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Strzeminska I, Factor C, Jimenez-Lamana J, Lacomme S, Subirana MA, Le Coustumer P, Schaumlöffel D, Robert P, Szpunar J, Corot C, Lobinski R. Comprehensive Speciation Analysis of Residual Gadolinium in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in Rats Repeatedly Administered With Gadoterate Meglumine or Gadodiamide. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:283-292. [PMID: 35066532 PMCID: PMC9855751 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several preclinical studies have reported the presence of gadolinium (Gd) in different chemical forms in the brain, depending on the class (macrocyclic versus linear) of Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) administered. The aim of this study was to identify, with a special focus on insoluble species, the speciation of Gd retained in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of rats administered repeatedly with gadoterate or gadodiamide 4 months after the last injection. METHODS Three groups (N = 6/group) of healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats (SPF/OFA rats; Charles River, L'Arbresle, France) received a cumulated dose of 50 mmol/kg (4 daily intravenous administrations of 2.5 mmol/kg, for 5 weeks, corresponding to 80-fold the usual clinical dose if adjusted for man) of gadoterate meglumine (macrocyclic) or gadodiamide (linear) or isotonic saline for the control group (4 daily intravenous administrations of 5 mL/kg, for 5 weeks). The animals were sacrificed 4 months after the last injection. Deep cerebellar nuclei were dissected and stored at -80°C before sample preparation. To provide enough tissue for sample preparation and further analysis using multiple techniques, DCN from each group of 6 rats were pooled. Gadolinium species were extracted in 2 consecutive steps with water and urea solution. The total Gd concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Soluble Gd species were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The insoluble Gd species were analyzed by single-particle (SP) ICP-MS, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) for elemental detection. RESULTS The Gd concentrations in pooled DCN from animals treated with gadoterate or gadodiamide were 0.25 and 24.3 nmol/g, respectively. For gadoterate, the highest amount of Gd was found in the water-soluble fractions. It was present exclusively as low-molecular-weight compounds, most likely as the intact GBCA form. In the case of gadodiamide, the water-soluble fraction of DCN was composed of high-molecular-weight Gd species of approximately 440 kDa and contained only a tiny amount (less than 1%) of intact gadodiamide. Furthermore, the column recovery calculated for this fraction was incomplete, which suggested presence of labile complexes of dissociated Gd3+ with endogenous molecules. The highest amount of Gd was detected in the insoluble residue, which was demonstrated, by SP-ICP-MS, to be a particulate form of Gd. Two imaging techniques (NanoSIMS and STEM-EDX) allowed further characterization of these insoluble Gd species. Amorphous, spheroid structures of approximately 100-200 nm of sea urchin-like shape were detected. Furthermore, Gd was consistently colocalized with calcium, oxygen, and phosphorous, strongly suggesting the presence of structures composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. No or occasional colocalization with iron and sulfur was observed. CONCLUSION A dedicated analytical workflow produced original data on the speciation of Gd in DCN of rats repeatedly injected with GBCAs. The addition, in comparison with previous studies of Gd speciation in brain, of SP element detection and imaging techniques allowed a comprehensive speciation analysis approach. Whereas for gadoterate the main fraction of retained Gd was present as intact GBCA form in the soluble fractions, for linear gadodiamide, less than 10% of Gd could be solubilized and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The main Gd species detected in the soluble fractions were macromolecules of 440 kDa. One of them was speculated to be a Gd complex with iron-binding protein (ferritin). However, the major fraction of residual Gd was present as insoluble particulate species, very likely composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. This comprehensive Gd speciation study provided important evidence for the dechelation of linear GBCAs and offered a deeper insight into the mechanisms of Gd deposition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Strzeminska
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Cecile Factor
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Javier Jimenez-Lamana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Maria Angels Subirana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Le Coustumer
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Claire Corot
