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Faubel N, Makran M, Barberá R, Garcia-Llatas G, Giardina IC, Tesoriere L, Attanzio A, Cilla A. Anti-inflammatory activity of plant sterols in a co-culture model of intestinal inflammation: focus on food-matrix effect. Food Funct 2024; 15:6502-6511. [PMID: 38804902 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo00917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the gut anti-inflammatory activity of a plant sterol (PS) food supplement (PS-FS), alongside PS-enriched milk-based fruit beverage and PS-enriched rye bread. A co-culture model based on a dual-chamber system with differentiated intestinal-like Caco-2 cells (apical) and RAW264.7 macrophages (basolateral) was used. The bioaccessible fractions (BF) of the samples were obtained after INFOGEST 2.0 simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The BF were added to the apical part (diluted 1/20 v/v with culture medium to avoid cytotoxicity) for 90 min, followed by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (1 μg mL-1, 24 h) on the basolateral side. The pharmacological interaction between samples and budesonide (1 μM, 90 min) was evaluated. Results indicate that PS-FS significantly attenuated LPS-induced secretion of IL-8 (28%) by Caco-2 cells, and TNF-α (9%) and IL-6 (54%) by RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas PS-enriched beverage and bread did not exhibit protective effects. Additionally, PS-FS demonstrated an improvement in oxidative status in Caco-2 cells, evidenced by reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (47%), iNOS protein expression (27%), and nitrite/nitrate secretion (27%). Mechanistically, PS-FS inhibited the NF-κB-COX-2-PGE2 signaling pathway in macrophages, resulting in decreased NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation (39%), COX-2 protein expression (32%), and PGE2 production (27%). Co-treatment with budesonide and PS-FS displayed an antagonistic effect (combination index 0.38-0.63). This study demonstrates the potent intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of a PS-FS, positioning it as a promising nutraceutical product for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the food matrix of the milk-based fruit beverage and rye bread appear to interfere with the anti-inflammatory activity of PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Faubel
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia. Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mussa Makran
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia. Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Reyes Barberá
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia. Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia. Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Ilenia Concetta Giardina
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 28, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Valencia. Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Shen M, Yuan L, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhang M, Li H, Jing Y, Zeng F, Xie J. Phytosterols: Physiological Functions and Potential Application. Foods 2024; 13:1754. [PMID: 38890982 PMCID: PMC11171835 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake of natural substances to regulate physiological functions is currently regarded as a potential way of promoting health. As one of the recommended dietary ingredients, phytosterols that are natural bioactive compounds distributed in plants have received increasing attention for their health effects. Phytosterols have attracted great attention from scientists because of many physiological functions, for example, cholesterol-lowering, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, the physiological functions of phytosterols, the purification, structure analysis, synthesis, and food application of phytosterols have been widely studied. Nowadays, many bioactivities of phytosterols have been assessed in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms of their pharmacological activities are not yet fully understood, and in-depth investigation of the relationship between structure and function is crucial. Therefore, a contemporaneous overview of the extraction, beneficial properties, and the mechanisms, as well as the current states of phytosterol application, in the food field of phytosterols is provided in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (M.S.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (X.W.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (Y.J.); (F.Z.)
