1
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Cheng C, Shi JX, Kang EH, Nelson TF, Sander M, McNeill K, Hartwig JF. Polymers from Plant Oils Linked by Siloxane Bonds for Programmed Depolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12645-12655. [PMID: 38651821 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The increased production of plastics is leading to the accumulation of plastic waste and depletion of limited fossil fuel resources. In this context, we report a strategy to create polymers that can undergo controlled depolymerization by linking renewable feedstocks with siloxane bonds. α,ω-Diesters and α,ω-diols containing siloxane bonds were synthesized from an alkenoic ester derived from castor oil and then polymerized with varied monomers, including related biobased monomers. In addition, cyclic monomers derived from this alkenoic ester and hydrosiloxanes were prepared and cyclized to form a 26-membered macrolactone containing a siloxane unit. Sequential ring-opening polymerization of this macrolactone and lactide afforded an ABA triblock copolymer. This set of polymers containing siloxanes underwent programmed depolymerization into monomers in protic solvents or with hexamethyldisiloxane and an acid catalyst. Monomers afforded by the depolymerization of polyesters containing siloxane linkages were repolymerized to demonstrate circularity in select polymers. Evaluation of the environmental stability of these polymers toward enzymatic degradation showed that they undergo enzymatic hydrolysis by a fungal cutinase from Fusarium solani. Evaluation of soil microbial metabolism of monomers selectively labeled with 13C revealed differential metabolism of the main chain and side chain organic groups by soil microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jake X Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eun-Hye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Taylor F Nelson
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute for Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John F Hartwig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Division of Chemical Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Dong G, Xu S, Shi S. De Novo Biosynthesis of Free Vaccenic Acid with a Low Content of Oleic Acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16204-16211. [PMID: 37856078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Omega-7 (ω-7) fatty acids have potential application in the fields of nutraceutical, agricultural, and food industry. The natural ω-7 fatty acids are currently from plants or vegetable oils, which are unsustainable and limited by the availability of plant sources. Here, we developed an innovative biosynthetic route to produce vaccenic acid (C18:1 ω-7) while minimizing oleic acid (C18:1 ω-9) content in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have engineered S. cerevisiaeto produce C18:1 ω-7 by expressing a fatty acid elongase from Rattus norvegicus. To reduce the content of C18:1 ω-9, the endogenous desaturase Ole1 was replaced by the desaturase, which has specific activity on palmitoyl-coenzyme A (C16:0-CoA). Finally, the production of free C18:1 ω-7 was improved by optimizing the source of cytochrome b5 and overexpressing endoplasmic reticulum chaperones. After combining these strategies, the yield of C18:1 ω-7 was increased from 0 to 9.3 mg/g DCW and C18:1 ω-9 was decreased from 25.2 mg/g DCW to 1.6 mg/g DCW. This work shows a de novo synthetic pathway to produce the highest amount of free C18:1 ω-7 with a low content of C18:1 ω-9 in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genlai Dong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shuobo Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, North Third Ring Road 15, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Yasir M, Singh M, Kilbinger AFM. A Single Functionalization Agent for Heterotelechelic ROMP Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:813-817. [PMID: 35674524 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterotelechelic polymers are an important class of materials finding applications in bioconjugation, imaging, sensing, and synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid systems with interesting features. However, the synthesis of such polymers is challenging. Here, we report a mechanistically unique and most efficient method based on a single functionalization agent to prepare heterotelechelic polymers by a ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Different functionalization agents can be synthesized in one simple step from inexpensive commercial starting materials. The functionalization agents initially generate a functional initiator from commercial Grubbs' first-generation ruthenium benzylidene catalyst. During this process, a functional dihydrofuran derivative is produced. After functional initiation and propagation of a suitable monomer, the dihydrofuran derivative functionally terminates the polymerization yielding a primary alcohol-terminated heterotelechelic polymer. Molecular weight control is achieved by varying the ratio between monomer and Grubbs' first-generation catalyst. This method may emerge as a popular choice to prepare heterotelechelic polymers due to its simplicity and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Zhou W, Ji X, Zheng L, Yang G, Liu T. Producing high value unsaturated fatty acid by whole-cell catalysis using microalga: A case study with Tribonema minus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2482-2493. [PMID: 35680651 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