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Nguyen TD, Mellander L, Lork A, Thomen A, Philipsen M, Kurczy ME, Phan NT, Ewing AG. Visualization of Partial Exocytotic Content Release and Chemical Transport into Nanovesicles in Cells. ACS Nano 2022; 16:4831-4842. [PMID: 35189057 PMCID: PMC8945366 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For decades, "all-or-none" and "kiss-and-run" were thought to be the only major exocytotic release modes in cell-to-cell communication, while the significance of partial release has not yet been widely recognized and accepted owing to the lack of direct evidence for exocytotic partial release. Correlative imaging with transmission electron microscopy and NanoSIMS imaging and a dual stable isotope labeling approach was used to study the cargo status of vesicles before and after exocytosis; demonstrating a measurable loss of transmitter in individual vesicles following stimulation due to partial release. Model secretory cells were incubated with 13C-labeled l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, resulting in the loading of 13C-labeled dopamine into their vesicles. A second label, di-N-desethylamiodarone, having the stable isotope 127I, was introduced during stimulation. A significant drop in the level of 13C-labeled dopamine and a reduction in vesicle size, with an increasing level of 127I-, was observed in vesicles of stimulated cells. Colocalization of 13C and 127I- in several vesicles was observed after stimulation. Thus, chemical visualization shows transient opening of vesicles to the exterior of the cell without full release the dopamine cargo. We present a direct calculation for the fraction of neurotransmitter release from combined imaging data. The average vesicular release is 60% of the total catecholamine. An important observation is that extracellular molecules can be introduced to cells during the partial exocytotic release process. This nonendocytic transport process appears to be a general route of entry that might be exploited pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tho Duc
Khanh Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Lisa Mellander
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Alicia Lork
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Aurélien Thomen
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Mai Philipsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Kurczy
- DMPK,
Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism
(CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg S-431 83, Sweden
| | - Nhu T.N. Phan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Andrew G. Ewing
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden
- E-mail:
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Raina JB, Clode PL, Cheong S, Bougoure J, Kilburn MR, Reeder A, Forêt S, Stat M, Beltran V, Thomas-Hall P, Tapiolas D, Motti CM, Gong B, Pernice M, Marjo CE, Seymour JR, Willis BL, Bourne DG. Subcellular tracking reveals the location of dimethylsulfoniopropionate in microalgae and visualises its uptake by marine bacteria. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371617 PMCID: PMC5380433 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton-bacteria interactions drive the surface ocean sulfur cycle and local climatic processes through the production and exchange of a key compound: dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Despite their large-scale implications, these interactions remain unquantified at the cellular-scale. Here we use secondary-ion mass spectrometry to provide the first visualization of DMSP at sub-cellular levels, tracking the fate of a stable sulfur isotope (34S) from its incorporation by microalgae as inorganic sulfate to its biosynthesis and exudation as DMSP, and finally its uptake and degradation by bacteria. Our results identify for the first time the storage locations of DMSP in microalgae, with high enrichments present in vacuoles, cytoplasm and chloroplasts. In addition, we quantify DMSP incorporation at the single-cell level, with DMSP-degrading bacteria containing seven times more 34S than the control strain. This study provides an unprecedented methodology to label, retain, and image small diffusible molecules, which can be transposable to other symbiotic systems. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23008.001 Sulfur is an essential element for many organisms and environmental processes. Every year, organisms including microalgae produce more than one billion tons of a sulfur-containing compound called DMSP. Some of this DMSP is released into seawater, where it acts as a key nutrient for microscopic organisms and as a foraging cue to attract fish. DMSP is also the precursor of a gas that helps to form clouds. Despite DMSP’s potential large-scale effects, it is still not clear what role it plays in the organisms that produce it, or how it is transferred from the microalgae that produce it to the bacteria that use it. It is thought that DMSP could potentially protect the cells from sudden changes in the amount of salt in the seawater (salinity) or from other damage, such as oxidative stress – a build-up of harmful chemicals inside cells. In a controlled setting using artificial seawater, Raina et al. used high-resolution imaging and chemical analysis to track the journey of DMSP from microalgae to recipient bacteria. The results show that similar to land plants, algae store DMSP in the compartments that regulate cell pressure and photosynthesis. The presence of DMSP in these locations also supports its proposed role in protecting cells from changes in salinity or oxidative damage. A future step will be to identify the genes involved in producing DMSP in microalgae. This knowledge could be used to create mutants that are either incapable of producing this molecule or that overproduce it. In combination with the high-resolution imaging techniques described here, this will allow researchers to fully understand the role that DMSP plays in these organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23008.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Raina