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3
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Cheng M, Tao Y, Wang C, Li A. Chitosan-coated soybean protein isolate/lecithin nanoparticles for enhancing the stability and bioaccessibility of phytosterol. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4242-4250. [PMID: 38288644 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytosterols (PS) have various beneficial effects on human health, especially the property of reducing blood cholesterol. However, the low solubility and bioaccessibility of PS have greatly limited their application in functional food ingredients. RESULTS To improve the bioaccessibility and stability of PS, chitosan-coated PS nanoparticles (CS-PNP) were successfully prepared by self-assembly. The properties of CS-PNP, including size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading amount (LA) were characterised. The optimisation of CS concentration (0.4 mg mL-1) and pH (3.5) resulted in the formation of CS-PNP with an EE of over 90% and a particle size of 187.7 nm. Due to the special properties of CS chitosan, the interaction between CS and soybean protein isolate (SPI)/lecithin (SL) led to the formation of a soluble complex. CS-PNP exhibited good stability to temperature variations but was more sensitive to salt ions. During in vitro digestion, CS efficiently maintained the stability of nanoparticles against the hydrolysis of SPI by pepsin under acidic conditions. However, these nanoparticles tended to aggregate in a neutral intestinal environment. After 3 h of in vitro digestion, the bioaccessibility of PS increased from 18.2% of free PS to 63.5% of CS-PNP. CONCLUSION Overall, these results highlight the potential of chitosan-coated nanoparticles as effective carriers for the oral administration of PS. This multilayer construction may serve as a promising for applications in food products as delivery vehicles for nutraceuticals. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Food Science and Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ao Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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Xu L, Wang S, Tian A, Liu T, Benjakul S, Xiao G, Ying X, Zhang Y, Ma L. Characteristic Volatile Compounds, Fatty Acids and Minor Bioactive Components in Oils from Green Plum Seed by HS-GC-IMS, GC-MS and HPLC. Food Chem X 2022; 17:100530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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5
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Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Influence of different extraction methods on the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and overall quality attributes of oils from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim seed. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rasmussen PP, Stevanato N, Raspe DT, dos Santos Garcia VA, da Silva C. Babassu kernel oil: Enhanced extraction and chemical characterization. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Pinheiro Rasmussen
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca, CEP 87506‐370, Umuarama PR Brasil
| | - Natália Stevanato
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, D‐90, CEP 87020‐900, Maringá PR Brasil
| | - Djéssica Tatiane Raspe
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Ciência de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, J‐45, CEP 87020‐900, Maringá PR Brasil
| | - Vitor Augusto dos Santos Garcia
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca, CEP 87506‐370, Umuarama PR Brasil
| | - Camila da Silva
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Ângelo Moreira da Fonseca, CEP 87506‐370, Umuarama PR Brasil
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Engenharia Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Avenida Colombo, 5790, D‐90, CEP 87020‐900, Maringá PR Brasil
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Li A, Zhu A, Kong D, Wang C, Liu S, Zhou L, Cheng M. Water-Dispersible Phytosterol Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and in vitro Digestion. Front Nutr 2022; 8:793009. [PMID: 35096938 PMCID: PMC8795707 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.793009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For improving solubility and bioaccessibility of phytosterols (PS), phytosterol nanoparticles (PNPs) were prepared by emulsification–evaporation combined high-pressure homogenization method. The organic phase was formed with the dissolved PS and soybean lecithin (SL) in anhydrous ethanol, then mixed with soy protein isolate (SPI) solution, and homogenized into nanoparticles, followed by the evaporation of ethanol. The optimum fabrication conditions were determined as PS (1%, w/v): SL of 1:4, SPI content of 0.75% (w/v), and ethanol volume of 16 ml. PNPs were characterized to have average particle size 93.35 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.179, zeta potential −29.3 mV, and encapsulation efficiency (EE) 97.3%. The impact of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on the stability of fabricated PNPs was determined. After 3-h in vitro digestion, the bioaccessibility of PS in nanoparticles reached 70.8%, significantly higher than the 18.2% of raw PS. Upon freeze-drying, the particle size of PNPs increased to 199.1 nm, resulting in a bimodal distribution. The solubility of PS in water could reach up to 2.122 mg/ml, ~155 times higher than that of raw PS. Therefore, this study contributes to the development of functional PS-food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aixia Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Kong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunwei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Livestock and Poultry Feed Engineering Technology Research Center, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiping Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Lan Zhou
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
- Ming Cheng
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9
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Tomishima H, Luo K, Mitchell AE. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis): Chemical Properties, Utilization, and Valorization of Coproducts. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 13:145-166. [PMID: 34936815 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-052720-111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Almonds (Prunus dulcis) are one of the most consumed tree-nuts worldwide, with commercial production in arid environments such as California, Spain, and Australia. The high consumption of almonds is partly due to their versatile usage in products such as gluten-free flour and dairy alternatives as well as them being a source of protein in vegetarian diets. They contain high concentrations of health-promoting compounds such as Vitamin E and have demonstrated benefits for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and improving vascular health. In addition, almonds are the least allergenic tree nut and contain minute quantities of cyanogenic glycosides. Production has increased significantly in the past two decades with 3.12 billion pounds of kernel meat produced in California alone in 2020 (USDA 2021), leading to a new emphasis on the valorization of the coproducts (e.g., hulls, shells, skins, and blanch water). This article presents a review of the chemical composition of almond kernels (e.g., macro and micronutrients, phenolic compounds, cyanogenic glycosides, and allergens) and the current research exploring the valorization of almond coproducts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tomishima
