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Liu N, Homann C, Morfin S, Kesanakurti MS, Calvert ND, Shuhendler AJ, Al T, Hemmer E. Core-multi-shell design: unlocking multimodal capabilities in lanthanide-based nanoparticles as upconverting, T2-weighted MRI and CT probes. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37982139 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05380f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal bioimaging probes merging optical imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and X-ray computed tomography (CT) capabilities have attracted considerable attention due to their potential biomedical applications. Lanthanide-based nanoparticles are promising candidates for multimodal imaging because of their optical, magnetic and X-ray attenuation properties. We prepared a set of hexagonal-phase (β)-NaGdF4:Yb,Er/NaGdF4/NaDyF4 core/shell/shell nanoparticles (Dy-CSS NPs) and demonstrated their optical/T2-weighted MRI/CT multimodal capabilities. A known drawback of multimodal probes that merge the upconverting Er3+/Yb3+ ion pair with magnetic Dy3+ ions for T2-weighted MRI is the loss of upconversion (UC) emission due to Dy3+ poisoning. Particular attention was paid to controlled nanoparticle architectures with tuned inner shell thicknesses separating Dy3+ and Er3+/Yb3+ to shed light on the distance-dependent loss of UC due to Yb3+ → Dy3+ energy transfer. Based on the Er3+ UC spectra and the excited state lifetime of Yb3+, a 4 nm thick NaGdF4 inner shell did not only restore but enhanced the UC emission. We further investigated the effect of the outer NaDyF4 shell thickness on the particles' magnetic and CT performance. MRI T2 relaxivity measurements in vitro at a magnetic field of 7 T performed on citrate-capped Dy-CSS NPs revealed that NPs with the thickest outer shell thickness (4 nm) exhibited the highest r2 value, with a superior T2 contrast effect compared to commercial iron oxide and other Dy-based T2 contrast agents. In addition, the citrate-capped Dy-CSS NPs were demonstrated suitable for CT in in vitro imaging phantoms at X-ray energies of 110 keV, rendering them interesting alternatives to clinically used iodine-based agents that operate at lower energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Christian Homann
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Samuel Morfin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Meghana S Kesanakurti
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Nicholas D Calvert
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adam J Shuhendler
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Al
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Eva Hemmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Henoumont C, Devreux M, Laurent S. Mn-Based MRI Contrast Agents: An Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:7275. [PMID: 37959694 PMCID: PMC10648041 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MRI contrast agents are required in the clinic to detect some pathologies, such as cancers. Nevertheless, at the moment, only small extracellular and non-specific gadolinium complexes are available for clinicians. Moreover, safety issues have recently emerged concerning the use of gadolinium complexes; hence, alternatives are urgently needed. Manganese-based MRI contrast agents could be one of these alternatives and increasing numbers of studies are available in the literature. This review aims at synthesizing all the research, from small Mn complexes to nanoparticular agents, including theranostic agents, to highlight all the efforts already made by the scientific community to obtain highly efficient agents but also evidence of the weaknesses of the developed systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Henoumont
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (C.H.)
| | - Marie Devreux
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (C.H.)
| | - Sophie Laurent
- NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, University of Mons, 19 Avenue Maistriau, 7000 Mons, Belgium; (C.H.)
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 Rue Adrienne Boland, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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Cananau C, Forslin Y, Bergendal Å, Sjöström H, Fink K, Ouellette R, Wiberg MK, Fredrikson S, Granberg T. MRI detection of brain gadolinium retention in multiple sclerosis: Magnetization transfer vs. T1-weighted imaging. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:247-255. [PMID: 36599653 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Evidence of brain gadolinium retention has affected gadolinium-based contrast agent usage. It is, however, unclear to what extent macrocyclic agents are retained and whether their in vivo detection may necessitate nonconventional MRI. Magnetization transfer (MT) could prove suitable to detect gadolinium-related signal changes since dechelated gadolinium ions bind to macromolecules. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate associations of prior gadolinium administrations with MT and T1 signal abnormalities. METHODS A cohort of 23 persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) (18 females, 5 males, 57 ± 8.0 years) with multiple past gadolinium administrations (median 6, range 3-12) and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent 1.5 Tesla MRI with MT, T1-weighted 2-dimensional spin echo, and T1-weighted 3-dimensional gradient echo. The signal intensity index was assessed by MRI in gadolinium retention predilection sites. RESULTS There were dose-dependent associations of the globus pallidus signal on gradient echo (r = .55, p < .001) and spin echo (r = .38, p = .013) T1-weighted imaging, but not on MT. Relative to controls, MS patients had higher signal intensity index in the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted gradient echo (1.037 ± 0.040 vs. 1.016 ± 0.023, p = .04) with a similar trend in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted spin echo (1.091 ± 0.034 vs. 1.076 ± 0.014, p = .06). MT detected no group differences. CONCLUSIONS Conventional T1-weighted imaging provided dose-dependent associations with gadolinium administrations in MS, while these could not be detected with 2-dimensional MT. Future studies could explore newer MT techniques like 3D and inhomogenous MT. Notably, these associations were identified with conventional MRI even though most patients had not received gadolinium administrations in the preceding 9 years, suggestive of long-term retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cananau
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yngve Forslin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Bergendal
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sjöström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Fink
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Russell Ouellette