High value unsaturated fatty acids can be produced by de novo synthesis in microalgal cells, especially via heterotrophic cultivation. Unfortunately, the lipid accumulation of heterotrophic microalgae cannot be improved efficiently in conventional ways. Here we reported heterotrophic Tribonema minus, a promising resource for the production of palmitoleic acid which has increasing demands in health service for patients with metabolic syndrome, as whole-cell biocatalyst to develop a novel way of shifting low value exogenous saturated fatty acids to high value ones. Results showed that myristic acid is the best precursor for whole-cell catalysis; it elevated the lipid content of T. minus to 42.2%, the highest among the tried precursors. The influences of cultivation condition on the utilization of extrinsic myristic acid and lipid accumulation were also determined. Under the optimized condition, the lipid content reached as high as 48.9%. In addition, our findings showed that ~13.0% of C16:1 in T. minus is derived from extrinsic myristic acid, and 30.1% of metabolized precursor is converted into heterologous fatty acids. Thus, a feasible approach for both increasing the value of low value saturated fatty acid by bioconversion and enhancing the lipid accumulation in microalgae is proposed by supplementing extrinsic myristic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhou
- Microalgae Biotechnology Group, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Bioenergy Division, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaotong Ji
- Microalgae Biotechnology Group, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Bioenergy Division, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Guanpin Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianzhong Liu
- Microalgae Biotechnology Group, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Province, Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Bioenergy Division, Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
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5
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Mandal A, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. One-Pot Heterotelechelic Metathesis Polymers via Regioselective Chain Transfer Agents. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1487-1492. [PMID: 35549150 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single chain transfer agents are used to synthesize narrowly distributed heterotelechelic ROMP polymers in one pot, exploiting a new mechanistic and synthetic approach. The chain transfer agents carrying different functional groups are synthesized in a few straightforward steps. Prefunctionalization of commercially available Grubbs' third-generation catalyst is realized in situ using regioselective chain transfer agents within a short reaction period. After monomer consumption, the excess chain transfer agent in the reaction medium automatically end-functionalizes the polymer chain, yielding a heterotelechelic polymer via a ring-opening-ring-closing sequence. 1H NMR, MALDI-ToF, and SEC analyses confirmed end-group functionalization as well as excellent control over molecular weight and dispersity. This strategy highlights a new way of synthesizing one-pot heterotelechelic ROMP polymers straightforwardly and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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6
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Plant monounsaturated fatty acids: Diversity, biosynthesis, functions and uses. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101138. [PMID: 34774919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids are straight-chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising a unique carbon‑carbon double bond, also termed unsaturation. More than 50 distinct molecular structures have been described in the plant kingdom, and more remain to be discovered. The evolution of land plants has apparently resulted in the convergent evolution of non-homologous enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of saturated acyl chain substrates in a chemo-, regio- and stereoselective manner. Contrasted enzymatic characteristics and different subcellular localizations of these desaturases account for the diversity of existing fatty acid structures. Interestingly, the location and geometrical configuration of the unsaturation confer specific characteristics to these molecules found in a variety of membrane, storage, and surface lipids. An ongoing research effort aimed at exploring the links existing between fatty acid structures and their biological functions has already unraveled the importance of several monounsaturated fatty acids in various physiological and developmental contexts. What is more, the monounsaturated acyl chains found in the oils of seeds and fruits are widely and increasingly used in the food and chemical industries due to the physicochemical properties inherent in their structures. Breeders and plant biotechnologists therefore develop new crops with high monounsaturated contents for various agro-industrial purposes.
