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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Periphery-Fused Chiral A 2B-Type Subporphyrin. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041140. [PMID: 33672731 PMCID: PMC7924371 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant interest, the chiroptical properties of subporphyrins have rarely been investigated because chiral subporphyrins are elusive. Here, inherently chiral subporphyrins are elaborated by forming a fused pyran ring at the periphery of an A2B-type meso-aryl-substituted subporphyrin. Their circular dichroism (CD) properties are largely affected by the peripheral substituents and the dihedral angles between the meso-aryl substituents and the subporphyrin core: the β-perbromo subporphyrin with an orthogonal arrangement of the meso-phenyl substituents to the subporphyrin core exhibits weak CD signals corresponding to the Q bands, whereas the unsubstituted species with smaller dihedral angles shows relatively intense CD signals. A detailed structure–property relationship of these chiral subporphyrins was elucidated by time-dependent (TD) DFT calculations. This study reveals that the CD properties of chiral subporphyrins can be controlled by peripheral substitution and meso-aryl substituents.
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Sample HC, Senge MO. Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution (S NAr) and Related Reactions of Porphyrinoids: Mechanistic and Regiochemical Aspects. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:7-42. [PMID: 33519299 PMCID: PMC7821298 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of aromatic moieties (SNAr) has been known for over 150 years and found wide use for the functionalization of (hetero)aromatic systems. Currently, several "types" of SNAr reactions have been established and notably the area of porphyrinoid macrocycles has seen many uses thereof. Herein, we detail the SNAr reactions of seven types of porphyrinoids with differing number and type of pyrrole units: subporphyrins, norcorroles, corroles, porphyrins, azuliporphyrins, N-confused porphyrins, and phthalocyanines. For each we analyze the substitution dependent upon: a) the type of nucleophile and b) the site of substitution (α, β, or meso). Along with this we evaluate this route as a synthetic strategy for the generation of unsymmetrical porphyrinoids. Distinct trends can be identified for each type of porphyrinoid discussed, regardless of nucleophile. The use of nucleophilic substitution on porphyrinoids is found to often be a cost-effective procedure with the ability to yield complex substituent patterns, which can be conducted in non-anhydrous solvents with easily accessible simple porphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry C. Sample
- School of ChemistryTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteThe University of Dublin152‐160 Pearse StreetDublin 2Ireland
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Institute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Technical University of MunichLichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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Bekki Y, Osuka A. meso-Free B III Subporphyrins with Electron-donating Groups. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1580-1589. [PMID: 32216056 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
meso-Free BIII 5,10-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)subporphyrins were synthesized. They display red-shifted absorption and fluorescence spectra, bathochromic behaviors in polar solvents, a high fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF =0.57), and a small HOMO-LUMO gap mainly due to destabilized HOMO as compared with meso-free BIII 5,10-diphenylsubporphyrin. This subporphyrin serves as a nice precursor of various meso-substituted BIII subporphyrins such as BIII meso-nitrosubporphyrin, BIII meso-aminosubporphyrin, and meso-meso' linked BIII azosubporphyrin dimer. Reactions of meso-free BIII subporphyrins with NBS or bis(2,4,6-trimethylpyridine)bromonium hexafluorophosphate gave meso-meso' linked subporphyrin dimers, often as a major product along with meso-bromosubporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Bekki
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Winterfeld KA, Lavarda G, Yoshida K, Bayerlein MJ, Kise K, Tanaka T, Osuka A, Guldi DM, Torres T, Bottari G. Synthesis and Optical Features of Axially and Peripherally Substituted Subporphyrins. A Paradigmatic Example of Charge Transfer versus Exciplex States. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7920-7929. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim A. Winterfeld
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Giulia Lavarda
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Maximilian J. Bayerlein
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Koki Kise
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen−Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Bekki Y, Shimizu D, Fujimoto K, Osuka A. meso-Functionalization of Boron(III) Subporphyrin with Boron(III) meso-Lithiosubporphyrin. Chemistry 2018; 24:12708-12715. [PMID: 29882368 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Boron(III) meso-lithiosubporphyrin was prepared by bromine-lithium exchange of B-tolyl BIII meso-bromosubporphyrin with n-butyllithium at -98 °C. The resulting subporphyrinyllithium was treated with various electrophiles such as benzophenone, N,N-dimethylformamide, CO2 , chlorotrimethylsilane, N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide, and dimesitylboryl fluoride to give the corresponding meso-functionalized BIII subporphyrins. The nucleophile was also used to construct BIII subporphyrin dimers such as bis(BIII subporphyrinyl)ketone, bis(BIII subporphyrinyl)carbinol, and disilane-bridged BIII subporphyrin dimer. The structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of these meso-functionalized BIII subporphyrins were examined by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, electrochemical studies, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Bekki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Daiki Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School
