1
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Höfel S, Zwicker F, Fix MK, Drescher M. Towards liquid EPR dosimetry using nitroxides in aqueous solution. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:055026. [PMID: 38306975 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad25c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Objective. Water-equivalent dosimeters are desirable for dosimetry in radiotherapy. The present work investigates basic characteristics of novel aqueous detector materials and presents a signal loss approach for electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry.Approach. The proposed principle is based on the radiation dose dependent annihilation of EPR active nitroxides (NO·) in aqueous solutions. Stable nitroxide radicals (3-Maleimido-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (MmP), 3-Carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (CmP)) in aqueous solutions containing dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an additive were filled in glass capillaries for irradiation and EPR readout. Radiation doses ranging from 1 to 64 Gy were applied with a clinical 6 MV flattening filter free photon beam. EPR readout was then performed with a X-band benchtop spectrometer. The dose response, temporal stability and reproducibility of the samples' EPR signal amplitudes as well as the influence of the nitroxide concentration between 10 and 160μM on the absolute signal loss were investigated using MmP. CmP was used to examine the dependence of the dose response on DMSO concentration between 0 and 10 vol%. An indirect effect model was fitted to the experimental data assuming irradiation induced radical reactions as the underlying mechanism.Main results. For an initial MmP concentration of 20μM, absolute EPR signal loss is linear up to a dose of 16 Gy with a yield G(-NO·) of approximately 0.4μmol J-1. Within five weeks upon sample irradiation to doses between 0 and 32 Gy relative EPR signal fluctuations were on average (126 readouts) below 1% (1σ). For c(MmP) ≥ 20μM, absolute signal loss is only weakly dependent on c(MmP), whereas it increases strongly with increasing c(DMSO) in the range 0-5 vol%. An indirect effect model is applicable to describe the reaction mechanism resulting in the observed dose response curve.Significance. Liquids consisting of nitroxides in aqueous solution and small amounts of DMSO (2 vol%) show promising basic characteristics for application as water-equivalent EPR dosimeter materials in radiotherapy. The EPR signal loss is based on an indirect effect mediated by diffusing radicals originating from the radiolysis of the water/DMSO mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höfel
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Klinik und Praxis für Strahlentherapie am Klinikum Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Felix Zwicker
- Klinik und Praxis für Strahlentherapie am Klinikum Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael K Fix
- Division of Medical Radiation Physics and Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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2
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Soltau CP, Brown ZE, Brock AJ, Martyn AP, Blinco JP, Miljevic B, McMurtrie JC, Bottle SE. Reactions of sulfoxides with reactive oxygen species to reveal the radical chemistry of pollution-derived particulate matter. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10416-10419. [PMID: 36040425 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04024g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The radical reactions of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide (THTO) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of a nitroxide radical scavenger have been evaluated both synthetically and in analytical practice. Fenton-mediated generation of oxygen-centred radicals produced several unusual products that reflect the fragmentation and ring-opening radical mechanisms of DMSO and THTO respectively. Addition of pollution-derived ROS to DMSO/THTO nitroxide solutions produced LC-MS detectable amounts of the same products isolated from the larger-scaled Fenton reactions. For air pollution analysis, these results highlight the complexity surrounding DMSO reactivity and fragmentation, and indicate that THTO produces simpler outcomes that should facilitate analysis of the processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl P Soltau
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Zac E Brown
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Aidan J Brock
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Alexander P Martyn
- Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health at The Translational Research Institute (TRI), Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Branka Miljevic
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - John C McMurtrie
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
| | - Steven E Bottle
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia.