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7
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Nahra F, Cazin CSJ. Sustainability in Ru- and Pd-based catalytic systems using N-heterocyclic carbenes as ligands. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3094-3142. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review is a critical presentation of catalysts based on palladium and ruthenium bearing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands that have enabled a more sustainable approach to catalysis and to catalyst uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fady Nahra
- Centre for Sustainable Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Centre for Sustainable Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- Ghent University
- 9000 Gent
- Belgium
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8
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Bilel H, Hamdi N, Fischmeister C, Bruneau C. Transformations of bio‐sourced 4‐hydroxyphenylpropanoids based on olefin metathesis. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hallouma Bilel
- Chemistry Department College of Science Jouf University P.O. Box 2014 Sakaka Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (LR16ES09) Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology University of Carthage Hammam-Lif Tunisia
| | - Naceur Hamdi
- Research Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies (LR16ES09) Higher Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology University of Carthage Hammam-Lif Tunisia
- Colleges of Science and Arts at Al Rass Qassim University Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Cédric Fischmeister
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Christian Bruneau
- Univ Rennes CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) – UMR6226 35000 Rennes France
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9
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Nieres PD, Trasarti AF, Apesteguía CR. Valorisation of plant oil derivatives via metathesis reactions: Study of the cross-metathesis of methyl oleate with cinnamaldehyde. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Liang Y, Zeng FR, Li ZL. Precision Aliphatic Polyesters via Cross-Metathesis Polymerization. Curr Org Synth 2020; 16:188-204. [PMID: 31975672 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666181206095131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross-metathesis (CM), a carbon-carbon bond transformation that features exceptional selectivity, reactivity and tolerance to functionalities, has been extensively investigated in organic chemistry. On the other hand, the use of CM in polymer synthesis is also growing in both scope and breadth, thus offering a wealth of opportunities for introducing a vast range of functionalities into polymer backbone so as to manipulate properties and expand applications. In this review, we propose the concept of "cross-metathesis polymerization" (CMP) referring to polymer synthesis via repetitive CM reaction and summarize emerging strategies for the precision synthesis of aliphatic polyesters via CMP based on the high CM tendency between acrylates and α- olefins. Due to the carbon-carbon bond-forming step-growth polymerization nature, CMP brings a new concept to polyester synthesis. This remarkable polymerization method possesses unique advantages such as mild condition, full conversion, fast kinetics, almost quantitative yield and extraordinary tolerance to functionalities. In particular, CMP provides the ability to regulate macromolecular architectures including linear, block, cyclic, star, graft, dendron, hyperbranched and dendrimer topologies. Ultimately, advanced polymeric materials with outstanding performances can be facially constructed based on these sophisticated macromolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fu-Rong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zi-Long Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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11
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Kajetanowicz A, Chwalba M, Gawin A, Tracz A, Grela K. Non‐Glovebox Ethenolysis of Ethyl Oleate and FAME at Larger Scale Utilizing a Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene Ruthenium Catalyst. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Anna Gawin
- Apeiron Synthesis SA Duńska 9 54‐427 Wrocław Poland
| | | | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02‐089 Warsaw Poland
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12
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Zhou W, Wang H, Zheng L, Cheng W, Gao L, Liu T. Comparison of Lipid and Palmitoleic Acid Induction of Tribonema minus under Heterotrophic and Phototrophic Regimes by Using High-Density Fermented Seeds. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184356. [PMID: 31491935 PMCID: PMC6770399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoleic acid, one scarce omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid, has important applications in the fields of medicine and health products. Tribonema has been considered as a promising candidate for the production of palmitoleic acid due to its high lipid and palmitoleic acid content and remarkable heterotrophic ability. The high-density heterotrophic cultivation of Tribonema minus was conducted in this work, and the highest biomass of 42.9 g L−1 and a relatively low lipid content of 28.7% were observed. To further enhance the lipid and palmitoleic acid accumulation, induction strategies under two regimes of phototrophy and heterotrophy with different conditions were investigated and compared. Results demonstrated encouraging promotions both by heterotrophic and phototrophic ways, and the final lipid contents reached 41.9% and 49.0%, respectively. In consideration of the time cost, however, the induction under heterotrophic conditions was much more advantageous, by which the highest lipid and palmitoleic acid productivities of 1.77 g L−1 d−1 and 924 mg L−1 d−1 were obtained respectively, with the lipid yield on glucose of 0.26 g g−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Key laboratory for Marine bioactive substances and modern analytical Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wentao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Tianzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China.