of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Shimizu S. Recent Advances in Subporphyrins and Triphyrin Analogues: Contracted Porphyrins Comprising Three Pyrrole Rings. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2730-2784. [PMID: 27779851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinato boron (subporphyrin) was elusive until the syntheses of tribenzosubporphine in 2006 and meso-aryl-substituted subporphyrin in 2007. These novel contracted analogues possess a 14π-electron conjugated system embedded in a bowl-shaped structure. They exhibit absorption and fluorescence in the UV/vis region and nonlinear optical properties due to their octupolar structures. The unique coordination geometry around the central boron atom in the structure of subporphyrin enabled investigation of rare boron species, such as borenium cations, boron hydrides, and boron peroxides. Along with the burgeoning development of the chemistry of subporphyrins, analogous triphyrin systems have also emerged. Their rich coordination chemistry as a result of their free-base structures, which are different from the boron-coordinating structure of subporphyrins, has been intensively investigated. On the basis of the unique structures and reactivities of subporphyrins and their related triphyrin analogues, supramolecular architectures and covalently linked multicomponent systems have also been actively pursued. This Review provides an overview of the development of subporphyrin and triphyrin chemistry in the past decade and future prospects in this field, which may inspire molecular design toward applications based on their unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University , Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Abstract
This review highlights and summarizes various optically active porphyrin and phthalocyanine molecules prepared using a wide range of structural modification methods to improve the design of novel structures and their applications. The induced chirality of some illustrative achiral bis-porphyrins with a chiral guest molecule is introduced because these systems are ideal for the identification and separation of chiral biologically active substrates. In addition, the relationship between CD signal and the absolute configuration of the molecule is analyzed through an analysis of the results of molecular modeling calculations. Possible future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Aydin G, Temelli B, Unaleroglu C. Selective Synthesis of Tripyrranes, Tetrapyrranes, and Corroles. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Yoshida K, Osuka A. Observation of Diastereomeric Interconversions of β-Sulfinylsubporphyrins as Evidence for Bowl Inversion. Chemistry 2015; 21:11727-34. [PMID: 26095053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
B-Methoxy β-(4-methoxyphenylsulfinyl)subporphyrin and B-phenyl β-(4-methoxyphenylsulfinyl)subporphyrin were synthesized by oxidation of the corresponding β-sulfanylsubporphyrins with m-chloroperbenzoic acid and were separated into diastereomers, respectively. B-Methoxy subporphyrin diastereomers were interconverted to each other in methanol or ethanol, whereas such interconversion was not observed for B-phenyl subporphyrin diastereomers even at high temperature. Diastereomeric interconversions of B-methoxy subporphyrins were dramatically accelerated by addition of trifluoroacetic acid. These results suggest that the diastereomeric interconversions of B-methoxy subporphyrins, namely, their bowl inversions, proceed via a mechanism involving protonation-induced generation of subporphyrin borenium cations followed by nucleophilic attacks by alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-3970
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 75-753-3970.
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Filatov MS, Trukhina ON, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Islyaikin MK, Koifman OI, Torres T. Synthesis and spectroscopic properties of chiral bornane[2,3-b]pyrazino-fused [30]trithiadodecaazahexaphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614500771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
First chiral bornane[2,3-b]pyrazino-fused [30]trithiadodecaazahexaphyrins were prepared by a crossover condensation of R-(+)- or S-(–)-bornane[2′,3′-b]-2,3-dicyanopyrazine and 2,5-diamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole using two different methods. R-(+)- and S-(–)-enantiomers were characterized by their optical rotations and circular dichroism spectra, showing a mirror image relationship with respect to [θ] = 0. Regioisomers with C1 and C3 symmetry of R-(+)-[30]trithiadodecaazahexaphyrin have been separated using HPLC CHIRALPACK IC analytical column, allowing their unambiguous identification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim S. Filatov
- IRLoN, Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Olga N. Trukhina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mikhail K. Islyaikin
- IRLoN, Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
- Department of Fine Organic Synthesis, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Oscar I. Koifman
- IRLoN, Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
| | - Tomas Torres
- IRLoN, Research Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000, Ivanovo, Russia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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