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kristoffersen Wiberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Patra D, Kumar S, Kumar P, Chakraborty I, Basheer B, Shunmugam R. Iron(III) Coordinated Theranostic Polyprodrug with Sequential Receptor-Mitochondria Dual Targeting and T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Potency for Effective and Precise Chemotherapy. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3198-3212. [PMID: 35767830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The sequential cancer cell receptor and mitochondria dual-targeting single delivery agent deliver chemotherapeutic drug effectively and precisely at the targeted site has become a promising strategy to enhance the drug efficacy and suppressions of cancer cell drug resistance prominence. Herein, required specialty molecules like a chemotherapeutic drug [camptothecin (CPT)], mitochondriotropic segment (triphenyl phosphonium cation) receptor targeting ligand (biotin), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-contrast agent (iron-complex) were tethered to the polyprodrug, CP TP PG BN Fe, using the ring-opening metathesis polymerization technique for potential chemotherapy and simultaneous MRI-based diagnosis. This amphiphilic polyprodrug spontaneously aggregated into nanospheres and exhibited remarkable T1-weighted MRI proficiency. Detail in vitro cellular studies revealed unambiguous mitochondrial delivery of CPT, which eventually enhanced the chemotherapeutic efficacy of CP TP PG BN Fe. Therefore, MRI-tracking, receptor-mitochondria dual targeting, theranostic polyprodrug, and CP TP PG BN Fe opened the way for effective and precise chemotherapy, which would have the attractive potential for diagnosis and decisive dose determination in clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptendu Patra
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Ipsita Chakraborty
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Basim Basheer
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Centre, Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
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Patra D, Kumar P, Pal D, Chakraborty I, Shunmugam R. Unique Random-Block Polymer Architecture for Site-Specific Mitochondrial Sequestration-Aided Effective Chemotherapeutic Delivery and Enhanced Fluorocarbon Segmental Mobility-Facilitated 19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2428-2440. [PMID: 35512287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The elevation of the chemotherapeutic efficacy and attenuation of its side effects on healthy cells and tissues become one of the prime targets for the treatment of cancer. Toward this direction, a sequential receptor and mitochondria dual-targeting strategy was implemented in the DX TP PG BN 19F theranostic polymer that was anchored with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, receptor-targeting biotin, and mitochondria-targeting triphenylphosphonium cations. The polymer was flourished with a unique 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tracer that exhibited high segmental mobility and eventually led to prolonged T2 relaxation time. Furthermore, for the sake of amphiphilicity, the DX TP PG BN 19F polymer spontaneously aggregated into nano-sphere with positive zeta potential, where the MRI tracer and biotin embedded at the exterior and displayed site-specific targeting and remarkable 19F MRI capability simultaneously. The mitochondria-targeting competency of the DX TP PG BN 19F theranostic polymer was investigated by comparing the non-mitochondrial-targeting DX PG BN 19F polymer using fluorescence microscopic cell imaging in human cervical, HeLa, and breast MCF-7 carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, cytotoxicity experiments of the aforementioned theranostic polymers clarified the enhancement of the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DX TP PG BN 19F theranostic polymers through effective and precise mitochondrial doxorubicin delivery that forced to follow the apoptotic path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptendu Patra
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Dwaipayan Pal
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Ipsita Chakraborty
- Department of Physical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Raja Shunmugam
- Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
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Sguizzato M, Martini P, Marvelli L, Pula W, Drechsler M, Capozza M, Terreno E, Del Bianco L, Spizzo F, Cortesi R, Boschi A. Synthetic and Nanotechnological Approaches for a Diagnostic Use of Manganese. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103124. [PMID: 35630601 PMCID: PMC9146667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multimodal imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the contemporary obtaining of metabolic and morphological information. To fully exploit the complementarity of the two imaging modalities, the design of probes displaying radioactive and magnetic properties at the same time could be very beneficial. In this regard, transition metals offer appealing options, with manganese representing an ideal candidate. As nanosized imaging probes have demonstrated great value for designing advanced diagnostic/theranostic procedures, this work focuses on the potential of liposomal formulations loaded with a new synthesized paramagnetic Mn(II) chelates. Negatively charged liposomes were produced by thin-layer hydration method and extrusion. The obtained formulations were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, efficiency of encapsulation, stability over time, relaxivity, effective magnetic moment, and in vitro antiproliferative effect on human cells by means of the MTT assay. The negatively charged paramagnetic liposomes were monodisperse, with an average hydrodynamic diameter not exceeding 200 nm, and they displayed good stability and no cytotoxicity. As determined by optical emission spectroscopy, manganese complexes are loaded almost completely on liposomes maintaining their paramagnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Sguizzato
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DoCPAS), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (W.P.); (A.B.)
- Biotechnology Interuniversity Consortium, Ferrara Section, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Petra Martini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- INFN—Laboratori Nazionali Legnaro, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Viale dell’Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Lorenza Marvelli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DoCPAS), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (W.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Walter Pula
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DoCPAS), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (W.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Key Lab “Electron and Optical Microscopy”, Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Martina Capozza
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Molecular & Preclinical Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.C.); (E.T.)
| | - Lucia Del Bianco
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (L.D.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Federico Spizzo
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy; (L.D.B.); (F.S.)
| | - Rita Cortesi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DoCPAS), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (W.P.); (A.B.)