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13
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Yelchuri V, Srikanth K, Prasad RBN, Karuna MSL. Olefin metathesis of fatty acids and vegetable oils. J CHEM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-019-1615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Wyrębek P, Małecki P, Sytniczuk A, Kośnik W, Gawin A, Kostrzewa J, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Looking for the Noncyclic(amino)(alkyl)carbene Ruthenium Catalyst for Ethenolysis of Ethyl Oleate: Selectivity Is on Target. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18481-18488. [PMID: 31458420 PMCID: PMC6643780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A wide set of 65 diverse Ru metathesis catalysts was investigated in the ethenolysis reaction of biosourced ethyl oleate to allow the comparison between the catalyst structure and its activity and selectivity. Handling of the oleic substrate, weighing of the catalysts, and charging the reactor were done in air, with exclusion of a glovebox or Schlenk techniques. A catalyst bearing the unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic ligand featuring a thiophene fragment (Ru-63) was selected to offer the best combination between high selectivity and sufficient activity under conditions mimicking oil industry practice. A proof-of-concept large-scale ethenolysis experiment was also done with the selected catalyst to prove its high selectivity at the 1 L scale reaction with a 90% pure non-distilled substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Wyrębek
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrian Sytniczuk
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Kośnik
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Gawin
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury Street 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Dannecker P, Biermann U, Sink A, Bloesser FR, Metzger JO, Meier MAR. Fatty Acid–Derived Aliphatic Long Chain Polyethers by a Combination of Catalytic Ester Reduction and ADMET or Thiol‐Ene Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ursula Biermann
- University of Oldenburg Carl‐von‐Ossietzky‐Straße 9–11, 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Alexandra Sink
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Fabian R. Bloesser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jürgen O. Metzger
- University of Oldenburg Carl‐von‐Ossietzky‐Straße 9–11, 26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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16
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Li J, Miao P, Wei Q, Lin S, Rempel GL, Pan Q. Synthesis of triblock copolymers via metathetic degradation of poly-butadiene combined with ring-opening polymerization of D,l-lactide. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Pillai PKS, Li S, Bouzidi L, Narine SS. Polyurethane foams from chlorinated and non-chlorinated metathesis modified canola oil polyols. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth K. S. Pillai
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Chemistry; Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive; Peterborough Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Shaojun Li
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Chemistry; Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive; Peterborough Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Chemistry; Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive; Peterborough Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
| | - Suresh S. Narine
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Departments of Physics and Astronomy and Chemistry; Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive; Peterborough Ontario K9J 7B8 Canada
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18
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Pal S, Lucarini F, Ruggi A, Kilbinger AFM. Functional Metathesis Catalyst Through Ring Closing Enyne Metathesis: One Pot Protocol for Living Heterotelechelic Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3181-3185. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Fiorella Lucarini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Overexpression of MYB115, AAD2, or AAD3 in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds yields contrasting omega-7 contents. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192156. [PMID: 29381741 PMCID: PMC5790276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-7 monoenoic fatty acids (ω-7 FAs) are increasingly exploited both for their positive effects on health and for their industrial potential. Some plant species produce fruits or seeds with high amounts of ω-7 FAs. However, the low yields and poor agronomic properties of these plants preclude their commercial use. As an alternative, the metabolic engineering of oilseed crops for sustainable ω-7 FA production has been proposed. Two palmitoyl-ACP desaturases (PADs) catalyzing ω-7 FA biosynthesis were recently identified and characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana, together with MYB115 and MYB118, two transcription factors that positively control the expression of the corresponding PAD genes. In the present research, we examine the biotechnological potential of these new actors of ω-7 metabolism for the metabolic engineering of plant-based production of ω-7 FAs. We placed the PAD and MYB115 coding sequences under the control of a promoter strongly induced in seeds and evaluated these different constructs in A. thaliana. Seeds were obtained that exhibit ω-7 FA contents ranging from 10 to >50% of the total FAs, and these major compositional changes have no detrimental effect on seed germination.
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20
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Bruneau C, Fischmeister C. Alkene Metathesis for Transformations of Renewables. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2018_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Ternel J, Léger B, Monflier E, Hapiot F. Amines as effective ligands in iridium-catalyzed decarbonylative dehydration of biosourced substrates. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00621k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Linear α-olefins (LAOs) and linear internal olefins (LIOs) are essential intermediates in the synthesis of surfactants, lubricants, and polymers.
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22
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23
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Wu X, Yang F, Liu Z, Li W, Gong D, Mu J. Periodically Grafted Linear-Hyperbranched Copolymers Based on Polyethylene and Polyglycidol: Importance of the Architecture on Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanhong Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 P. R. China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 P. R. China
| | - Zhongsu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 P. R. China
| | - Dirong Gong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 P. R. China
| | - Jingshan Mu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 P. R. China