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Kathleen Luo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
| | - Alyson E Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA;
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10
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Mota MFS, Waktola HD, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ. Gas chromatography ‒ mass spectrometry for characterisation, assessment of quality and authentication of seed and vegetable oils. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Rahman MA, Dash R, Sohag AAM, Alam M, Rhim H, Ha H, Moon IS, Uddin MJ, Hannan MA. Prospects of Marine Sterols against Pathobiology of Alzheimer's Disease: Pharmacological Insights and Technological Advances. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030167. [PMID: 33804766 PMCID: PMC8003995 DOI: 10.3390/md19030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disorder characterized by a progressive decline in memory and cognition, mostly affecting the elderly. Numerous functional bioactives have been reported in marine organisms, and anti-Alzheimer's agents derived from marine resources have gained attention as a promising approach to treat AD pathogenesis. Marine sterols have been investigated for several health benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, anti-aging, and anti-Alzheimer's activities, owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Marine sterols interact with various proteins and enzymes participating via diverse cellular systems such as apoptosis, the antioxidant defense system, immune response, and cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we briefly overview the potential of marine sterols against the pathology of AD and provide an insight into their pharmacological mechanisms. We also highlight technological advances that may lead to the potential application of marine sterols in the prevention and therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ataur Rahman
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (R.D.); (I.S.M.)
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun Sohag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Mahboob Alam
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 780-714, Korea;
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea;
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; (R.D.); (I.S.M.)
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.J.U.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Md. Abdul Hannan
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, East Azampur, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
- Correspondence: (M.J.U.); (M.A.H.)
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12
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Li YL, Ruan QJ, Wang JM, Yang XQ. Fabrication and structural properties of water-dispersible phytosterol using hot melt extrusion. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2021; 58:2447-2451. [PMID: 33967341 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hot-melt extrusion (HME) technology was employed to improve water dispersibility of phytosterol (P) using glycerol (G), lecithin (L), and gum arabic (A) as emulsifiers and stabilizers. The structural properties and water dispersibility of HME products were investigated. In contrast to physical mixtures, better water dispersibility and storage stability were observed for HME products, especially P:L:G:A extrudate. These improvements may be mainly associated with decreased crystallinity of phytosterol due to the occurrence of co-crystallization of phytosterol with glycerol during HME process, as confirmed by DSC and XRD data. In addition, HME-induced lecithin-arabic gum reaction products effectively stabilize phytosterol microparticle in aqueous dispersion by providing a steric hindrance. These results suggest that HME could be an effectively and potentially solvent-free technique to produce water-dispersible phytosterol on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lei Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Protein Research and Development Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi-Jun Ruan
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Effective Component Testing and Risk Material Rapid Screening of Functional Food, Guangdong Institute of Analysis, Guangzhou, 510070 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Mei Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Protein Research and Development Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Quan Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Protein Research and Development Center, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640 People's Republic of China
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13
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Siger A, Antkowiak W, Dwiecki K, Rokosik E, Rudzińska M. Nutlets of Tilia cordata Mill. and Tilia platyphyllos Scop. - Source of bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2020; 346:128888. [PMID: 33385911 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse contents of phytosterols, carotenoids, tocochromanols and fatty acid composition in oil from nutlets of linden. Standard determination methods for these compounds were applied using liquid and gas chromatography. In the analysed oils from small and large-leaved lime the dominant acids included linoleic (53.1 and 54.1%), oleic (18.5 and 22.2%), palmitic (15.3 and 11.8%). Linden seed oil was characterised by very high contents of phytosterols (2-2.5 g/100 g). β-Sitosterol was the dominant phytosterol (80-83%). Additionally squalene was detected at 806 and 607 mg/100 g, respectively, for Tilia cordata and T.platyphyllos. It was found that linden seed oil contains tocopherols (93%) and tocotrienols (7%). In terms of tocochromanol contents this oil is surpassed only by wheat germ oil. In terms of the α-T equivalent these oils contain 95 (Tilia cordata) and 50.6 mg/100 g vitamin E (Tilia platyphyllos).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Siger
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Antkowiak
- Department of Botany, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71 c, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dwiecki
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ewa Rokosik
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Rudzińska
- Institute of Food Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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Tolve R, Cela N, Condelli N, Di Cairano M, Caruso MC, Galgano F. Microencapsulation as a Tool for the Formulation of Functional Foods: The Phytosterols' Case Study. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040470. [PMID: 32283860 PMCID: PMC7230576 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia, which is an increase in total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) serum cholesterol, is an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications underpin any action plan for reducing serum cholesterol. Phytosterols are natural compounds belonging to the triterpenes family. Thanks to their structural analogy with cholesterol, phytosterols have the ability to reduce serum LDL-cholesterol levels. Phytosterols are used to enrich or fortify a broad spectrum of food products. Like unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, phytosterols are easily oxidized. Microencapsulation could be a useful tool to overcome this and other drawbacks linked to the use of phytosterols in food fortification. In this review, in addition to explaining the phytosterols’ mechanisms of action, a focus on the use of free and encapsulated phytosterols for the formulation of functional foods, taking also into account both technological and legislative issues, is given.