- INFN—Laboratori Nazionali Legnaro, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Viale dell’Università, 2, 35020 Legnaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Alessandra Boschi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DoCPAS), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.S.); (W.P.); (A.B.)
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Strzeminska I, Factor C, Jimenez-Lamana J, Lacomme S, Subirana MA, Le Coustumer P, Schaumlöffel D, Robert P, Szpunar J, Corot C, Lobinski R. Comprehensive Speciation Analysis of Residual Gadolinium in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in Rats Repeatedly Administered With Gadoterate Meglumine or Gadodiamide. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:283-292. [PMID: 35066532 PMCID: PMC9855751 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several preclinical studies have reported the presence of gadolinium (Gd) in different chemical forms in the brain, depending on the class (macrocyclic versus linear) of Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) administered. The aim of this study was to identify, with a special focus on insoluble species, the speciation of Gd retained in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of rats administered repeatedly with gadoterate or gadodiamide 4 months after the last injection. METHODS Three groups (N = 6/group) of healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats (SPF/OFA rats; Charles River, L'Arbresle, France) received a cumulated dose of 50 mmol/kg (4 daily intravenous administrations of 2.5 mmol/kg, for 5 weeks, corresponding to 80-fold the usual clinical dose if adjusted for man) of gadoterate meglumine (macrocyclic) or gadodiamide (linear) or isotonic saline for the control group (4 daily intravenous administrations of 5 mL/kg, for 5 weeks). The animals were sacrificed 4 months after the last injection. Deep cerebellar nuclei were dissected and stored at -80°C before sample preparation. To provide enough tissue for sample preparation and further analysis using multiple techniques, DCN from each group of 6 rats were pooled. Gadolinium species were extracted in 2 consecutive steps with water and urea solution. The total Gd concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Soluble Gd species were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The insoluble Gd species were analyzed by single-particle (SP) ICP-MS, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) for elemental detection. RESULTS The Gd concentrations in pooled DCN from animals treated with gadoterate or gadodiamide were 0.25 and 24.3 nmol/g, respectively. For gadoterate, the highest amount of Gd was found in the water-soluble fractions. It was present exclusively as low-molecular-weight compounds, most likely as the intact GBCA form. In the case of gadodiamide, the water-soluble fraction of DCN was composed of high-molecular-weight Gd species of approximately 440 kDa and contained only a tiny amount (less than 1%) of intact gadodiamide. Furthermore, the column recovery calculated for this fraction was incomplete, which suggested presence of labile complexes of dissociated Gd3+ with endogenous molecules. The highest amount of Gd was detected in the insoluble residue, which was demonstrated, by SP-ICP-MS, to be a particulate form of Gd. Two imaging techniques (NanoSIMS and STEM-EDX) allowed further characterization of these insoluble Gd species. Amorphous, spheroid structures of approximately 100-200 nm of sea urchin-like shape were detected. Furthermore, Gd was consistently colocalized with calcium, oxygen, and phosphorous, strongly suggesting the presence of structures composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. No or occasional colocalization with iron and sulfur was observed. CONCLUSION A dedicated analytical workflow produced original data on the speciation of Gd in DCN of rats repeatedly injected with GBCAs. The addition, in comparison with previous studies of Gd speciation in brain, of SP element detection and imaging techniques allowed a comprehensive speciation analysis approach. Whereas for gadoterate the main fraction of retained Gd was present as intact GBCA form in the soluble fractions, for linear gadodiamide, less than 10% of Gd could be solubilized and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The main Gd species detected in the soluble fractions were macromolecules of 440 kDa. One of them was speculated to be a Gd complex with iron-binding protein (ferritin). However, the major fraction of residual Gd was present as insoluble particulate species, very likely composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. This comprehensive Gd speciation study provided important evidence for the dechelation of linear GBCAs and offered a deeper insight into the mechanisms of Gd deposition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Strzeminska
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Cecile Factor
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Javier Jimenez-Lamana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Maria Angels Subirana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Le Coustumer
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Claire Corot
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Werner P, Schuenke P, Krylova O, Nikolenko H, Taupitz M, Schröder L. Investigating the Role of Sulfate Groups for the Binding of Gd3+ Ions to Glycosaminoglycans with NMR Relaxometry. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100764. [PMID: 35451227 PMCID: PMC9400987 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are highly negatively charged macromolecules with a large cation binding capacity, but their interaction potential with exogeneous Gd3+ ions is under‐investigated. These might be released from chelates used as Gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) for clinical MR imaging due to transmetallation with endogenous cations like Zn2+. Recent studies have quantified how an endogenous GAG sequesters released Gd3+ ions and impacts the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of some GBCAs. In this study, we investigate and compare the chelation ability of two important GAGs (heparin and chondroitin sulfate), as well as the homopolysaccharides dextran and dextran sulfate that are used as models for alternative macromolecular chelators. Our combined approach of MRI‐based relaxometry and isothermal titration calorimetry shows that the chelation process of Gd3+ into GAGs is not just a long‐range electrostatic interaction as proposed for the Manning model, but presumably a site‐specific binding. Furthermore, our results highlight the crucial role of sulfate groups in this process and indicate that the potential of a specific GAG to engage in this mechanism increases with its degree of sulfation. The transchelation of Gd3+ ions from GBCAs to sulfated GAGs should thus be considered as one possible explanation for the observed long‐term deposition of Gd3+in vivo and related observations of long‐term signal enhancements on T1‐weighted MR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Werner
