W, Dums JV, Boyko M, Fässler TF. Metallo‐Käfige für Metall‐Anionen: Hochgeladene [Co@Ge
9
]
5−
‐ und [Ru@Sn
9
]
6−
‐Cluster mit sphärisch eingelagerten Co
−
‐ und Ru
2−
‐ Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt J. L. Witzel
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Jasmin V. Dums
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Marina Boyko
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
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5
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Witzel BJL, Klein W, Dums JV, Boyko M, Fässler TF. Metallocages for Metal Anions: Highly Charged [Co@Ge 9 ] 5- and [Ru@Sn 9 ] 6- Clusters Featuring Spherically Encapsulated Co 1- and Ru 2- Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12908-12913. [PMID: 31298780 PMCID: PMC6771791 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Endohedral clusters count as molecular models for intermetallic compounds-a class of compounds in which bonding principles are scarcely understood. Herein we report soluble cluster anions with the highest charges on a single cluster to date. The clusters reflect the close analogy between intermetalloid clusters and corresponding coordination polyhedra in intermetallic compounds. We now establish Raman spectroscopy as a reliable probe to assign for the first time the presence of discrete, endohedrally filled clusters in intermetallic phases. The ternary precursor alloys with nominal compositions "K5 Co1.2 Ge9 " and "K4 Ru3 Sn7 " exhibit characteristic bonding modes originating from metal atoms in the center of polyhedral clusters, thus revealing that filled clusters are present in these alloys. We report also on the structural characterization of [Co@Ge9 ]5- (1a) and [Ru@Sn9 ]6- (2a) obtained from solutions of the respective alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt J. L. Witzel
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Wilhelm Klein
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Jasmin V. Dums
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Marina Boyko
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstrasse 485747GarchingGermany
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6
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Rödl C, Wolf R. Flexidentate Coordination Behavior and Chemical Non‐Innocence of a Bis(1,3‐Diphosphacyclobutadiene) Sandwich Anion. Chemistry 2019; 25:8332-8343. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rödl
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of RegensburgInstitute of Inorganic Chemistry 93040 Regensburg Germany
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7
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Rödl C, Schwedtmann K, Weigand JJ, Wolf R. 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutene Cobalt Complexes. Chemistry 2019; 25:6180-6188. [PMID: 30840328 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of rare 1,3-diphosphacyclobutene transition-metal complexes is described. Reactions of the cobalt-hydride complex [Co(P2 C2 tBu2 )2 H] (G) with nBuLi, tBuLi, or PhLi afforded [Li(solv)x {Co(η3 -P2 C2 tBu2 HR)(η4 -P2 C2 tBu2 )}] (1: R=nBu, (solv)x =(Et2 O)2 ; 2: R=tBu, (solv)x =(thf)2 ; 3: R=Ph, (solv)x =(Et2 O)(thf)2 ), with an η3 -coordinated 1,3-diphosphacyclobutene ligand as a result of organyl-anion attack at one of the phosphorus atoms of the bis(1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene) backbone. In contrast to the reactions with PhLi, the aryl-magnesium compounds p-tolyl magnesium chloride and p-fluorophenyl magnesium bromide deprotonate [Co(P2 C2 tBu2 )2 H] to give the magnesium salt [Mg(MeCN)6 ][Co(η4 -P2 C2 tBu2 )2 ]2 (4), which contains a bis(1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene)-cobaltate anion. The [Co(η4 -P2 C2 tBu2 )2 ]- anions are well separated from the octahedral [Mg(MeCN)6 ]2+ cation in the molecular structure of 4. Compound 1 reacts with Me3 SiCl to give neutral [Co(η3 -P2 C2 tBu2 HnBu)(η4 -P2 C2 tBu2 SiMe3 )] (5, 52 % yield) with an SiMe3 group attached to one of the P atoms of the previously unfunctionalized backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rödl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kai Schwedtmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan J Weigand
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
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8
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Rödl C, Malberg JBN, Wolf R. Functionalization of 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene cobalt complexes via Si–P bond insertion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2018-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We report the synthesis of functionalized 1,3-bis(diphosphacyclobutadiene) complexes via the insertion of carbon-oxygen bonds of ethers, esters, aldehydes and amides into the P–Si bond of silylated complexes. Reactions of [K(tol)2][Co(η
4-P2C2R2)2] [[K(tol)2][1a]: R=tBu, [K(tol)2][1b]: R=tPent (=tert-pentyl)] with Me3SiCl afford the trimethylsilyl-substituted derivatives [Co(η
4-P2C2R2SiMe3)(η
4-P2C2R2)] (2a,
b, R=tBu, tPent). The Me3Si group is connected to a phosphorus atom of one of the 1,3-diphosphacyclobutadiene ligands. 2a,
b readily react with organic substrates containing C–O single and C=O double bonds at ambient temperature. [Co(η
4-P2C2R2(CH2)4OSiMe3)(η
4-P2C2R2)] (3a, b) are formed by reaction of 2a, b with traces of THF. They can also be isolated by reacting the THF solvates [K(thf)2{Co(P2C2