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3
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Kielty P, Chalmers BA, Farràs P, Smith DA, Aldabbagh F. Visible Light Activated Benzimidazolequinone Alkoxyamines of 1,1,3,3‐Tetramethylisoindolin‐2‐yloxyl (TMIO). European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kielty
- School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 TK33 Ireland
| | - Benjamin A. Chalmers
- School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 TK33 Ireland
| | - Pau Farràs
- School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 TK33 Ireland
| | - Dennis A. Smith
- School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 TK33 Ireland
| | - Fawaz Aldabbagh
- School of Chemistry National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 TK33 Ireland
- Department of Pharmacy School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry Kingston University Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE UK
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4
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Gali NK, Stevanovic S, Brown RA, Ristovski Z, Ning Z. Role of semi-volatile particulate matter in gas-particle partitioning leading to change in oxidative potential. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116061. [PMID: 33218774 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are complex in their chemical and toxicological characteristics with sources from both primary combustion emissions and secondary oxygenated aerosol formation processes. In this study, thermal desorption of PM2.5 in association with online measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was carried out to study the role of SVOCs in its gas-particle partitioning. The mass concentrations of PM2.5, black carbon (BC) and p-PAHs downstream of a thermodenuder were measured online at different temperature settings (25, 50, 100, and 200 °C) to characterize PM physico-chemical properties. While the mass concentrations of PM2.5 and p-PAHs reduced to ∼34% at 200 °C compared to that in ambient temperature, BC mass concentration has decreased by 30% at the highest temperature. Furthermore, the submicron particle size distribution showed reduced particle number concentration in Aitken mode at 200 °C heating. The ROS, measured by Particle-into-Nitroxide-Quencher, also showed reduction and followed a similar trend with PM measurements, where the total ROS decreased by 12%, 31%, and 53% at 50 °C, 100 °C, and 200 °C, respectively, compared to the ambient sample. When a HEPA filter was included in the upstream of samples, 39% of gas phase ROS reduction was observed at 200 °C. This provided a good estimate of the contribution of SVOCs in ROS production in PM2.5, where decreased SVOCs concentration at 200 °C increased the percentage of particle surface area. This concludes that the surface chemistry of these organic coatings on the particles is important for assessing the health impacts of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Kumar Gali
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Svetlana Stevanovic
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Build Environment, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Reece Alexander Brown
- International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Hong Kong.
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5
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Simões EF, Almeida AS, Duarte AC, Duarte RM. Assessing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in atmospheric and aquatic environments: Analytical challenges and opportunities. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Lussini VC, Blinco JP, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE, Colwell JM. Profluorescent nitroxide sensors for monitoring the natural aging of polymer materials. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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7
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Jovanovic MV, Savic JZ, Salimi F, Stevanovic S, Brown RA, Jovasevic-Stojanovic M, Manojlovic D, Bartonova A, Bottle S, Ristovski ZD. Measurements of Oxidative Potential of Particulate Matter at Belgrade Tunnel; Comparison of BPEAnit, DTT and DCFH Assays. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4906. [PMID: 31817307 PMCID: PMC6950172 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM), two commonly used cell-free, molecular probes were applied: dithiothreitol (DTT) and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), and their performance was compared with 9,10-bis (phenylethynyl) anthracene-nitroxide (BPEAnit). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in which the performance of the DTT and DCFH has been compared with the BPEAnit probe. The average concentrations of PM, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM10) particles were determined. The results were 44.8 ± 13.7, 9.8 ± 5.1 and 9.3 ± 4.8 µg·m-3 for PM2.5 and 75.5 ± 25.1, 16.3 ± 8.7 and 11.8 ± 5.3 µg·m-3 for PM10, respectively, for PM, OC and EC. The water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) fraction accounted for 42 ± 14% and 28 ± 9% of organic carbon in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. The average volume normalized OP values for the three assays depended on both the sampling periods and the PM fractions. The OPBPEAnit had its peak at 2 p.m.; in the afternoon, it was three times higher compared to the morning and late afternoon values. The DCFH and BPEAnit results were correlated (r = 0.64), while there was no good agreement between the BPEAnit and the DTT (r = 0.14). The total organic content of PM does not necessarily represent oxidative capacity and it shows varying correlation with the OP. With respect to the two PM fractions studied, the OP was mostly associated with smaller particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja V. Jovanovic
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.V.J.); (J.Z.S.); (M.J.-S.)
| | - Jasmina Z. Savic
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.V.J.); (J.Z.S.); (M.J.-S.)
| | - Farhad Salimi
- University Centre for Rural Health–North Coast, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Centre for Air Quality & Health Research and Evaluation (CAR), An NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence, Glebe, NSW 2037, Australia
| | | | - Reece A. Brown
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (R.A.B.); (Z.D.R.)
| | - Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic
- Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.V.J.); (J.Z.S.); (M.J.-S.)
| | - Dragan Manojlovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12–16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
- South Ural State University, Lenin prospect 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Alena Bartonova
- NILU–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway;
| | - Steven Bottle
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
| | - Zoran D. Ristovski
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St., Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; (R.A.B.); (Z.D.R.)