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Soshan Cheong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Jeremy Bougoure
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Matt R Kilburn
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Anthony Reeder
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sylvain Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Victor Beltran
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | | | - Dianne Tapiolas
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Cherie M Motti
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Bill Gong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher E Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bette L Willis
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Foster RA, Kuypers MMM, Vagner T, Paerl RW, Musat N, Zehr JP. Nitrogen fixation and transfer in open ocean diatom-cyanobacterial symbioses. ISME J 2011; 5:1484-93. [PMID: 21451586 PMCID: PMC3160684 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Many diatoms that inhabit low-nutrient waters of the open ocean live in close association with cyanobacteria. Some of these associations are believed to be mutualistic, where N(2)-fixing cyanobacterial symbionts provide N for the diatoms. Rates of N(2) fixation by symbiotic cyanobacteria and the N transfer to their diatom partners were measured using a high-resolution nanometer scale secondary ion mass spectrometry approach in natural populations. Cell-specific rates of N(2) fixation (1.15-71.5 fmol N per cell h(-1)) were similar amongst the symbioses and rapid transfer (within 30 min) of fixed N was also measured. Similar growth rates for the diatoms and their symbionts were determined and the symbiotic growth rates were higher than those estimated for free-living cells. The N(2) fixation rates estimated for Richelia and Calothrix symbionts were 171-420 times higher when the cells were symbiotic compared with the rates estimated for the cells living freely. When combined, the latter two results suggest that the diatom partners influence the growth and metabolism of their cyanobacterial symbionts. We estimated that Richelia fix 81-744% more N than needed for their own growth and up to 97.3% of the fixed N is transferred to the diatom partners. This study provides new information on the mechanisms controlling N input into the open ocean by symbiotic microorganisms, which are widespread and important for oceanic primary production. Further, this is the first demonstration of N transfer from an N(2) fixer to a unicellular partner. These symbioses are important models for molecular regulation and nutrient exchange in symbiotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Foster
- Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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Kilburn MR, Jones DL, Clode PL, Cliff JB, Stockdale EA, Herrmann AM, Murphy DV. Application of nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry to plant cell research. Plant Signal Behav 2010; 5:760-2. [PMID: 20418660 PMCID: PMC3001583 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.6.11775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging resource flow in soil-plant systems remains central to understanding plant development and interactions with the environment. Typically, subcellular resolution is required to fully elucidate the compartmentation, behavior, and mode of action of organic compounds and mineral elements within plants. For many situations this has been limited by the poor spatial resolution of imaging techniques and the inability to undertake studies in situ. Here we demonstrate the potential of Nanoscale Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (NanoSIMS), which is capable of the quantitative high-resolution spatial imaging of stable isotopes (e.g. (12) C, (13) C, (14) N, (15) N, (16) O, (18) O, (31) P, (34) S) within intact plant-microbial-soil systems. We present examples showing how the approach can be used to investigate competition for (15) N-labeled nitrogen compounds between plant roots and soil microorganisms living in the rhizosphere and the spatial imaging of (31) P in roots. We conclude that NanoSIMS has great potential to elucidate the flow of isotopically-labeled compounds in complex media (e.g. soil) and opens up countless new opportunities for studying plant responses to abiotic stress (e.g. (18) O3, elevated (13) CO2), signal exchange, nutrient flow and plant-microbial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt R Kilburn
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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