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Kuddushi M, Xu BB, Malek N, Zhang X. Review of ionic liquid and ionogel-based biomaterials for advanced drug delivery. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 331:103244. [PMID: 38959813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) play a crucial role in the design of novel materials. The ionic nature of ILs provides numerous advantages in drug delivery, acting as a green solvent or active ingredient to enhance the solubility, permeability, and binding efficiency of drugs. They could also function as a structuring agent in the development of nano/micro particles for drug delivery, including micelles, vesicles, gels, emulsion, and more. This review summarize the ILs and IL-based gel structures with their advanced drug delivery applications. The first part of review focuses on the role of ILs in drug formulation and the applications of ILs in drug delivery. The second part of review offers a comprehensive overview of recent drug delivery applications of IL-based gel. It aims to offer new perspectives and attract more attention to open up new avenues in the biomedical applications of ILs and IL-based gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Kuddushi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Naved Malek
- Ionic Liquid Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat 07, India
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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2
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Marullo S, Tiecco M, Germani R, D'Anna F. Highly recyclable surfactant-based supramolecular eutectogels for iodine removal. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Rizzo C, Cancemi P, Mattiello L, Marullo S, D'Anna F. Naphthalimide Imidazolium-Based Supramolecular Hydrogels as Bioimaging and Theranostic Soft Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:48442-48457. [PMID: 33070607 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
1,8-Naphthalimide-based imidazolium salts differing for the alkyl chain length and the nature of the anion were synthesized and characterized to obtain fluorescent probes for bioimaging applications. First, their self-assembly behavior and gelling ability were investigated in water and water/dimethyl sulfoxide binary mixtures. Only salts having longer alkyl chains were able to give supramolecular hydrogels, whose properties were investigated by using a combined approach of fluorescence, resonance light scattering, and rheology measurements. Morphological information was obtained by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, conductive properties of organic salts in solution and gel state were analyzed. Imidazolium salts were successfully tested for their possible application as bioimaging and cytotoxic agents toward three cancer cell lines and a nontumoral epithelial cell line. Characterization of their behavior was performed by MTT and cell-based assays. Finally, the biological activity of hydrogels was also investigated. Collectively, our findings showed that naphthalimide-based imidazolium salts are promising theranostic agents and they were able to preserve their biological properties also in the gel phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Biologia Cellulare, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mattiello
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l'Ingegneria (SBAI), Sapienza Università di Roma, via Castro Laurenziano 7, Roma 00161, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Edificio 17, Palermo 90128, Italy
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Kuddushi M, Patel NK, Rajput S, El Seoud OA, Mata JP, Malek NI. Temperature‐Responsive Low Molecular Weight Ionic Liquid Based Gelator: An Approach to Fabricate an Anti‐Cancer Drug‐Loaded Hybrid Ionogel. CHEMSYSTEMSCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.201900053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Kuddushi
- Applied Chemistry DepartmentS.V. National Institute of Technology Surat 395007 Gujarat India
| | - Nehal K. Patel
- Applied Chemistry DepartmentS.V. National Institute of Technology Surat 395007 Gujarat India
| | - Sargam Rajput
- Applied Chemistry DepartmentS.V. National Institute of Technology Surat 395007 Gujarat India
| | - Omar A. El Seoud
- Institute of ChemistryThe University of São Paulo P. O. Box 26077 05513-970 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Jitendra P. Mata
- Australian Centre for Neutron ScatteringAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Naved I. Malek
- Applied Chemistry DepartmentS.V. National Institute of Technology Surat 395007 Gujarat India
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5
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Ionic liquid gels and antioxidant carbon nanotubes: Hybrid soft materials with improved radical scavenging activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 556:628-639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Marullo S, Rizzo C, Dintcheva NT, Giannici F, D'Anna F. Ionic liquids gels: Soft materials for environmental remediation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 517:182-193. [PMID: 29425955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Nanostructured sorbents and, in particular, supramolecular gels are emerging as efficient materials for the removal of toxic contaminants from water, like industrial dyes. It is also known that ionic liquids can dissolve significant amounts of dyes. Consequently, supramolecular ionic liquids gels could be highly efficient sorbents for dyes removal. This would also contribute to overcome the drawbacks associated with dye removal by liquid-liquid extraction with neat ionic liquids which would require large volumes of extractant and a more difficult separation of the phases. EXPERIMENTS Herein we employed novel supramolecular ionic liquid gels based on diimidazolium salts bearing naturally occurring or biomass derived anions, to adsorb cationic and anionic dyes from wastewaters. We also carried out a detailed investigation of thermal, structural, morphological and rheological features of our gels to identify which of them are key in designing better sorbents for environmental remediation. FINDINGS The most effective gels showed fast and thorough removal of cationic dyes like Rhodamine B. These gels could also be reused up to 20 times without any loss in removal efficiency. Overall, our ionic gels outperform most of gel-based sorbents systems so far reported in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Marullo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica-Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Carla Rizzo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica-Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nadka T Dintcheva
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Aerospaziale, dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannici
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, I-90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica-Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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7
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D'Anna F, Rizzo C, Vitale P, Marullo S, Ferrante F. Supramolecular complexes formed by dimethoxypillar[5]arenes and imidazolium salts: a joint experimental and computational investigation. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02598j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The stability of host–guest complexes formed by dimethoxypillar[5]arenes and imidazolium salts has been analyzed as a function of different structural features of the guest, using a combined approach of different techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Anna
- Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze Ed.17
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Carla Rizzo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze Ed.17
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze Ed.17
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Salvatore Marullo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF-Sezione di Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze Ed.17
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrante
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze Ed.17
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
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Rizzo C, Arrigo R, D'Anna F, Di Blasi F, Dintcheva NT, Lazzara G, Parisi F, Riela S, Spinelli G, Massaro M. Hybrid supramolecular gels of Fmoc-F/halloysite nanotubes: systems for sustained release of camptothecin. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3217-3229. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel supramolecular gel hybrids were prepared by self-assembly of Fmoc-l-phenylalanine in the presence of functionalized halloysite nanotubes and employed as carriers for the delivery of camptothecin molecules.