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Allard J, Curbet I, Chollet G, Tripoteau F, Sambou S, Caijo F, Raoul Y, Crévisy C, Baslé O, Mauduit M. Bleaching Earths as Powerful Additives for Ru-Catalyzed Self-Metathesis of Non-Refined Methyl Oleate at Pilot Scale. Chemistry 2017; 23:12729-12734. [PMID: 28672083 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A practical and cost-effective ruthenium-catalyzed self-metathesis of non-refined methyl oleate (85 %) derived from very high oleic sunflower oils was demonstrated at pilot scale using a robust and kg-scale commercially available SIPr-M71 pre-catalyst. The simple addition of 1 wt % bleaching earths (Tonsil 110FF) to a thermally pretreated oil could efficiently prevent catalyst deactivation. Remarkably, without the need for filtration, the catalytic system was able to achieve a turnover number (TON) of more than 744 000 at a catalyst loading of only 1 ppm. At large scale (up to 200 kg), the equilibrium of the self-metathesis reaction was reached within 1 hour at 50 °C under neat conditions at a very low 5 ppm catalyst loading to produce the expected primary metathesis products (PMP), that is, 9-octadecene and dimethyl-9-octadecenoate, with a productive TON of 94900.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Allard
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France.,OLEON SAS, Venette BP 20609, 60206, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Idriss Curbet
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | | | | | - Sophie Sambou
- OLEON SAS, Venette BP 20609, 60206, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Caijo
- DEMETA SAS, 6 rue Pierre-Joseph Colin, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Raoul
- OLEON SAS, Venette BP 20609, 60206, Compiègne Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Crévisy
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, UMR CNRS 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708, Rennes Cedex 7, France
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25
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Keraani A, Rabiller-Baudry M, Fischmeister C, Delaunay D, Baudry A, Bruneau C, Renouard T. First elaboration of an olefin metathesis catalytic membrane by grafting a Hoveyda–Grubbs precatalyst on zirconia membranes. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Zhou W, Wang H, Chen L, Cheng W, Liu T. Heterotrophy of filamentous oleaginous microalgae Tribonema minus for potential production of lipid and palmitoleic acid. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 239:250-257. [PMID: 28531849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Heterotrophic fermentation and high valuable co-product producing are thought to be effective ways to improve the economic viability and feasibility of commercial production of microalgae biofuels. This work reported the heterotrophic cultivation of Tribonema minus for lipid and palmitoleic acid (a novel functional fatty acid) production. Firstly, the heterotrophic ability of T. minus was identified for the first time with significant promotion in biomass and lipid productivity, and glucose and urea were then selected as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources. Moreover, nutrient concentrations and culture conditions were optimized. Highest biomass and lipid productivity of 30.8gL-1 and 730mgL-1d-1 were obtained respectively by adding 80gL-1 glucose at once. In addition, 2gL-1 urea, 0.8gL-1 K2HPO4, 24mgL-1 ammonium ferric citrate, initial pH of 6, and temperature of 27°C were determined as the appropriate conditions for heterotrophic growth and lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wentao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tianzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Key Laboratory of Shandong Energy Biological Genetic Resources, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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27
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Zhao C, Fang H, Chen S. Single cell oil production by Trichosporon cutaneum from steam-exploded corn stover and its upgradation for production of long-chain α,ω-dicarboxylic acids. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:202. [PMID: 28852423 PMCID: PMC5568358 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0889-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single cell oil (SCO) production from lignocelluloses by oleaginous microorganisms is still high in production cost, making the subsequent production of biofuels inviable economically in such an era of low oil prices. Therefore, how to upgrade the final products of lignocellulose-based bioprocess to more valuable ones is becoming a more and more important issue. RESULTS Differently sourced cellulases were compared in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the steam-exploded corn stover (SECS) and the cellulase from the mixed culture of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger was found to have the highest enzymatic hydrolysis yield 86.67 ± 4.06%. Three-stage enzymatic hydrolysis could greatly improve the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis of SECS, achieving a yield of 74.24 ± 2.69% within 30 h. Different bioprocesses from SECS to SCO were compared and the bioprocess C with the three-stage enzymatic hydrolysis was the most efficient, producing 57.15 g dry cell biomass containing 31.80 g SCO from 327.63 g SECS. An efficient and comprehensive process from corn stover to long-chain α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) was established by employing self-metathesis, capable of producing 6.02 g long-chain DCAs from 409.54 g corn stover and 6.02 g alkenes as byproducts. CONCLUSIONS On-site cellulase production by the mixed culture of T. reesei and A. niger is proven the most efficient in providing cellulase to the lignocellulose-based bioprocess. Three-stage enzymatic hydrolysis was found to have very good application value in SCO production by Trichosporon cutaneum from SECS. A whole process from corn stover to long-chain DCAs via a combination of biological and chemical approaches was successfully established and it is an enlightening example of the comprehensive utilization of agricultural wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Hao Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122 Jiangsu China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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28
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29
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Uysal N, Acik G, Tasdelen MA. Soybean oil based thermoset networks via photoinduced CuAAC click chemistry. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naci Uysal
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova Turkey
| | - Gokhan Acik
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Letters; Piri Reis University; Tuzla Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova Turkey
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30
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Kajetanowicz A, Milewski M, Rogińska J, Gajda R, Woźniak K. Hoveyda-Type Quinone-Containing Complexes - Catalysts to Prevent Migration of the Double Bond under Metathesis Conditions. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kajetanowicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Mariusz Milewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Joanna Rogińska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Roman Gajda
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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31
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Sinclair F, Alkattan M, Prunet J, Shaver MP. Olefin cross metathesis and ring-closing metathesis in polymer chemistry. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00340d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of olefin cross metathesis in preparing functional polymers, through either pre-functionalisation of monomers or post-polymerisation functionalisation is growing in both scope and breadth, as discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fern Sinclair