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Yuan L, Zhang F, Jia S, Xie J, Shen M. Differences between phytosterols with different structures in regulating cholesterol synthesis, transport and metabolism in Caco-2 cells. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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16
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17
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Tang CH. Nanostructured soy proteins: Fabrication and applications as delivery systems for bioactives (a review). Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Wang H, Jia C, Guo S, Karangwa E, Zhang X. A new approach for facile synthesis of phytosteryl phenolates. Food Chem 2018; 263:321-326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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CYP7A1-rs3808607: a single nucleotide polymorphism associated with cholesterol response to functional foods. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hu Q, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhuo Z, Feng J. Phytosterols on growth performance, antioxidant enzymes and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4629-4634. [PMID: 28349555 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant extracts have been used widely to improve growth, lower cholesterol, and exert antioxidative defense and antimicrobial activities in animal production. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary phytosterols (PS) on growth performance, antioxidant enzymes and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. RESULTS A total of 120 crossbred piglets, weighing 9.58 ± 0.26 kg, were randomly allocated to three treatments: control, PS (0.2 g kg-1 ) and polymyxin E (0.04 g kg-1 , antibiotic control). Compared to the control, PS or polymyxin E supplementation decreased diarrhea rate, serum cholesterol and malondialdehyde (MDA) of the piglets (P < 0.05). Liver MDA was significantly decreased in PS-fed piglets compared to the control (P < 0.05), although there was no difference between the control and polymyxin E-fed piglets. PS increased the villous height/crypt depth ratio of the duodenum and jejunum compared to the control (P < 0.05). Polymyxin E supplementation in piglets did not alter the villous height/crypt depth ratio but raised the villous height and crypt depth of the duodenum compared to the control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicated that PS could decrease diarrhea rate, lower serum cholesterol, reduce lipid peroxidation and ameliorate intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In addition, PS exerted better amelioration on intestinal morphology than polymyxin E in piglets. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Hu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Sisi Li
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Zhao Zhuo
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, PR China
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Corrêa RC, Peralta RM, Bracht A, Ferreira IC. The emerging use of mycosterols in food industry along with the current trend of extended use of bioactive phytosterols. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hu Q, Zhuo Z, Fang S, Zhang Y, Feng J. Phytosterols improve immunity and exert anti-inflammatory activity in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4103-4109. [PMID: 28218810 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytosterols (PS), plant-derived natural steroid compounds, are novel feed additives to regulate immune function and promote pig growth. This study was conducted to determine the effects of PS on the immune response of weaned piglets. RESULTS One hundred and twenty crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) piglets with an average initial weight of 9.58 ± 0.26 kg were randomly allotted to three treatments. Treatments consisted of a control, PS (0.2 g kg-1 ) and polymyxin E (0.04 g kg-1 , antibiotic control) treatment. The results showed that PS or polymyxin E supplementation remarkably decreased diarrhea rate and elevated CD3+ CD4+ /CD3+ CD8+ ratio in piglets compared with the control (P < 0.05). PS increased basophil and serum interleukin-4, and caused a shift towards Th2 profile by decreasing Th1/Th2 ratios in piglets compared with control (P < 0.05). Polymyxin E contributed to an increase in interleukin-10 compared with the control (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the amount of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium or Escherichia coli of jejunum among the three treatments (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION These results suggest that PS supplementation has no significant effect on growth but could remarkably decrease diarrhea rate, and improve immunity and anti-inflammatory activity in weaned piglets. In addition, PS supplementation had similar effects on growth, anti-inflammation and intestinal microorganisms as supplementation with polymyxin E in piglets. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhao Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Shenglin Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, PR China
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Ningtyas DW, Bhandari B, Bansal N, Prakash S. Texture and lubrication properties of functional cream cheese: Effect of β-glucan and phytosterol. J Texture Stud 2017; 49:11-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Widya Ningtyas