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia;
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8
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Application of a Fluorescent Probe for the Online Measurement of PM-Bound Reactive Oxygen Species in Chamber and Ambient Studies. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204564. [PMID: 31640133 PMCID: PMC6832261 DOI: 10.3390/s19204564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript details the application of a profluorescent nitroxide (PFN) for the online quantification of radical concentrations on particulate matter (PM) using an improved Particle Into Nitroxide Quencher (PINQ). A miniature flow-through fluorimeter developed specifically for use with the 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene-nitroxide (BPEAnit) probe was integrated into the PINQ, along with automated gas phase corrections through periodic high efficiency particle arrestor (HEPA) filtering. The resulting instrument is capable of unattended sampling and was operated with a minimum time resolution of 2.5 min. Details of the fluorimeter design and examples of data processing are provided, and results from a chamber study of side-stream cigarette smoke and ambient monitoring campaign in Guangzhou, China are presented. Primary cigarette smoke was shown to have both short-lived (t1/2 = 27 min) and long-lived (t1/2 = indefinite) PM-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) components which had previously only been observed in secondary organic aerosol (SOA).
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9
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Campbell SJ, Stevanovic S, Miljevic B, Bottle SE, Ristovski Z, Kalberer M. Quantification of Particle-Bound Organic Radicals in Secondary Organic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6729-6737. [PMID: 31075990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition and evolution of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the atmosphere represents one of the largest uncertainties in our current understanding of air quality. Despite vast research, the toxicological mechanisms relating to adverse human health effects upon exposure to particulate matter are still poorly understood. Particle-bound reactive oxygen species (ROS) may substantially contribute to observed health effects by influencing aerosol oxidative potential (OP). The role of radicals in both the formation and aging of aerosol, as well as their contribution to aerosol OP, remains highly uncertain. The profluorescent spin trap BPEAnit (9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracenenitroxide), previously utilized to study combustion-generated aerosol, has been applied to provide the first estimate of particle-bound radical concentrations in SOA. We demonstrate that SOA from different atmospherically important VOC precursors have different particle-bound radical concentrations, estimated for the ozonolysis of α-pinene (0.020 ± 0.0050 nmol/μg), limonene (0.0059 ± 0.0010 nmol/μg), and β-caryophyllene (0.0025 ± 0.00080 nmol/μg), highlighting the potential importance of OH-initiated formation of particle-bound organic radicals. Additionally, the lifetime of particle-bound radical species in α-pinene SOA was estimated, and a pseudo-first-order rate constant of k = 7.3 ± 1.7 × 10-3 s-1 was derived, implying a radical lifetime on the order of minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Campbell
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 27 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Svetlana Stevanovic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane QLD 4001 , Australia
- School of Engineering , Deakin University , Waurn Ponds , 3126 Australia
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane QLD 4001 , Australia
| | - Steven E Bottle
- ARC Centre for Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , QLD 4001 , Australia
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane QLD 4001 , Australia
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 27 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
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10
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Verderosa AD, Dhouib R, Fairfull-Smith KE, Totsika M. Profluorescent Fluoroquinolone-Nitroxides for Investigating Antibiotic⁻Bacterial Interactions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8010019. [PMID: 30836686 PMCID: PMC6466543 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are widely used for imaging and measuring dynamic processes in living cells. Fluorescent antibiotics are valuable tools for examining antibiotic⁻bacterial interactions, antimicrobial resistance and elucidating antibiotic modes of action. Profluorescent nitroxides are 'switch on' fluorescent probes used to visualize and monitor intracellular free radical and redox processes in biological systems. Here, we have combined the inherent fluorescent and antimicrobial properties of the fluoroquinolone core structure with the fluorescence suppression capabilities of a nitroxide to produce the first example of a profluorescent fluoroquinolone-nitroxide probe. Fluoroquinolone-nitroxide (FN) 14 exhibited significant suppression of fluorescence (>36-fold), which could be restored via radical trapping (fluoroquinolone-methoxyamine 17) or reduction to the corresponding hydroxylamine 20. Importantly, FN 14 was able to enter both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells, emitted a measurable fluorescence signal upon cell entry (switch on), and retained antibacterial activity. In conclusion, profluorescent nitroxide antibiotics offer a new powerful tool for visualizing antibiotic⁻bacterial interactions and researching intracellular chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Verderosa
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Rabeb Dhouib
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Makrina Totsika
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
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11
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Allen JP, Pfrunder MC, McMurtrie JC, Bottle SE, Blinco JP, Fairfull‐Smith KE. BODIPY‐Based Profluorescent Probes Containing
Meso
‐ and β‐Substituted Isoindoline Nitroxides. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P. Allen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Michael C. Pfrunder
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Steven E. Bottle
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull‐Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology Faculty of Science and Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George St 4001 Brisbane QLD Australia
