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Wang X, Zhu H, Chen B, Zhang Y, Kok A, van Knegsel A, Zhang S, Pang X, Jiang S, Kemp B, Lu J, Lv J. Effects of endogenous DHA milk and exogenous DHA milk on oxidative stress and cognition in SAMP8 mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116467. [PMID: 38531120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, Senescence Accelerated Mice (SAMP8) were supplemented with exogenous DHA milk, endogenous DHA milk, normal milk, or 0.9 % saline solution. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gas chromatography (GC), ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI MS/MS), and Morris water maze were used to characterize the effects of diet on oxidative stress and cognition in SAMP8 mice. Supplementation endogenous DHA milk or exogenous DHA milk can enhance the antioxidant capacity of mice organs. Endogenous DHA milk increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of mice brain and serum than normal milk and 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05), as well as increased SOD activity of mice liver and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of mice brain than normal milk (P ≤ 0.05). Exogenous DHA milk increased SOD activity of mice brain than normal milk and 0.9 % saline solution, as well as increased SOD activity of mice serum than 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05). Several polar lipid relative content, such as 18:0/18:2 PS, 17:0 Ceramide, and 20:4 LPC in mice brain was affected by dietary supplementation with DHA-containing milk. Lipid oxidation metabolites in mice brain were not affected by DHA-containing milk. Endogenous DHA milk increased the number of platform location crossing times of mice in the Morris water maze test, compared with Exogenous DHA milk, normal milk, and 0.9 % saline solution (P ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huiquan Zhu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Baorong Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Akke Kok
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ariette van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shilong Jiang
- Nutrition and Metabolism Research Division, Innovation Center, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Lopes PA, Alfaia CM, Pestana JM, Prates JAM. Structured Lipids Engineering for Health: Novel Formulations Enriched in n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Potential Nutritional Benefits. Metabolites 2023; 13:1060. [PMID: 37887385 PMCID: PMC10608893 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Structured lipids (SLs) offer a promising avenue for designing novel formulations enriched in n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) with potential health benefits. Triacylglycerols (TAGs), the most common fats in the human diet, are both non-toxic and chemically stable. The metabolic efficiency and digestibility of TAGs are significantly influenced by the position of fatty acids (FAs) within the glycerol backbone, with FAs at the sn-2 position being readily absorbed. Over the past two decades, advancements in SL research have led to the development of modified TAGs, achieved either through chemical or enzymatic processes, resulting in SLs. The ideal structure of SLs involves medium-chain FAs at the sn-1,3 positions and long-chain n-3 LCPUFAs at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, conferring specific physicochemical and nutritional attributes. These tailored SL formulations find wide-ranging applications in the food and nutraceutical industries, showing promise for dietary support in promoting health and mitigating various diseases. In particular, SLs can be harnessed as functional oils to augment TAG metabolism, thereby impeding the development of fatty liver, countering the onset of obesity, and preventing atherosclerosis and age-related chronic diseases. In scrutinising prevailing research trajectories, this review endeavours to provide an in-depth analysis of the multifaceted advantages and repercussions associated with the synthesis of SLs. It elucidates their burgeoning potential in enhancing health and well-being across a range of demographic cohorts. Specifically, the implications of SL utilisation are discussed in the context of healthcare environments and early childhood developmental support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Lopes
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.A.); (J.M.P.); (J.A.M.P.)
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina M. Alfaia
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.A.); (J.M.P.); (J.A.M.P.)
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José M. Pestana
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.A.); (J.M.P.); (J.A.M.P.)
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José A. M. Prates
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Pólo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.M.A.); (J.M.P.); (J.A.M.P.)