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Bhesh Bhandari
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Nidhi Bansal
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Sangeeta Prakash
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected tissue fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of lipid-related genes but not growth in juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176216. [PMID: 28430821 PMCID: PMC5400258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio (DHA/EPA) on growth performance, fatty acid profiles, antioxidant capacity, hematological characteristics and expression of some lipid metabolism related genes of juvenile black seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) of initial weight 9.47 ± 0.03 g. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (45% crude protein and 14% crude lipid) were formulated to contain graded DHA/EPA ratios of 0.65, 1.16, 1.60, 2.03 and 2.67. There were no differences in growth performance and feed utilization among treatments. Fish fed higher DHA/EPA ratios had higher malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in serum than lower ratios. Serum triacylglycerol (TAG) content was significantly higher in fish fed the lowest DHA/EPA ratio. Tissue fatty acid profiles reflected the diets despite down-regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes, fatty acyl desaturase 2 (fads2) and elongase of very long-chain fatty acids 5 (elovl5), by high DHA/EPA ratios. Expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (accα) and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (cpt1a) were up-regulated by high DHA/EPA ratio, whereas sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (srebp-1) and hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl) were down-regulated. Fatty acid synthase (fas), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgd) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparα) showed highest expression in fish fed intermediate (1.16) DHA/EPA ratio. Overall, this study indicated that dietary DHA/EPA ratio affected fatty acid profiles and significantly influenced lipid metabolism including LC-PUFA biosynthesis and other anabolic and catabolic pathways, and also had impacts on antioxidant capacity and hematological characteristics.
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Islam MA, Jeong BG, Jung J, Shin EC, Choi SG, Chun J. Phytosterol Determination and Method Validation for Selected Nuts and Seeds. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hammann S, Lehnert K, Vetter W. Esterified sterols and their contribution to the total sterols in edible mushrooms. J Food Compost Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paaver U, Laidmäe I, Santos HA, Yliruusi J, Aruväli J, Kogermann K, Heinämäki J. Development of a novel electrospun nanofibrous delivery system for poorly water-soluble β-sitosterol. Asian J Pharm Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by dietary carbohydrate levels and lipid sources in gilthead sea bream juveniles. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:19-34. [DOI: 10.1017/s000711451600163x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe long-term effects on growth performance, body composition, plasma metabolites, liver and intestine glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed in gilthead sea bream juveniles fed diets without carbohydrates (CH–) or carbohydrate-enriched (20 % gelatinised starch, CH+) combined with two lipid sources (fish oil; or vegetable oil (VO)). No differences in growth performance among treatments were observed. Carbohydrate intake was associated with increased hepatic transcripts of glucokinase but not of 6-phosphofructokinase. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was down-regulated by carbohydrate intake, whereas, unexpectedly, glucose 6-phosphatase was up-regulated. Lipogenic enzyme activities (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase) and ∆6 fatty acyl desaturase (FADS2) transcripts were increased in liver of fish fed CH+ diets, supporting an enhanced potential for lipogenesis and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Despite the lower hepatic cholesterol content in CH+ groups, no influence on the expression of genes related to cholesterol efflux (ATP-binding cassette G5) and biosynthesis (lanosterol 14α-demethylase, cytochrome P450 51 cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51A1); 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase) was recorded at the hepatic level. At the intestinal level, however, induction of CYP51A1 transcripts by carbohydrate intake was recorded. Dietary VO led to decreased plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations but not on the transcripts of proteins involved in phospholipid biosynthesis (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) and cholesterol metabolism at intestinal and hepatic levels. Hepatic and muscular fatty acid profiles reflected that of diets, despite the up-regulation ofFADS2transcripts. Overall, this study demonstrated that dietary carbohydrates mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism, lipogenesis and LC-PUFA biosynthesis, whereas effects of dietary lipid source were mostly related with tissue fatty acid composition, plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations, and LC-PUFA biosynthesis regulation. Interactions between dietary macronutrients induced modifications in tissue lipid and glycogen content.