tBu2)2}] ([K(thf)2][1a]) and [K(thf)3{Co(P2C2
tPent2)2}] ([K(thf)3][1b]) with Me3SiCl in toluene or THF. The adamantyl-substituted complex [Co(η
4-P2C2Ad2(CH2)4OSiMe3)(η
4-P2C2Ad2)] (3c) was prepared analogously from [K(thf)4{Co(P2C2Ad2)2}] and Me3SiCl. [K(thf)2][1a] reacts cleanly with Ph3SnCl affording [Co(η
4-P2C2
tBu2SnPh3)(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)] (4) in high yield. Reaction of 2a with styrene oxide affords [Co(η
4-P2C2
tBu2PhC2H3OSiMe3)(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)] (5) as a single regioisomer. By contrast, multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies indicate mixtures of two isomeric insertion products 6/6′ and 7/7′, respectively, which result from the insertion of 1,2-epoxy-2-methylpropane and 1,2-epoxyoctane. Moreover, these monitoring studies show that reactions of 2a with acyclic ethers afford alkyl substituted complexes such as [Co(η
4-P2C2
tBu2Et)(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)] (8) and alkylsilyl ethers. Reaction of 2a with γ-butyrolactone gives [Co(η
4-P2C2
tBu2(CH2)3C(O)OSiMe3)(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)] (9) via cleavage of the endocyclic C–O single bond of the lactone. Benzaldehyde and acetone cleanly react with 2a to [Co(η
4-P2C2
tBu2CH(Ph)OSiMe3)(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)] (10) and [Co(η
4-P2C2
tBu2CMe2OSiMe3)(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)] (11), while the sterically more demanding ketones 3-pentanone and acetophenone selectively yield the known hydride complex [Co(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)2H] (A). Phenyl isocyanate reacts with 2a at elevated temperature to form [Co(η
3-P2C2
tBu2CON(Ph)SiMe3)(η
4-P2C2
tBu2)] (12) with a functionalized η
3-coordinated ligand. [K(tol)2][1a], [K(tol)2][1b], 2a, 2b, 3a–c, 4, 5, and 9–12 were isolated and characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis. [K(tol)2][1b], 2a, 2b, 3c, 4, 5, and 9–12 were additionally characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rödl
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie , Universität Regensburg , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany
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9
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Rummel EM, Balázs G, Heinl V, Scheer M. Isomerisierung, Ringerweiterungs- und Ringverengungsreaktionen von 1,3-Diphosphet-Komplexen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Rummel
- Universität Regensburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Universität Regensburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Veronika Heinl
- Universität Regensburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Universität Regensburg; Institut für Anorganische Chemie; 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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10
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Rummel EM, Balázs G, Heinl V, Scheer M. Isomerization, Ring Expansion, and Ring Contraction of 1,3-Diphosphete Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9592-9596. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Rummel
- University of Regensburg; Department of Inorganic Chemistry; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Gábor Balázs
- University of Regensburg; Department of Inorganic Chemistry; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Veronika Heinl
- University of Regensburg; Department of Inorganic Chemistry; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Manfred Scheer
- University of Regensburg; Department of Inorganic Chemistry; 93040 Regensburg Germany
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11
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Competition between phosphorus lone pairs and ring π-systems in binding to transition metals: Binuclear diphosphacyclobutadiene cobalt carbonyl derivatives. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Suter R, Mei Y, Baker M, Benkő Z, Li Z, Grützmacher H. 2,4,6‐Tri(hydroxy)‐1,3,5‐triphosphinine, P
3
C
3
(OH)
3
: The Phosphorus Analogue of Cyanuric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1356-1360. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Suter
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yanbo Mei
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Benkő
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional materials (LIFM) Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional materials (LIFM) Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
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13
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Suter R, Mei Y, Baker M, Benkő Z, Li Z, Grützmacher H. 2,4,6‐Tri(hydroxy)‐1,3,5‐triphosphinine, P
3
C
3
(OH)
3
: The Phosphorus Analogue of Cyanuric Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Suter
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Yanbo Mei
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Benkő
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics Szent Gellért tér 4 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Zhongshu Li
- Lehn Institute of Functional materials (LIFM) Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences ETH Zurich 8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Lehn Institute of Functional materials (LIFM) Sun Yat-Sen University 510275 Guangzhou China
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