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Alonso-Esteban JI, González-Fernández MJ, Fabrikov D, de Cortes Sánchez-Mata M, Torija-Isasa E, Guil-Guerrero JL. Fatty acids and minor functional compounds of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds and other Cannabaceae species. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Guil‐Guerrero JL, González‐Fernández MJ, Lyashenko S, Fabrikov D, Rincón‐Cervera MÁ, Urrestarazu M, Gómez‐Mercado F. γ‐Linolenic and Stearidonic Acids from Boraginaceae of Diverse Mediterranean Origin. Chem Biodivers 2020; 17:e2000627. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dmitri Fabrikov
- Animal Production Division University of Almería 04120 Almería Spain
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Semba RD. Perspective: The Potential Role of Circulating Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuroprotection against Alzheimer Disease. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:760-772. [PMID: 32190891 PMCID: PMC7360459 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive disorder involving cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory, and neurodegeneration affecting wide areas of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. AD is characterized by altered lipid metabolism in the brain. Lower concentrations of long-chain PUFAs have been described in the frontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus in the brain in AD. The brain can synthesize only a few fatty acids; thus, most fatty acids must enter the brain from the blood. Recent studies show that PUFAs such as DHA (22:6) are transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) via a specific LPC receptor at the BBB known as the sodium-dependent LPC symporter 1 (MFSD2A). Higher dietary PUFA intake is associated with decreased risk of cognitive decline and dementia in observational studies; however, PUFA supplementation, with fatty acids esterified in triacylglycerols did not prevent cognitive decline in clinical trials. Recent studies show that LPC is the preferred carrier of PUFAs across the BBB into the brain. An insufficient pool of circulating LPC containing long-chain fatty acids could potentially limit the supply of long-chain fatty acids to the brain, including PUFAs such as DHA, and play a role in the pathobiology of AD. Whether adults with low serum LPC concentrations are at greater risk of developing cognitive decline and AD remains a major gap in knowledge. Preventing and treating cognitive decline and the development of AD remain a major challenge. The LPC pathway is a promising area for future investigators to identify modifiable risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Rincón‐Cervera MÁ, Galleguillos‐Fernández R, González‐Barriga V, Valenzuela R, Speisky H, Fuentes J, Valenzuela A. Fatty Acid Profile and Bioactive Compound Extraction in Purple Viper's Bugloss Seed Oil Extracted with Green Solvents. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valeria González‐Barriga
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Chile Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Hernán Speisky
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
| | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
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7
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Sugasini D, Yalagala PCR, Goggin A, Tai LM, Subbaiah PV. Enrichment of brain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly dependent upon the molecular carrier of dietary DHA: lysophosphatidylcholine is more efficient than either phosphatidylcholine or triacylglycerol. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 74:108231. [PMID: 31665653 PMCID: PMC6885117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is highly concentrated in the brain, and its deficiency is associated with several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease. However, the currently used supplements do not appreciably enrich brain DHA, although they enrich most other tissues. We tested the hypothesis that the ability of the dietary carrier to augment brain DHA depends upon the generation of DHA-lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), the preferred carrier of DHA across the blood brain barrier. We compared the efficacy of DHA-triacylglycerol (TAG), di-DHA phosphatidylcholine (PC) and DHA-LPC to enrich brain DHA following their gavage to normal rats for 30 days, all at a dose of 10 mg DHA/day. The results show that DHA from TAG, which is released as free DHA or monoacylglycerol during digestion and is absorbed as TAG in chylomicrons, was incorporated preferentially into adipose tissue and heart but not into brain. In contrast, LPC-DHA increased brain DHA by up to 100% but had no effect on adipose tissue. Di-DHA PC, which generates both free DHA and LPC-DHA during the digestion, enriched DHA in brain, as well as in heart and liver. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was increased by di-DHA PC and DHA-LPC, but not by TAG-DHA, showing that enrichment of brain DHA correlated with its functional effect. We conclude that dietary DHA from TAG or from natural PC (sn-2 position) is not suitable for brain enrichment, whereas DHA from LPC (at either sn-1 or sn-2 position) or from sn-1 position of PC efficiently enriches the brain and is functionally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhavamani Sugasini
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Poorna C R Yalagala
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Alexis Goggin
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Papasani V Subbaiah
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612.