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9
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Cancemi P, Buttacavoli M, D'Anna F, Feo S, Fontana RM, Noto R, Sutera A, Vitale P, Gallo G. The effects of structural changes on the anti-microbial and anti-proliferative activities of diimidazolium salts. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj03904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Anti-microbial and anti-proliferative activities of diimidazolium salts have been analyzed as a function of the main changes in their structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cancemi
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Biologia Cellulare
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Miriam Buttacavoli
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Biologia Cellulare
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Salvatore Feo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Biologia Cellulare
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Fontana
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Biologia Cellulare
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Renato Noto
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Alberto Sutera
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Biologia Cellulare
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Chimica
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gallo
- Dipartimento STEBICEF
- Sezione di Biologia Cellulare
- Viale delle Scienze
- 90128 Palermo
- Italy
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10
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Mao L, Pan W, Fu Y, Chen L, Xu M, Ren Y, Feng W, Yuan L. Reversibly Tunable Lower Critical Solution Temperature Behavior Induced by H-Bonded Aromatic Amide Macrocycle and Imidazolium Host–Guest Complexation. Org Lett 2016; 19:18-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wang Pan
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yonghong Fu
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lixi Chen
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Min Xu
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yi Ren
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key
Laboratory for Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key State Laboratory
of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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11
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Self-assembled supramolecular hydrogel induced by β-cyclodextrin and ionic liquid-type imidazolium gemini surfactant. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rizzo C, D'Anna F, Noto R, Zhang M, Weiss RG. Insights into the Formation and Structures of Molecular Gels by Diimidazolium Salt Gelators in Ionic Liquids or “Normal” Solvents. Chemistry 2016; 22:11269-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rizzo
- Università degli Studi di Palermo; Dipartimento STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Parco O'Orleans II; 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Francesca D'Anna
- Università degli Studi di Palermo; Dipartimento STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Parco O'Orleans II; 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Renato Noto
- Università degli Studi di Palermo; Dipartimento STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Viale delle Scienze, Parco O'Orleans II; 90128 Palermo Italy
| | - Mohan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Georgetown University; Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Richard G. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry; Georgetown University; Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
- Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology; Georgetown University; Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
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Du X, Zhou J, Shi J, Xu B. Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials. Chem Rev 2015; 115:13165-307. [PMID: 26646318 PMCID: PMC4936198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1266] [Impact Index Per Article: 140.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, United States
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14
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D'Anna F, Marullo S, Lazzara G, Vitale P, Noto R. Aggregation Processes of Perylene Bisimide Diimidazolium Salts. Chemistry 2015; 21:14780-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Ohsedo Y, Taniguchi M, Oono M, Saruhashi K, Watanabe H. Long-chain alkylamide-derived oil gels: mixing induced onset of thixotropy and application in sustained drug release. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00999e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oil gels composed of long-chain alkylamides exhibited thixotropic properties, although the same property was absent in each alkylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Ohsedo
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Collaborative Research Division, Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | - Makiko Taniguchi
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Collaborative Research Division, Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
| | | | | | - Hisayuki Watanabe
- Advanced Materials Research Laboratory
- Collaborative Research Division, Art, Science and Technology Center for Cooperative Research
- Kyushu University
- Nishi-ku
- Japan
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16
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D'Anna F, Rizzo C, Vitale P, Lazzara G, Noto R. Dicationic organic salts: gelators for ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:9281-9292. [PMID: 25330144 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01360c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diimidazolium and dipyrrolidinium organic salts were tested for their ability to gel both organic solvents and ionic liquids. Organic salts containing 1-(1-imidazolylmethyl)-3,5-di-(3'-octylimidazolylmethyl)-benzene and 1-(N-pyrrolidylmethyl)-3,5-di-(N,N-octylpyrrolidylmethyl)-benzene cations were used. In addition to the simple bromide anion, also dianions having a naphthalene core such as 1,5- and 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate were taken into account. Gelation tests demonstrated that organic salts used were able to harden ionic liquids. The materials obtained were investigated for their thermal stability and also for electric conductivity properties using micro-DSC and dielectric spectroscopy. Furthermore, the opacity of some gel phases was monitored using UV-vis measurements. To obtain information about the gelation mechanism, gel phase formation was studied as a function of time by means of resonance light scattering investigation. Finally, the ability of materials to respond to external stimuli such as magnetic stirring or ultrasound irradiation was also analyzed. Data collected show that different relationships exist among the gelator and the ionic liquid structure, determining the properties of materials and their possible applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Anna
- Dipartimento STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d'Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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17
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Rizzo C, D’Anna F, Marullo S, Noto R. Task Specific Dicationic Ionic Liquids: Recyclable Reaction Media for the Mononuclear Rearrangement of Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8678-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501451t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Rizzo
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca D’Anna
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marullo
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Renato Noto
- Dipartimento
STEBICEF, Sezione di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze-Parco d’Orleans II, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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