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Vaghini S, Cilla A, Garcia-Llatas G, Lagarda MJ. Bioaccessibility study of plant sterol-enriched fermented milks. Food Funct 2016; 7:110-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00458f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bioaccessibility (BA) of total and individual plant sterols (PS) of four commercial PS-enriched fermented milk beverages (designated as A to D) was evaluated using in vitro gastrointestinal digestion including the formation of mixed micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vaghini
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Cilla
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - Guadalupe Garcia-Llatas
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
| | - María Jesús Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Science Area
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Valencia
- 46100 – Burjassot (Valencia)
- Spain
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Cao WJ, Ou SY, Lin WF, Tang CH. Food protein-based phytosterol nanoparticles: fabrication and characterization. Food Funct 2016; 7:3973-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00861e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are a group of plant sterols with well-recognized LDL-cholesterol lowering effects. The water solubility and bioaccessibility of these compounds can be greatly improved by encapsulation within food protein-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Cao
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Lin
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Chuan-He Tang
- Department of Food Science and Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering
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31
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Millán L, Sampedro MC, Sanchez A, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Determination of phytosterols in oenological matrices by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and ion-trap mass spectrometry. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Yang J, Zhou F, Xiong L, Mao S, Hu Y, Lu B. Comparison of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, phytosterols and antioxidant potential in Zhejiang pecan [Carya cathayensis] at different stir-frying steps. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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A nutritionally-enhanced oil from transgenic Camelina sativa effectively replaces fish oil as a source of eicosapentaenoic acid for fish. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8104. [PMID: 25632018 PMCID: PMC4309969 DOI: 10.1038/srep08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For humans a daily intake of up to 500 mg omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is recommended, amounting to an annual requirement of 1.25 million metric tonnes (mt) for a population of 7 billion people. The annual global supply of n-3 LC-PUFA cannot meet this level of requirement and so there is a large gap between supply and demand. The dietary source of n-3 LC-PUFA, fish and seafood, is increasingly provided by aquaculture but using fish oil in feeds to supply n-3 LC-PUFA is unsustainable. Therefore, new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA are required to supply the demand from aquaculture and direct human consumption. One approach is metabolically engineering oilseed crops to synthesize n-3 LC-PUFA in seeds. Transgenic Camelina sativa expressing algal genes was used to produce an oil containing n-3 LC-PUFA to replace fish oil in salmon feeds. The oil had no detrimental effects on fish performance, metabolic responses or the nutritional quality of the fillets of the farmed fish.
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Somani SJ, Modi KP, Majumdar AS, Sadarani BN. Phytochemicals and their potential usefulness in inflammatory bowel disease. Phytother Res 2015; 29:339-50. [PMID: 25572840 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract with unclear etiology, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Various drug therapies including aminosalicylates and immunomodulators have been approved for use; they have shown to produce diverse side effects. To overcome these limitations of the current therapeutics for IBD, extensive research is underway to identify drugs that are effective and free of undesirable side effects. Recently, various naturally occurring phytochemicals that cover a wide range of chemical entities such as polyphenols, terpeniods, flavonoids, and alkaloids have received attention as alternative candidates for IBD therapy. These phytochemicals act by modulating the immune response, various transcription factors, or reduce cytokine secretion. This review summarizes the findings of recent studies on phytochemicals as therapeutic agents in the management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil J Somani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot, India
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35
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Spiteller G, Afzal M. The action of peroxyl radicals, powerful deleterious reagents, explains why neither cholesterol nor saturated fatty acids cause atherogenesis and age-related diseases. Chemistry 2014; 20:14928-45. [PMID: 25318456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells respond to alterations in their membrane structure by activating hydrolytic enzymes. Thus, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are liberated. Free PUFAs react with molecular oxygen to give lipid hydroperoxide molecules (LOOHs). In case of severe cell injury, this physiological reaction switches to the generation of lipid peroxide radicals (LOO(·)). These radicals can attack nearly all biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes, impairing their biological functions. Identical cell responses are triggered by manipulation of food, for example, heating/grilling and particularly homogenization, representing cell injury. Cholesterol as well as diets rich in saturated fat have been postulated to accelerate the risk of atherosclerosis while food rich in unsaturated fatty acids has been claimed to lower this risk. However, the fact is that LOO(·) radicals generated from PUFAs can oxidize cholesterol to toxic cholesterol oxides, simulating a reduction in cholesterol level. In this review it is shown how active LOO(·) radicals interact with biomolecules at a speed transcending usual molecule-molecule reactions by several orders of magnitude. Here, it is explained how functional groups are fundamentally transformed by an attack of LOO(·) with an obliteration of essential biomolecules leading to pathological conditions. A serious reconsideration of the health and diet guidelines is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Spiteller
- University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95445 Bayreuth (Germany).