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Translational Molecular Imaging, GERMANY
| | - Patrick Schuenke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Berlin, GERMANY
| | - Oxana Krylova
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Molecular Biophysics, GERMANY
| | - Heike Nikolenko
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut fur Molekulare Pharmakologie, Molecular Biophysics, GERMANY
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Charite University Hospital Berlin: Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Radiology, GERMANY
| | - Leif Schröder
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Translational Molecular Imaging, Im Neuenheimer Feld 223, 69120, Heidelberg, GERMANY
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Effects of Cations on HPTS Fluorescence and Quantification of Free Gadolinium Ions in Solution; Assessment of Intracellular Release of Gd3+ from Gd-Based MRI Contrast Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082490. [PMID: 35458689 PMCID: PMC9032885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (HPTS) is a small, hydrophilic fluorescent molecule. Since the pKa of the hydroxyl group is close to neutrality and quickly responds to pH changes, it is widely used as a pH-reporter in cell biology for measurements of intracellular pH. HPTS fluorescence (both excitation and emission spectra) at variable pH was measured in pure water in the presence of NaCl solution or in the presence of different buffers (PBS or hepes in the presence or not of NaCl) and in a solution containing BSA. pKa values have been obtained from the sigmoidal curves. Herein, we investigated the effect of mono-, di-, and trivalent cations (Na+, Ca2+, La3+, Gd3+) on fluorescence changes and proposed its use for the quantification of trivalent cations (e.g., gadolinium ions) present in solution as acqua-ions. Starting from the linear regression, the LoD value of 6.32 µM for the Gd3+ detection was calculated. The effects on the emission were also analyzed in the presence of a combination of Gd3+ at two different concentrations and the previously indicated mono and di-valent ions. The study demonstrated the feasibility of a qualitative method to investigate the intracellular Gd3+ release upon the administration of Gd-based contrast agents in murine macrophages.
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10
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Carniato F, Ricci M, Tei L, Garello F, Terreno E, Ravera E, Parigi G, Luchinat C, Botta M. High Relaxivity with No Coordinated Waters: A Seemingly Paradoxical Behavior of [Gd(DOTP)] 5- Embedded in Nanogels. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5380-5387. [PMID: 35316037 PMCID: PMC8985129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Nanogels (NGs) obtained
by electrostatic interactions between chitosan
and hyaluronic acid and comprising paramagnetic Gd chelates are gaining
increasing attention for their potential application in magnetic resonance
bioimaging. Herein, the macrocyclic complexes [Gd(DOTP)]5−, lacking metal-bound water molecules (q = 0), were
confined or used as a cross-linker in this type of NG. Unlike the
typical behavior of Gd complexes with q = 0, a remarkable
relaxivity value of 78.0 mM–1 s–1 was measured at 20 MHz and 298 K, nearly 20 times greater than that
found for the free complex. A careful analysis of the relaxation data
emphasizes the fundamental role of second sphere water molecules with
strong and long-lived hydrogen bonding interactions with the complex.
Finally, PEGylated derivatives of nanoparticles were used for the
first in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study of
this type of NG, revealing a fast renal excretion of paramagnetic
complexes after their release from the NGs. Nanogels incorporating [Gd(DOTP)]5− complexes
(q = 0) exhibit remarkable relaxivity values, thanks
to structured water molecules in the second coordination shell of
the metal ion involved in strong H-bonding interactions with the phosphonate
groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Marco Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
| | - Francesca Garello
- Molecular Imaging Centre, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Molecular Imaging Centre, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, Alessandria 15121, Italy
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11
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Patra D, Kumar P, Samanta T, Chakraborty I, Shunmugam R. Coordinately Tethered Iron(III) Fluorescent Nanotheranostic Polymer Ascertaining Cancer Cell Mitochondria Destined Potential Chemotherapy and T1-Weighted MRI Competency. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1284-1296. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Lalli D, Ferrauto G, Terreno E, Carniato F, Botta M. Mn(II)-Conjugated silica nanoparticles as potential MRI probes. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8994-9004. [PMID: 34585711 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01600h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel Mn(II)-based nanoprobes were rationally designed as high contrast enhancing agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and obtained by anchoring a Mn(II)-CDTA derivative to the surface of organo-modified silica nanoparticles (SiNPs). Large payloads of paramagnetic metal-chelates have been immobilized on biocompatible SiNPs with spherical shape and narrow size distribution of 80-90 nm, resulting in a relaxivity gain of 250% at clinical fields (0.5 T) as compared to the free chelate. Such substantial efficacy enhancement of the nanoprobes is mainly attributed to the restriction of the rotational dynamics of the conjugated complex, as revealed by comprehensive 1H-NMR relaxometric investigations. The paramagnetic nanospheres exhibit good colloidal stability over time in biological matrices, allowing for MRI applications. High image contrast was found in T1w-MRI images collected at 1 T on phantoms containing relatively small amounts of contrast agent (CA), for which low cellular toxicity was observed on three different cell lines. Preliminary in vivo studies on healthy mice demonstrated the efficiency of the novel Mn-based silica nanoparticle as T1w-MRI probes, resulting in significant contrast enhancement in the liver. These findings demonstrate that these novel Mn-SiNPs are high efficacy CAs suitable for preclinical MRI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Lalli
- Magnetic Resonance Platform (PRISMA-UPO), Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121-Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Enzo Terreno
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Magnetic Resonance Platform (PRISMA-UPO), Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121-Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Mauro Botta
- Magnetic Resonance Platform (PRISMA-UPO), Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121-Alessandria, Italy.