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12
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Hansen KA, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE, Blinco JP. Development of a Redox-Responsive Polymeric Profluorescent Probe. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Steven E. Bottle
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
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13
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Hedayat F, Stevanovic S, Milic A, Miljevic B, Nabi MN, Zare A, Bottle SE, Brown RJ, Ristovski ZD. Influence of oxygen content of the certain types of biodiesels on particulate oxidative potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:381-388. [PMID: 26748002 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative potential (OP) is related to the organic phase, specifically to its oxygenated organic fraction (OOA). Furthermore, the oxygen content of fuel molecules has significant influence on particulate OP. Thus, this study aimed to explore the actual dependency of the OOA and ROS to the oxygen content of the fuel. In order to reach the goal, different biodiesels blends, with various ranges of oxygen content; have been employed. The compact time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (c-ToF AMS) enabled better identification of OOA. ROS monitored by using two assays: DTT and BPEA-nit. Despite emitting lower mass, both assays agreed that oxygen content of a biodiesel is directly correlated with its OOA, and highly related to its OP. Hence, the more oxygen included in the considered biodiesels, the higher the OP of PM emissions. This highlights the importance of taking oxygen content into account while assessing emissions from new fuel types, which is relevant from a health effects standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hedayat
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - S Stevanovic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; ARC (Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia.
| | - A Milic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - B Miljevic
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - M N Nabi
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - A Zare
- BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - S E Bottle
- ARC (Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - R J Brown
- BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
| | - Z D Ristovski
- ILAQH (International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia; BERF (Biofuel Engine Research Facility), Queensland University of Technology, 2 George St, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia
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14
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Esdaile LJ, Rintoul L, Goh MS, Merahi K, Parizel N, Wellard RM, Choua S, Arnold DP. Nickel(II)
meso
‐Hydroxyporphyrin Complexes Revisited: Palladium‐Catalysed Synthesis, Electronic Structures of Derived Oxy Radicals, and Oxidative Coupling to a Dioxoporphodimethene Dyad. Chemistry 2016; 22:3430-3446. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J. Esdaile
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane 4001 Australia
| | - Llew Rintoul
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane 4001 Australia
| | - Mean See Goh
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane 4001 Australia
| | - Khalissa Merahi
- Institut de Chimie Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal, BP 296 R8 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Nathalie Parizel
- Institut de Chimie Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal, BP 296 R8 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - R. Mark Wellard
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane 4001 Australia
| | - Sylvie Choua
- Institut de Chimie Université de Strasbourg 4 rue Blaise Pascal, BP 296 R8 67008 Strasbourg Cedex France
| | - Dennis P. Arnold
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology GPO Box 2434 Brisbane 4001 Australia
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Rahman MM, Stevanovic S, Islam MA, Heimann K, Nabi MN, Thomas G, Feng B, Brown RJ, Ristovski ZD. Particle emissions from microalgae biodiesel combustion and their relative oxidative potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2015; 17:1601-1610. [PMID: 26238214 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00125k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are considered to be one of the most viable biodiesel feedstocks for the future due to their potential for providing economical, sustainable and cleaner alternatives to petroleum diesel. This study investigated the particle emissions from a commercially cultured microalgae and higher plant biodiesels at different blending ratios. With a high amount of long carbon chain lengths fatty acid methyl esters (C20 to C22), the microalgal biodiesel used had a vastly different average carbon chain length and level of unsaturation to conventional biodiesel, which significantly influenced particle emissions. Smaller blend percentages showed a larger reduction in particle emission than blend percentages of over 20%. This was due to the formation of a significant nucleation mode for the higher blends. In addition measurements of reactive oxygen species (ROS), showed that the oxidative potential of particles emitted from the microalgal biodiesel combustion were lower than that of regular diesel. Biodiesel oxygen content was less effective in suppressing particle emissions for biodiesels containing a high amount of polyunsaturated C20-C22 fatty acid methyl esters and generated significantly increased nucleation mode particle emissions. The observed increase in nucleation mode particle emission is postulated to be caused by very low volatility, high boiling point and high density, viscosity and surface tension of the microalgal biodiesel tested here. Therefore, in order to achieve similar PM (particulate matter) emission benefits for microalgal biodiesel likewise to conventional biodiesel, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) with high amounts of polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids (≥C20) may not be desirable in microalgal biodiesel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- International Laboratory of Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), Biofuel Engine Research Facilities (BERF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia 4001.