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36
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Gómez-Coca RB, Fernandes GD, Del Aguila-Sánchez C, Pérez-Camino MDC, Moreda W. Comparative study of phytosterol derivatives in monovarietal olive oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5669-5674. [PMID: 24861171 DOI: 10.1021/jf501340q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant sterols and their derivatives are minor compounds that have been extensively studied in vegetable oils, mainly in olive oil, where they are closely related with its identity. The objective of this work is to determine the content of free and esterified steryl glucosides and their profiles in olive oil in relation to different geographical situation of olive orchards, cultivar, farming modality, and sampling time. The orchards under study were located in the outer ring of the submetropolitan area of Madrid (Spain), where olives from Cornicabra, Manzanilla Cacereña, Manzanilla Castellana, and Picual varieties were grown under traditional and organic modes, and harvested in four different samplings. Conclusions state that cultivar, farming mode, and light exposure do not have outstanding effects, whereas pedoclimate might affect the steryl glucoside presence in a substantial way. Further studies are being carried out presently in order to confirm such statement. Also glucoside derivative profiles are discussed, and reasons for differences with results in previous studies pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel B Gómez-Coca
- Instituto de la Grasa-CSIC , Avenida Padre García Tejero 4, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Liu F, Tang CH. Phytosterol colloidal particles as Pickering stabilizers for emulsions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5133-5141. [PMID: 24848560 DOI: 10.1021/jf404930c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Water-insoluble phytosterols were developed into a kind of colloidal particle as Pickering stabilizers for emulsions by a classic anti-solvent method using 100% ethanol as the organic phase to solubilize the phytosterols and whey protein concentrate (WPC) as the emulsifier. The colloidal particles in the dispersion, with morphology of stacked platelet-like sheets, had a mean diameter of 44.7 and 24.7 μm for the volume- and surface-averaged sizes, respectively. The properties and stability of the emulsions stabilized by these colloidal particles were highly dependent upon the applied total solid concentration (c; in the dispersion) and oil fraction (ø). The results indicated that (1) at a low c value (<1.0%, w/v) the emulsions were susceptible to phase separation, even at a low ø of 0.2, (2) at low ø values (e.g., 0.2 or 0.3) and a relatively high c value (1.0%, w/v, or above), a severe droplet flocculation occurred for the emulsions, and (3) when both c and ø were appropriately high, a kind of self-supporting gel-like emulsions could be formed. More interestingly, a phase inversion of the emulsions from the oil-in-water to water-in-oil type was observed, upon the ø increasing from 0.2 to 0.6 (especially at high c values, e.g., 3.0%, w/v). The elaborated Pickering emulsions stabilized by the phytosterol colloidal particles with a gel-like behavior would provide a candidate to act as a novel delivery system for active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Liu
- Research and Development Centre of Food Proteins, Department of Food Science and Technology, and ‡State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, People's Republic of China
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The search for a new paradigm to study micronutrient and phytochemical bioavailability: from reductionism to holism. Med Hypotheses 2013; 82:181-6. [PMID: 24355424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of micronutrient and phytochemical (MaP, i.e., non-energy nutrients) bioavailability has been mainly studied through a reductionist and pharmacological approach. This has led to associate one health effect to one MaP. However, human interventional studies have given conflicting and disappointing results about MaP supplementation. This is because the health effect is the result of the synergetic action of numerous MaPs supplied by foods and/or diets at nutritional doses. A food is not a drug. Therefore, there is a need for more holistic approach to study MaP bioavailability, then their health effect to achieve general recommendations. This paper aims to hypothesize for such a paradigm shift in this topic and to lay new foundations for research in MaP bioavailability.