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13
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Werner P, Taupitz M, Schröder L, Schuenke P. An NMR relaxometry approach for quantitative investigation of the transchelation of gadolinium ions from GBCAs to a competing macromolecular chelator. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21731. [PMID: 34741037 PMCID: PMC8571392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have been used in clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for more than 30 years. However, there is increasing evidence that their dissociation in vivo leads to long-term depositions of gadolinium ions in the human body. In vitro experiments provide critical insights into kinetics and thermodynamic equilibria of underlying processes, which give hints towards the in vivo situation. We developed a time-resolved MRI relaxometry-based approach that exploits distinct relaxivities of Gd3+ in different molecular environments. Its applicability to quantify the transmetallation of GBCAs, the binding of Gd3+ to competing chelators, and the combined transchelation process is demonstrated. Exemplarily, the approach is applied to investigate two representative GBCAs in the presence of Zn2+ and heparin, which is used as a model for a macromolecular and physiologically occurring chelator. Opposing indirect impacts of heparin on increasing the kinetic stability but reducing the thermodynamic stability of GBCAs are observed. The relaxivity of resulting Gd-heparin complexes is shown to be essentially increased compared to that of the parent GBCAs so that they might be one explanation for observed long-term MRI signal enhancement in vivo. In forthcoming studies, the presented method could help to identify the most potent Gd-complexing macromolecular species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Werner
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
- Division of Translational Molecular Imaging, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Schuenke
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany.
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Berlin, Germany.
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14
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Strzeminska I, Factor C, Robert P, Szpunar J, Corot C, Lobinski R. Speciation Analysis of Gadolinium in the Water-Insoluble Rat Brain Fraction After Administration of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:535-544. [PMID: 33813574 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, the analysis of gadolinium (Gd) speciation in the brain of animals administered with macrocyclic and linear Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has been limited to Gd soluble in mild buffers. Under such conditions, less than 30% of the brain tissue was solubilized and the extraction recoveries of GBCAs into the aqueous phase were poor, especially in the case of the linear GBCAs. The aim of this study was to find the conditions to solubilize the brain tissue (quasi-)completely while preserving the Gd species present. The subsequent analysis using size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) was intended to shed the light on the speciation of the additionally recovered Gd. METHODS Four groups of healthy female Sprague Dawley rats (SPF/OFA rats; Charles River, L'Arbresle, France) received randomly 5 intravenous injections (1 injection per week during 5 consecutive weeks) of either gadoterate meglumine, gadobenate dimeglumine, gadodiamide (cumulated dose of 12 mmol/kg), or no injection (control group). The animals were sacrifice 1 week (W1) after the last injection. Brain tissues were solubilized with urea solution, whereas tissues extracted with water served as controls. Total Gd concentrations were determined in the original brain tissue and its soluble and insoluble fractions by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to calculate the Gd accumulation and extraction efficiency. Size exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS was used to monitor the speciation of Gd in the soluble fractions. The stability of GBCAs in the optimum conditions was monitored by spiking the brain samples from the untreated animals. The column recoveries were precisely determined in the purpose of the discrimination of weakly and strongly bound Gd complexes. The identity of the eluted species was explored by the evaluation of the molecular size and retention time matching with Gd chelates and ferritin standard. The speciation analyses were carried out for 2 different brain structures, cortex and cerebellum. RESULTS The combination of water and urea extractions (sequential extraction) managed to solubilize efficiently the brain tissue (97% ± 1%) while preserving the stability of the initially injected form of GBCA. For macrocyclic gadoterate, 97% ± 1% and 102% ± 3% of Gd initially present in the cortex and cerebellum were extracted to the soluble fraction. For gadobenate, similar amounts of Gd (49% ± 1% and 46% ± 4%) were recovered from cortex and cerebellum. For gadodiamide, 48% ± 2% of Gd was extracted from cortex and 34% ± 1% from cerebellum. These extraction efficiencies were higher than reported elsewhere. The SEC-ICP-MS and the column recovery determination proved that Gd present at low nmol/g levels in brain tissue was exclusively in the intact GBCA form in all the fractions of brain from the animals treated with gadoterate. For the linear GBCAs (gadobenate and gadodiamide), 3 Gd species of different hydrodynamic volumes were detected in the urea-soluble fraction: (1) larger than 660 kDa, (2) approximately 440 kDa, and (3) intact GBCAs. The species of 440 kDa corresponded, on the basis of the elution volume, to a Gd3+ complex with ferritin. Gd3+ was also demonstrated by SEC-ICP-MS to react with the ferritin standard in 100 mM ammonium acetate (pH 7.4). In contrast to macrocyclic gadoterate, for linear GBCAs, the column recovery was largely incomplete, suggesting the presence of free, hydrolyzed, or weakly bound Gd3+ with endogenous ligands. CONCLUSIONS The sequential extraction of rat brain tissue with water and urea solution resulted in quasi-complete solubilization of the tissue and a considerable increase in the recoveries of Gd species in comparison with previous reports. The macrocyclic gadoterate was demonstrated to remain intact in the brain 1 week after administration to rats. The linear GBCAs gadobenate and gadodiamide underwent ligand exchange reactions resulting in the presence of a series of Gd3+ complexes of different strength with endogenous ligands. Ferritin was identified as one of the macromolecules reacting with Gd3+. For the linear GBCAs, 3% of the insoluble brain tissue was found to contain more than 50% of Gd in unidentified form(s).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cécile Factor
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials, UMR 5254, CNRS-UPPA, Pau, France
| | - Claire Corot
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
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15