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8
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Hatzakis E. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy in Food Science: A Comprehensive Review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 18:189-220. [PMID: 33337022 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a robust method, which can rapidly analyze mixtures at the molecular level without requiring separation and/or purification steps, making it ideal for applications in food science. Despite its increasing popularity among food scientists, NMR is still an underutilized methodology in this area, mainly due to its high cost, relatively low sensitivity, and the lack of NMR expertise by many food scientists. The aim of this review is to help bridge the knowledge gap that may exist when attempting to apply NMR methodologies to the field of food science. We begin by covering the basic principles required to apply NMR to the study of foods and nutrients. A description of the discipline of chemometrics is provided, as the combination of NMR with multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful approach for addressing modern challenges in food science. Furthermore, a comprehensive overview of recent and key applications in the areas of compositional analysis, food authentication, quality control, and human nutrition is provided. In addition to standard NMR techniques, more sophisticated NMR applications are also presented, although limitations, gaps, and potentials are discussed. We hope this review will help scientists gain some of the knowledge required to apply the powerful methodology of NMR to the rich and diverse field of food science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Hatzakis
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State Univ., Parker Building, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH, U.S.A.,Foods for Health Discovery Theme, The Ohio State Univ., Parker Building, 2015 Fyffe Rd., Columbus, OH, U.S.A
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9
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Guil-Guerrero JL, Ramos-Bueno RP, González-Fernández MJ, Fabrikov D, Sánchez-Muros MJ, Barroso FG. Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn
-2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201700391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dmitri Fabrikov
- Food Technology Division; ceiA3; University of Almería; 04120 Almería Spain
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10
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Guil-Guerrero JL, Gómez-Mercado F, Ramos-Bueno RP, González-Fernández MJ, Urrestarazu M, Jiménez-Becker S, de Bélair G. Fatty acid profiles and sn -2 fatty acid distribution of γ-linolenic acid-rich Borago species. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Sun JY, Wang XK, Smith MA. Identification of n-6 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in AcerSeed Oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yue Sun
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Xin-Kun Wang
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province; Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Jinan 250100 China
| | - Mark A. Smith
- National Research Council of Canada; 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 0W9 Canada
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12
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Lopes PA, Bandarra NM, Martins SV, Madeira MS, Ferreira J, Guil-Guerrero JL, Prates JAM. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols increases DHA incorporation in brown, but not in white adipose tissue, of hamsters. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:458-471. [PMID: 28872363 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1372390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesised that the incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) across adipose tissues will be higher when it is ingested as triacylglycerols (TAG) structured at the sn-2 position. Ten-week old male hamsters were allocated to 4 dietary treatments (n = 10): linseed oil (LSO-control group), fish oil (FO), fish oil ethyl esters (FO-EE) and structured DHA at the sn-2 position of TAG (DHA-SL) during 12 weeks. In opposition to the large variations found for fatty acid composition in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT) was less responsive to diets. DHA was not found in subcutaneous and retroperitoneal WAT depots but it was successfully incorporated in BAT reaching the highest percentage in DHA-SL. The PCA on plasma hormones (insulin, leptin, adiponectin) and fatty acids discriminated BAT from WATs pointing towards an individual signature on fatty acid deposition, but did not allow for full discrimination of dietary treatments within each adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Lopes
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Narcisa M Bandarra
- b DIVAV , Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera , Lisboa , Portugal.,c CIIMAR , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Susana V Martins
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Marta S Madeira
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Júlia Ferreira
- b DIVAV , Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - José L Guil-Guerrero
- d Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos , Universidad de Almería , Almería , Spain
| | - José A M Prates
- a CIISA, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária , Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal
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González-Fernández MJ, Ramos-Bueno RP, Rodríguez-García I, Guil-Guerrero JL. Purification process for MUFA- and PUFA-based monoacylglycerols from edible oils. Biochimie 2017; 139:107-114. [PMID: 28595901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Important health benefits have been attributed to monoacylglycerols (MAGs) due to their various physiological functions, owing to which they become candidates for use as functional foods in order to prevent the onset of certain diseases such as colon cancer. In this work, six edible oils, namely: olive, linseed, sunflower, evening primrose, DHASCO® and ARASCO® have been processed to obtain different MUFA- and PUFA- based MAGs. First, the oils were hydrolyzed by means of an enzymatic process using porcine pancreatic lipase and then the reaction products were fractionated by using a liquid chromatography column containing silica gel as stationary phase in order to purify the MAGs-enriched fraction. A second chromatography process was performed using silver nitrate coated silica gel as stationary phase, in order to obtain the different MUFA- and PUFA-based MAGs from the corresponding oils. Overall, MAGs based on oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, γ-linolenic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids have been isolated in high yields and purities (92.6, 97.4, 95.3, 90.9, 100 and 95.3% purity, respectively). Positional distribution was determined by means of 1H NMR, which revealed a mix of 1(3) and 2-MAGs in variable proportions in the different MAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J González-Fernández
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain
| | - R P Ramos-Bueno
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez-García
- Organic Chemistry Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain
| | - J L Guil-Guerrero
- Food Technology Division, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, University of Almería, E-040120, Almería, Spain.
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