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry
- Joseph Black Building
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3FJ
- UK
| | - Mohammed Alkattan
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry
- Joseph Black Building
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3FJ
- UK
| | - Joëlle Prunet
- WestCHEM
- School of Chemistry
- University of Glasgow
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Michael P. Shaver
- EastCHEM School of Chemistry
- Joseph Black Building
- University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3FJ
- UK
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32
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Liu Q, Wu M, Zhang B, Shrestha P, Petrie J, Green AG, Singh SP. Genetic enhancement of palmitic acid accumulation in cotton seed oil through RNAi down-regulation of ghKAS2 encoding β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:132-143. [PMID: 27381745 PMCID: PMC5253470 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Palmitic acid (C16:0) already makes up approximately 25% of the total fatty acids in the conventional cotton seed oil. However, further enhancements in palmitic acid content at the expense of the predominant unsaturated fatty acids would provide increased oxidative stability of cotton seed oil and also impart the high melting point required for making margarine, shortening and confectionary products free of trans fatty acids. Seed-specific RNAi-mediated down-regulation of β-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II (KASII) catalysing the elongation of palmitoyl-ACP to stearoyl-ACP has succeeded in dramatically increasing the C16 fatty acid content of cotton seed oil to well beyond its natural limits, reaching up to 65% of total fatty acids. The elevated C16 levels were comprised of predominantly palmitic acid (C16:0, 51%) and to a lesser extent palmitoleic acid (C16:1, 11%) and hexadecadienoic acid (C16:2, 3%), and were stably inherited. Despite of the dramatic alteration of fatty acid composition and a slight yet significant reduction in oil content in these high-palmitic (HP) lines, seed germination remained unaffected. Regiochemical analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) showed that the increased levels of palmitic acid mainly occurred at the outer positions, while C16:1 and C16:2 were predominantly found in the sn-2 position in both TAG and phosphatidylcholine. Crossing the HP line with previously created high-oleic (HO) and high-stearic (HS) genotypes demonstrated that HP and HO traits could be achieved simultaneously; however, elevation of stearic acid was hindered in the presence of high level of palmitic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture & FoodCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Man Wu
- CSIRO Agriculture & FoodCanberraACTAustralia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyCotton Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Baolong Zhang
- CSIRO Agriculture & FoodCanberraACTAustralia
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of AgrobiologyJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjingChina
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33
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Sytniczuk A, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Fishing for the right catalyst for the cross-metathesis reaction of methyl oleate with 2-methyl-2-butene. Catal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cy02623k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the reactivity of different ruthenium-based complexes in the cross-metathesis reaction of methyl oleate was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sytniczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - A. Kajetanowicz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 01-224 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - K. Grela
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
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34
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Pillai PKS, Li S, Bouzidi L, Narine SS. Synthesis of Chlorinated and Non-chlorinated Polyols from Model Cross-Metathesis Modified Triacylglycerols. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Nagarkar AA, Yasir M, Crochet A, Fromm KM, Kilbinger AFM. Tandem Ring-Opening-Ring-Closing Metathesis for Functional Metathesis Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit A. Nagarkar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Katharina M. Fromm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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36
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Nagarkar AA, Yasir M, Crochet A, Fromm KM, Kilbinger AFM. Tandem Ring-Opening-Ring-Closing Metathesis for Functional Metathesis Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12343-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit A. Nagarkar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Katharina M. Fromm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Fribourg; Chemin du Musee 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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37
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Haslam RP, Sayanova O, Kim HJ, Cahoon EB, Napier JA. Synthetic redesign of plant lipid metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:76-86. [PMID: 27483205 PMCID: PMC4982047 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant seed lipid metabolism is an area of intensive research, including many examples of transgenic events in which oil composition has been modified. In the selected examples described in this review, progress towards the predictive manipulation of metabolism and the reconstitution of desired traits in a non-native host is considered. The advantages of a particular oilseed crop, Camelina sativa, as a flexible and utilitarian chassis for advanced metabolic engineering and applied synthetic biology are considered, as are the issues that still represent gaps in our ability to predictably alter plant lipid biosynthesis. Opportunities to deliver useful bio-based products via transgenic plants are described, some of which represent the most complex genetic engineering in plants to date. Future prospects are considered, with a focus on the desire to transition to more (computationally) directed manipulations of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Haslam
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Centre for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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38
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Growth and palmitoleic acid accumulation of filamentous oleaginous microalgae Tribonema minus at varying temperatures and light regimes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 39:1589-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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39
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Smit W, Koudriavtsev V, Occhipinti G, Törnroos KW, Jensen VR. Phosphine-Based Z-Selective Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wietse Smit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten
41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vitali Koudriavtsev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten
41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Giovanni Occhipinti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten