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Baranyai Z, Carniato F, Nucera A, Horváth D, Tei L, Platas-Iglesias C, Botta M. Defining the conditions for the development of the emerging class of Fe III-based MRI contrast agents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11138-11145. [PMID: 34522311 PMCID: PMC8386674 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02200h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fe(iii) complexes are attracting growing interest in chemists developing diagnostic probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging because they leverage on an endogenous metal and show superior stability. However, in this case a detailed understanding of the relationship between the chemical structure of the complexes, their magnetic, thermodynamic, kinetic and redox properties and the molecular parameters governing the efficacy (relaxivity) is still far from being available. We have carried out an integrated 1H and 17O NMR relaxometric study as a function of temperature and magnetic field, on the aqua ion and three complexes chosen as reference models, together with theoretical calculations, to obtain accurate values of the parameters that control their relaxivity. Moreover, thermodynamic stability and dissociation kinetics of the Fe(iii) chelates, measured in association with the ascorbate reduction behaviour, highlight their role and mutual influence in achieving the stability required for use in vivo. An integrated 1H and 17O NMR relaxometric study on model systems allowed to highlight that the Fe(III) complexes might represent the best alternative to Gd-based MRI contrast agents at the magnetic fields of current and future clinical scanners.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Baranyai
- Bracco Research Centre, Bracco Imaging S.p.A. Via Ribes 5 10010 Colleretto Giacosa Italy
| | - Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Alessandro Nucera
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Dávid Horváth
- Bracco Research Centre, Bracco Imaging S.p.A. Via Ribes 5 10010 Colleretto Giacosa Italy.,Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen Egyetem tér 1. H-4010 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña 15071 A Coruña Galicia Spain
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro" Viale T. Michel 11 15121 Alessandria Italy
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16
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Wang R, An L, He J, Li M, Jiao J, Yang S. A class of water-soluble Fe(III) coordination complexes as T1-weighted MRI contrast agents. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1787-1791. [PMID: 33595044 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02716b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Iron-based coordination complexes are showing increasing potential to be alternatives for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contribute to the safety of gadolinium-based compounds. In this work, three water-soluble iron-based complexes constructed using catechol ligands exhibiting T1-weighted MRI contrast behavior are described. The longitudinal relaxivity (r1) increase from 0.88 to 1.43 mM-1 s-1 mainly depends on the sizes and the number of water molecules in the second and outer spheres around the discrete complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Lu An
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Jing He
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
| | - Shiping Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China. and The Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
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17
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Devreux M, Henoumont C, Dioury F, Boutry S, Vacher O, Elst LV, Port M, Muller RN, Sandre O, Laurent S. Mn 2+ Complexes with Pyclen-Based Derivatives as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Synthesis and Relaxometry Characterization. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3604-3619. [PMID: 33625836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a leading place in medicine as an imaging tool of high resolution for anatomical studies and diagnosis of diseases, in particular for soft tissues that cannot be accessible by other modalities. Many research works are thus focused on improving the images obtained with MRI. This technique has indeed poor sensitivity, which can be compensated by using a contrast agent (CA). Today, the clinically approved CAs on market are solely based on gadolinium complexes that may induce nephrogenic systemic fibrosis for patients with kidney failure, whereas more recent studies on healthy rats also showed Gd retention in the brain. Consequently, researchers try to elaborate other types of safer MRI CAs like manganese-based complexes. In this context, the synthesis of Mn2+ complexes of four 12-membered pyridine-containing macrocyclic ligands based on the pyclen core was accomplished and described herein. Then, the properties of these Mn(II) complexes were studied by two relaxometric methods, 17O NMR spectroscopy and 1H NMR dispersion profiles. The time of residence (τM) and the number of water molecules (q) present in the inner sphere of coordination were determined by these two experiments. The efficacy of the pyclen-based Mn(II) complexes as MRI CAs was evaluated by proton relaxometry at a magnetic field intensity of 1.41 T near those of most medical MRI scanners (1.5 T). Both the 17O NMR and the nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profiles indicated that the four hexadentate ligands prepared herein left one vacant coordination site to accommodate one water molecule, rapidly exchanging, in around 6 ns. Furthermore, it has been shown that the presence of an additional amide bond formed when the paramagnetic complex is conjugated to a molecule of interest does not alter the inner sphere of coordination of Mn, which remains monohydrated. These complexes exhibit r1 relaxivities, large enough to be used as clinical MRI CAs (1.7-3.4 mM-1·s-1, at 1.41 T and 37 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Devreux
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Laboratory of Organic Polymer Chemistry (LCPO), 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Céline Henoumont
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Dioury
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), GBCM Laboratory, HESAM Université, EA 7528, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris,France
| | - Sébastien Boutry
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vacher
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), GBCM Laboratory, HESAM Université, EA 7528, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris,France
| | - Luce Vander Elst
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marc Port
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), GBCM Laboratory, HESAM Université, EA 7528, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris,France
| | - Robert N Muller
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Olivier Sandre
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Laboratory of Organic Polymer Chemistry (LCPO), 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
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18
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Lattanzio SM. Toxicity associated with gadolinium-based contrast-enhanced examinations. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2021015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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19