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Pourkhesalian AM, Stevanovic S, Salimi F, Rahman MM, Wang H, Pham PX, Bottle SE, Masri AR, Brown RJ, Ristovski ZD. Influence of fuel molecular structure on the volatility and oxidative potential of biodiesel particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:12577-85. [PMID: 25322332 DOI: 10.1021/es503160m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of chemical composition of biodiesel fuel on the physical (volatility) and chemical (reactive oxygenated species concentration) properties of nano particles emitted from a modern common-rail diesel engine. Particle emissions from the combustion of four biodiesels with controlled chemical compositions and different varying unsaturation degrees and carbon-chain lengths, together with a commercial diesel, were tested and compared in terms of volatility of particles and the amount of reactive oxygenated species carried by particles. Different blends of biodiesel and petro diesel were tested at several engine loads and speeds. We have observed that more saturated fuels with shorter carbon chain lengths result in lower particle mass but produce particles that are more volatile and also have higher levels of Reactive Oxygen Species. This highlights the importance of taking into account metrics that are relevant from the health effects point of view when assessing emissions from new fuel types.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Pourkhesalian
- ILAQH and BERF, Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Stevanovic S, Miljevic B, Surawski NC, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE, Brown R, Ristovski ZD. Influence of oxygenated organic aerosols (OOAs) on the oxidative potential of diesel and biodiesel particulate matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7655-62. [PMID: 23763365 DOI: 10.1021/es4007433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Generally, the magnitude of pollutant emissions from diesel engines running on biodiesel fuel is ultimately coupled to the structure of the fuel's constituent molecules. Previous studies demonstrated the relationship between the organic fraction of particulate matter (PM) and its oxidative potential. Herein, emissions from a diesel engine running on different biofuels were analyzed in more detail to explore the role that different organic fractions play in the measured oxidative potential. In this work, a more detailed chemical analysis of biofuel PM was undertaken using a compact time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (c-ToF AMS). This enabled a better identification of the different organic fractions that contribute to the overall measured oxidative potentials. The concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using a profluorescent nitroxide molecular probe 9-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylisoindolin-2-yloxyl-5-ethynyl)-10-(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEAnit). Therefore, the oxidative potential of the PM, measured through the ROS content, although proportional to the total organic content in certain cases, shows a much higher correlation with the oxygenated organic fraction as measured by the c-ToF AMS. This highlights the importance of knowing the surface chemistry of particles for assessing their health impacts. It also sheds light onto new aspects of particulate emissions that should be taken into account when establishing relevant metrics for assessing health implications of replacing diesel with alternative fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stevanovic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
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Fairfull-Smith KE, Debele EA, Allen JP, Pfrunder MC, McMurtrie JC. Direct Iodination of Isoindolines and Isoindoline Nitroxides as Precursors to Functionalized Nitroxides. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jayawardena VC, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE. Improving the Yield of the Exhaustive Grignard Alkylation of N-Benzylphthalimide. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The tetraalkylation of N-benzylphthalimide is the major yield limiting step in the common synthetic route to isoindoline nitroxides. The progress of this reaction was found to be limited by the formation of previously unobserved mono- and dialkyl side products that do not lead to the desired product. The yield for the tetraalkylation of N-benzylphthalimide with ethylmagnesium iodide could be increased (60 % over two steps) when a stepwise addition sequence was employed. The new two-step synthesis offers a practical preparative scale alternative to the current approach.
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