41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Karl W. Törnroos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten
41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Vidar R. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Allégaten
41, N-5007 Bergen, Norway
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Stempfle F, Ortmann P, Mecking S. Long-Chain Aliphatic Polymers To Bridge the Gap between Semicrystalline Polyolefins and Traditional Polycondensates. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4597-641. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Stempfle
- Chair of
Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Patrick Ortmann
- Chair of
Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of
Chemical Materials
Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse
10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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41
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Pillai PKS, Li S, Bouzidi L, Narine SS. Solvent-free synthesis of polyols from 1-butene metathesized palm oil for use in polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth K. S. Pillai
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
| | - Shaojun Li
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
| | - Laziz Bouzidi
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
| | - Suresh S. Narine
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Physics and Astronomy; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
- Trent Centre for Biomaterials Research, Department of Chemistry; Trent University; 1600 West Bank Drive Peterborough Ontario Canada K9J 7B8
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42
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Gholampour N, Yusubov M, Verpoort F. Investigation of the preparation and catalytic activity of supported Mo, W, and Re oxides as heterogeneous catalysts in olefin metathesis. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2015.1100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Seidensticker T, Vorholt AJ, Behr A. The mission of addition and fission – catalytic functionalization of oleochemicals. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201500190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seidensticker
- Lehrstuhl Technische Chemie, Fakultät Bio‐ und ChemieingenieurwesenTechnische Universität DortmundDortmundDeutschland
| | - Andreas J. Vorholt
- Lehrstuhl Technische Chemie, Fakultät Bio‐ und ChemieingenieurwesenTechnische Universität DortmundDortmundDeutschland
| | - Arno Behr
- Lehrstuhl Technische Chemie, Fakultät Bio‐ und ChemieingenieurwesenTechnische Universität DortmundDortmundDeutschland
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44
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Yang J, Yue J, Zha B, Zhao Y. Synthesis and characterization of novel trialdehyde, tribenzylamine, and triamine from triolein. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Bor Luh Food Safety CenterShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Jin Yue
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Bor Luh Food Safety CenterShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Baoping Zha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Bor Luh Food Safety CenterShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
| | - Yanyun Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and BiologyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Bor Luh Food Safety CenterShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiP. R. China
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyOregon State UniversityCorvallisORUSA
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45
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Hara M, Nakajima K, Kamata K. Recent progress in the development of solid catalysts for biomass conversion into high value-added chemicals. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2015; 16:034903. [PMID: 27877800 PMCID: PMC5099837 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/16/3/034903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the substitution of non-renewable fossil resources by renewable biomass as a sustainable feedstock has been extensively investigated for the manufacture of high value-added products such as biofuels, commodity chemicals, and new bio-based materials such as bioplastics. Numerous solid catalyst systems for the effective conversion of biomass feedstocks into value-added chemicals and fuels have been developed. Solid catalysts are classified into four main groups with respect to their structures and substrate activation properties: (a) micro- and mesoporous materials, (b) metal oxides, (c) supported metal catalysts, and (d) sulfonated polymers. This review article focuses on the activation of substrates and/or reagents on the basis of groups (a)-(d), and the corresponding reaction mechanisms. In addition, recent progress in chemocatalytic processes for the production of five industrially important products (5-hydroxymethylfurfural, lactic acid, glyceraldehyde, 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, and furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid) as bio-based plastic monomers and their intermediates is comprehensively summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michikazu Hara
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Frontier Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Advanced Low Carbon Technology Research and Development Program (ALCA), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakajima
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- JST, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Keigo Kamata
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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46
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Ternel J, Lebarbé T, Monflier E, Hapiot F. Catalytic decarbonylation of biosourced substrates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1585-1592. [PMID: 25855489 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201500214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Linear α-olefins (LAO) are one of the main targets in the field of surfactants, lubricants, and polymers. With the depletion of petroleum resources, the production of LAO from renewable feedstocks has gained increasing interest in recent years. In the present study, we demonstrated that Ir catalysts were suitable to decarbonylate a wide range of biosourced substrates under rather mild conditions (160 °C, 5 h reaction time) in the presence of potassium iodide and acetic anhydride. The resulting LAO were obtained with good conversion and selectivity provided that the purity of the substrate, the nature of the ligand, and the amounts of the additives were controlled accurately. The catalytic system could be recovered efficiently by using a Kugelrohr distillation apparatus and recycled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Ternel
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide-UCCS Artois, University of Artois, Faculté Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex (France)
| | - Thomas Lebarbé
- ITERG, 11 rue Monge, Parc Industriel Bersol 2, 33600 Pessac (France)
| | - Eric Monflier
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide-UCCS Artois, University of Artois, Faculté Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex (France)
| | - Frédéric Hapiot
- Unité de Catalyse et de Chimie du Solide-UCCS Artois, University of Artois, Faculté Jean Perrin, SP18, 62307 Lens Cedex (France).