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Lattuada L, Horváth D, Colombo Serra S, Fringuello Mingo A, Minazzi P, Bényei A, Forgács A, Fedeli F, Gianolio E, Aime S, Giovenzana GB, Baranyai Z. Enhanced relaxivity of GdIII-complexes with HP-DO3A-like ligands upon the activation of the intramolecular catalysis of the prototropic exchange. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01333a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The simple modification of the hydroxypropyl arm in Gd(HP-DO3A) complex allows to achieve an increased relaxivity by the activation of the intramolecular catalysis of the proton exchange process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dávid Horváth
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1
- Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Attila Bényei
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Debrecen
- Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1
- Hungary
| | - Attila Forgács
- MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group
- Debrecen
- Hungary
| | | | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science
- University of Turin
- Turin
- Italy
| | - Giovanni B. Giovenzana
- CAGE Chemicals
- 28100 Novara
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco
- Università del Piemonte Orientale
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20
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Neburkova J, Rulseh AM, Chang SLY, Raabova H, Vejpravova J, Dracinsky M, Tarabek J, Kotek J, Pingle M, Majer P, Vymazal J, Cigler P. Formation of gadolinium-ferritin from clinical magnetic resonance contrast agents. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:5567-5571. [PMID: 36133872 PMCID: PMC9417687 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium deposition in the brain following administration of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has led to health concerns. We show that some clinical GBCAs form Gd3+-ferritin nanoparticles at (sub)nanomolar concentrations of Gd3+ under physiological conditions. We describe their structure at atomic resolution and discuss potential relevance for clinical MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Neburkova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague Czechia
| | - Aaron M Rulseh
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital Roentgenova 2 150 30 Prague Czechia
| | - Shery L Y Chang
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Helena Raabova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague Czechia
| | - Jana Vejpravova
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Hlavova 8 128 43 Prague 2 Czechia
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University Ke Karlovu 5 121 16 Prague 2 Czechia
| | - Martin Dracinsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague Czechia
| | - Jan Tarabek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague Czechia
| | - Jan Kotek
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Hlavova 8 128 43 Prague 2 Czechia
| | - Mohan Pingle
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital Roentgenova 2 150 30 Prague Czechia
| | - Pavel Majer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague Czechia
| | - Josef Vymazal
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital Roentgenova 2 150 30 Prague Czechia
| | - Petr Cigler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS Flemingovo nam. 2 166 10 Prague Czechia
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Di Gregorio E, Lattuada L, Maiocchi A, Aime S, Ferrauto G, Gianolio E. Supramolecular adducts between macrocyclic Gd(iii) complexes and polyaromatic systems: a route to enhance the relaxivity through the formation of hydrophobic interactions. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1368-1377. [PMID: 34163900 PMCID: PMC8179163 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03504a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The set-up of reversible binding interactions between the hydrophobic region of macrocyclic GBCAs (Gadolinium Based Contrast Agents) and SO3 -/OH containing pyrene derivatives provides new insights for pursuing relaxivity enhancements of this class of MRI contrast agents. The strong binding affinity allows attaining relaxation enhancements up to 50% at pyrene/GBCA ratios of 3 : 1. High resolution NMR spectra of the Yb-HPDO3A/pyrene system fully support the formation of a supramolecular adduct based on the set-up of hydrophobic interactions. The relaxation enhancement may be accounted for in terms of the increase of the molecular reorientation time (τ R) and the number of second sphere water molecules. This effect is maintained in blood serum and in vivo, as shown by the enhancement of contrast in T 1w-MR images obtained by simultaneous injection of GBCA and pyrene derivatives in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Di Gregorio
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino Via Nizza 52 Torino 10126 Italy
| | - Luciano Lattuada
- Bracco Imaging Spa, Bracco Research Centre Via Ribes 5 Colleretto Giacosa TO 10010 Italy
| | - Alessandro Maiocchi
- Bracco Imaging Spa, Bracco Research Centre Via Ribes 5 Colleretto Giacosa TO 10010 Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino Via Nizza 52 Torino 10126 Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrauto
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino Via Nizza 52 Torino 10126 Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino Via Nizza 52 Torino 10126 Italy
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22
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Synthesis of a rigidified bicyclic AAZTA-like ligand and relaxometric characterization of its GdIII complex. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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23
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Design, Characterization and Molecular Modeling of New Fluorinated Paramagnetic Contrast Agents for Dual 1H/19F MRI. MAGNETOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/magnetochemistry6010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One major goal in medical imaging is the elaboration of more efficient contrast agents (CAs). Those agents need to be optimized for the detection of affected tissues such as cancers or tumors while decreasing the injected quantity of agents. The paramagnetic contrast agents containing fluorine atoms can be used for both proton and fluorine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and they open the possibility of simultaneously mapping the anatomy using 1H MRI and accurately locating the agents using 19F MRI. One of the challenges in this domain is to synthesize molecules containing several chemically equivalent fluorine atoms with relatively short relaxation times to allow the recording of 19F MR images in good conditions. With that aim, we propose to prepare a CA containing a paramagnetic center and nine chemically equivalent fluorine atoms using a cycloaddition reaction between two building blocks. These fluorinated contrast agents are characterized by 19F NMR, showing differences in the fluorine relaxation times T1 and T2 depending on the lanthanide ion. To complement the experimental results, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to shed light on the 3D-structure of the molecules in order to estimate the distance between the lanthanide ion and the fluorine atoms.