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Gómez-Coca RB, Pérez-Camino MDC, Moreda W. On the glucoside analysis: Simultaneous determination of free and esterified steryl glucosides in olive oil. Detailed analysis of standards as compulsory first step. Food Chem 2013; 141:1273-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ruíz-Méndez MV, Santos MF, Alves RE. Minor components in oils obtained from Amazonian palm fruits. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2013. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.048913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lemahieu C, Bruneel C, Termote-Verhalle R, Muylaert K, Buyse J, Foubert I. Impact of feed supplementation with different omega-3 rich microalgae species on enrichment of eggs of laying hens. Food Chem 2013; 141:4051-9. [PMID: 23993584 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Four different omega-3 rich autotrophic microalgae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Nannochloropsis oculata, Isochrysis galbana and Chlorella fusca, were supplemented to the diet of laying hens in order to increase the level of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) in egg yolk. The microalgae were supplemented in two doses: 125 mg and 250 mg extra n-3 PUFA per 100g feed. Supplementing these microalgae resulted in increased but different n-3 LC-PUFA levels in egg yolk, mainly docosahexaenoic acid enrichment. Only supplementation of Chlorella gave rise to mainly α-linolenic acid enrichment. The highest efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA enrichment was obtained by supplementation of Phaeodactylum and Isochrysis. Furthermore, yolk colour shifted from yellow to a more intense red colour with supplementation of Phaeodactylum, Nannochloropsis and Isochrysis, due to transfer of carotenoids from microalgae to eggs. This study shows that besides Nannochloropsis other microalgae offer an alternative to current sources for enrichment of hen eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lemahieu
- Research Unit Food and Lipids, KU Leuven Kulak, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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Ruggiero A, Vitalini S, Burlini N, Bernasconi S, Iriti M. Phytosterols in grapes and wine, and effects of agrochemicals on their levels. Food Chem 2013; 141:3473-9. [PMID: 23993509 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To improve the knowledge on the chemical diversity and complexity of grapevine, we investigated the plant sterol content of berry and seed tissues at pre-véraison and véraison stages in 2009 and 2010. We also assessed the effects of benzothiadiazole and chitosan elicitors on content of sterols in grapes and their levels in the corresponding experimental wines. β-Sitosterol was the most abundant component in berry tissues, in both growth stages and years, with the highest amounts in the flesh and skin at pre-véraison and véraison, respectively. Stigmasterol and campesterol were present in lower concentrations in both phenological stages and vintages. During the transition from pre-véraison to véraison, phytosterols decreased in all tissues, in both years, apart from stigmasterol in seeds. In addition, the results showed that the plant activators were more effective than conventional fungicides in rising the levels of sterols, particularly β-sitosterol, both in grapes and in microvinificates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Ruggiero
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Progress and prospective of plant sterol and plant stanol research: Report of the Maastricht meeting. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:521-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Guo XD, Wang M, Gao JM, Shi XW. Bioguided Fraction of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extract from Tartary Buckwheat Bran. Cereal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-06-12-0069-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dan Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author. College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi People's Republic of China. E-mail:
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- College of Sciences, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Wei Shi
- College of Sciences, Northwest A&F University, YangLing, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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Aguirre MR, Ruiz‐Méndez MV, Velasco L, Dobarganes MC. Free sterols and steryl glycosides in sunflower seeds with high phytosterol contents. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Jiménez‐Escrig A. Analysis of dietary phytochemicals needs to be applauded: Glycosylated plant sterols. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jiménez‐Escrig
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
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De Fabiani E. The complex world of sterols: Many threads find their way through cells. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma De Fabiani
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Ballabio C, Restani P. Lipids in functional foods, nutraceuticals and supplements. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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