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47
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Nguyen HT, Park H, Koster KL, Cahoon RE, Nguyen HTM, Shanklin J, Clemente TE, Cahoon EB. Redirection of metabolic flux for high levels of omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid accumulation in camelina seeds. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:38-50. [PMID: 25065607 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seed oils enriched in omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids, including palmitoleic acid (16:1∆9) and cis-vaccenic acid (18:1∆11), have nutraceutical and industrial value for polyethylene production and biofuels. Existing oilseed crops accumulate only small amounts (<2%) of these novel fatty acids in their seed oils. We demonstrate a strategy for enhanced production of omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids in camelina (Camelina sativa) and soybean (Glycine max) that is dependent on redirection of metabolic flux from the typical ∆9 desaturation of stearoyl (18:0)-acyl carrier protein (ACP) to ∆9 desaturation of palmitoyl (16:0)-acyl carrier protein (ACP) and coenzyme A (CoA). This was achieved by seed-specific co-expression of a mutant ∆9-acyl-ACP and an acyl-CoA desaturase with high specificity for 16:0-ACP and CoA substrates, respectively. This strategy was most effective in camelina where seed oils with ~17% omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acids were obtained. Further increases in omega-7 fatty acid accumulation to 60-65% of the total fatty acids in camelina seeds were achieved by inclusion of seed-specific suppression of 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthase II and the FatB 16:0-ACP thioesterase genes to increase substrate pool sizes of 16:0-ACP for the ∆9-acyl-ACP desaturase and by blocking C18 fatty acid elongation. Seeds from these lines also had total saturated fatty acids reduced to ~5% of the seed oil versus ~12% in seeds of nontransformed plants. Consistent with accumulation of triacylglycerol species with shorter fatty acid chain lengths and increased monounsaturation, seed oils from engineered lines had marked shifts in thermotropic properties that may be of value for biofuel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Tam Nguyen
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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48
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Cardoso PB, Musyanovych A, Landfester K, Sayer C, Araújo PHH, Meier MAR. ADMET reactions in miniemulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla B. Cardoso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringCTCFederal University of Santa CatarinaCP 47688040‐900Florianópolis SC Brazil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128Mainz Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic ChemistryFritz‐Haber‐Weg 676131Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anna Musyanovych
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128Mainz Germany
| | | | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringCTCFederal University of Santa CatarinaCP 47688040‐900Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Pedro H. H. Araújo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food EngineeringCTCFederal University of Santa CatarinaCP 47688040‐900Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Organic ChemistryFritz‐Haber‐Weg 676131Karlsruhe Germany
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49
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Das R, Kumar R, Banerjee SL, Kundu PP. Engineered elastomeric bio-nanocomposites from linseed oil/organoclay tailored for vibration damping. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study deals with the preparation and characterization of elastomeric nanocomposites from renewable resources for vibration damping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Das
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Precision Metrology Laboratory
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology
- Sangrur, India
| | - Sovan Lal Banerjee
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata, India
| | - P. P. Kundu
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology
- University of Calcutta
- Kolkata, India
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50
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Meng X, Matson JB, Edgar KJ. Olefin Cross-Metathesis as a Source of Polysaccharide Derivatives: Cellulose ω-Carboxyalkanoates. Biomacromolecules 2013; 15:177-87. [DOI: 10.1021/bm401447v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangtao Meng
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, ‡Department of Sustainable
Biomaterials, and §Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B. Matson
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, ‡Department of Sustainable
Biomaterials, and §Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Kevin J. Edgar
- Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, ‡Department of Sustainable
Biomaterials, and §Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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