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24
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Snyder EM, Asik D, Abozeid SM, Burgio A, Bateman G, Turowski SG, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. A Class of Fe
III
Macrocyclic Complexes with Alcohol Donor Groups as Effective
T
1
MRI Contrast Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Amherst New York 14260 USA
| | - Didar Asik
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Amherst New York 14260 USA
| | - Samira M. Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Amherst New York 14260 USA
| | - Ariel Burgio
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Amherst New York 14260 USA
| | - Gage Bateman
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Amherst New York 14260 USA
| | - Steven G. Turowski
- Department of Cell Stress Biology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo New York 14263 USA
| | - Joseph A. Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Buffalo New York 14263 USA
| | - Janet R. Morrow
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Amherst New York 14260 USA
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25
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Snyder EM, Asik D, Abozeid SM, Burgio A, Bateman G, Turowski SG, Spernyak JA, Morrow JR. A Class of Fe III Macrocyclic Complexes with Alcohol Donor Groups as Effective T 1 MRI Contrast Agents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:2414-2419. [PMID: 31725934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early studies suggested that FeIII complexes cannot compete with GdIII complexes as T1 MRI contrast agents. Now it is shown that one member of a class of high-spin macrocyclic FeIII complexes produces more intense contrast in mice kidneys and liver at 30 minutes post-injection than does a commercially used GdIII agent and also produces similar T1 relaxivity in serum phantoms at 4.7 T and 37 °C. Comparison of four different FeIII macrocyclic complexes elucidates the factors that contribute to relaxivity in vivo including solution speciation. Variable-temperature 17 O NMR studies suggest that none of the complexes has a single, integral inner-sphere water that exchanges rapidly on the NMR timescale. MRI studies in mice show large in vivo differences of three of the FeIII complexes that correspond, in part, to their r1 relaxivity in phantoms. Changes in overall charge of the complex modulate contrast enhancement, especially of the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, 14260, USA
| | - Didar Asik
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, 14260, USA
| | - Samira M Abozeid
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, 14260, USA
| | - Ariel Burgio
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, 14260, USA
| | - Gage Bateman
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, 14260, USA
| | - Steven G Turowski
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, 14263, USA
| | - Joseph A Spernyak
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, 14263, USA
| | - Janet R Morrow
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, New York, 14260, USA
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26
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Jayapaul J, Schröder L. Nanoparticle-Based Contrast Agents for 129Xe HyperCEST NMR and MRI Applications. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:9498173. [PMID: 31819739 PMCID: PMC6893250 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9498173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spin hyperpolarization techniques have enabled important advancements in preclinical and clinical MRI applications to overcome the intrinsic low sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance. Functionalized xenon biosensors represent one of these approaches. They combine two amplification strategies, namely, spin exchange optical pumping (SEOP) and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). The latter one requires host structures that reversibly bind the hyperpolarized noble gas. Different nanoparticle approaches have been implemented and have enabled molecular MRI with 129Xe at unprecedented sensitivity. This review gives an overview of the Xe biosensor concept, particularly how different nanoparticles address various critical aspects of gas binding and exchange, spectral dispersion for multiplexing, and targeted reporter delivery. As this concept is emerging into preclinical applications, comprehensive sensor design will be indispensable in translating the outstanding sensitivity potential into biomedical molecular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jabadurai Jayapaul
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Lenkinski RE. Gadolinium Deposition and Retention in the Brain: Should We Be Concerned? Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2019; 1:e190104. [PMID: 33778513 PMCID: PMC7977796 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.2019190104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
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28
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Liu N, Marin R, Mazouzi Y, Cron GO, Shuhendler A, Hemmer E. Cubic versus hexagonal - effect of host crystallinity on the T 1 shortening behaviour of NaGdF 4 nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:6794-6801. [PMID: 30907912 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00241c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sodium gadolinium fluoride (NaGdF4) nanoparticles are promising candidates as T1 shortening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to the paramagnetic properties of the Gd3+ ion. Effects of size and surface modification of these nanoparticles on proton relaxation times have been widely studied. However, to date, there has been no report on how T1 relaxivity (r1) is affected by the different polymorphs in which NaGdF4 crystallizes: cubic (α) and hexagonal (β). Here, a microwave-assisted thermal decomposition method was developed that grants selective access to NaGdF4 nanoparticles of either phase in the same size range, allowing the influence of host crystallinity on r1 to be investigated. It was found that at 3 T cubic NaGdF4 nanoparticles exhibit larger r1 values than their hexagonal analogues. This result was interpreted based on Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan theory, suggesting that the inner sphere contribution to r1 is more pronounced for cubic NaGdF4 nanoparticles as compared to their hexagonal counterparts. This holds true irrespective of the chosen surface modification, i.e. small citrate groups or longer chain poly(acrylic acid). Key aspects were found to be a polymorph-induced larger hydrodynamic diameter and the higher magnetization possessed by cubic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie St. Ottawa (ON) K1N 6N5, Canada.
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