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Bosch E, Speetzen E, Bowling NP. Halogen-Bonded Supramolecular Parallelograms: From Self-Complementary Iodoalkyne Halogen-Bonded Dimers to 1:1 and 2:2 Iodoalkyne Halogen-Bonded Cocrystals. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:1674-1681. [PMID: 38405167 PMCID: PMC10885002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The formation of supramolecular parallelograms utilizing iodoalkyne-pyridine halogen bonding is described. The crystal structures of four iodoalkynyl-substituted (phenylethynyl)pyridines demonstrate the feasibility of discrete self-complementary dimer formation. These compounds 3-(2-iodoethynyl-phenylethynyl) pyridine (1), 2-(3-iodoethynyl-phenylethynyl) pyridine (2), 3-(4,5-difluoro-2-iodoethynyl-phenylethynyl) pyridine (3), and 2-(5-iodoethynyl-2,4-dimethylphenylethynyl) pyridine (4) all form parallelogram-shaped dimers with two self-complementary short N-I halogen bonds. The potential formation of iodoalkynyl halogen-bonded supramolecular macrocycles is demonstrated by the formation of a discrete halogen-bonded parallelogram-shaped complex in the 1:1 cocrystal formed from the bis iodoalkyne, 1-iodoethynyl-2-(3-iodoethynyl-phenylethynyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzene (6), and the dipyridyl, 5-phenyl-2-(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)pyridine (7). Furthermore, discrete supramolecular parallelograms form within the 2:2 cocrystal formed between 1,2-bis(iodoethynyl)-4,5-difluorobenzene and the dipyridyl 4-(3-pyridylethynyl) pyridine (8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bosch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, Missouri 65897, United States
| | - Erin Speetzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States
| | - Nathan P Bowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin 54481, United States
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Grinde NA, Kehoe ZR, Vang HG, Mancheski LJ, Bosch E, Southern SA, Bryce DL, Bowling NP. Rapid Access to Encapsulated Molecular Rotors via Coordination-Driven Macrocycle Formation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301745. [PMID: 37308699 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycle formation that relies upon trans metal coordination of appropriately placed pyridine ligands within an arylene ethynylene construct provides rapid and reliable access to molecular rotators encapsulated within macrocyclic stators. Showing no significant close contacts to the central rotators, X-ray crystallography of AgI -coordinated macrocycles provides plausibility for unobstructed rotation or wobbling of rotators within the central cavity. Solid-state 13 C NMR of PdII -coordinated macrocycles supports the notion of unobstructed movement of simple arenes in the crystal lattice. Solution 1 H NMR studies indicate complete and immediate macrocycle formation upon the introduction of PdII to the pyridyl-based ligand at room temperature. Moreover, the formed macrocycle is stable in solution; a lack of significant changes in the 1 H NMR spectrum upon cooling to -50 °C is consistent with the absence of dynamic behavior. The synthetic route to these macrocycles is expedient and modular, providing access to rather complex constructs in four simple steps involving Sonogashira coupling and deprotection reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A Grinde
- Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USA
| | - Zachary R Kehoe
- Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USA
| | - Herh G Vang
- Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USA
| | - Lucas J Mancheski
- Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USA
| | - Eric Bosch
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Missouri State University, 901 South National Avenue, Springfield, MO, 65897, USA
| | - Scott A Southern
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David L Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nathan P Bowling
- Chemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2101 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, WI, 54481, USA
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Lindblad S, Boróka Németh F, Földes T, von der Heiden D, Vang HG, Driscoll ZL, Gonnering ER, Pápai I, Bowling N, Erdelyi M. The Influence of Secondary Interactions on the [N-I-N] + Halogen Bond. Chemistry 2021; 27:13748-13756. [PMID: 34339075 PMCID: PMC8518683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
[Bis(pyridine)iodine(I)]+ complexes offer controlled access to halonium ions under mild conditions. The reactivity of such stabilized halonium ions is primarily determined by their three-center, four-electron [N-I-N]+ halogen bond. We studied the importance of chelation, strain, steric hindrance and electrostatic interaction for the structure and reactivity of halogen bonded halonium ions by acquiring their 15 N NMR coordination shifts and measuring their iodenium release rates, and interpreted the data with the support of DFT computations. A bidentate ligand stabilizes the [N-I-N]+ halogen bond, decreasing the halenium transfer rate. Strain weakens the bond and accordingly increases the release rate. Remote modifications in the backbone do not influence the stability as long as the effect is entirely steric. Incorporating an electron-rich moiety close by the [N-I-N]+ motif increases the iodenium release rate. The analysis of the iodine(I) transfer mechanism highlights the impact of secondary interactions, and may provide a handle on the induction of stereoselectivity in electrophilic halogenations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lindblad
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Flóra Boróka Németh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Földes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Herh G Vang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2001 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 54481, USA
| | - Zakarias L Driscoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2001 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 54481, USA
| | - Emily R Gonnering
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2001 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 54481, USA
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Chemistry, University J. Selyeho, 94505, Komárno, Slovakia
| | - Nathan Bowling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 2001 Fourth Avenue, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 54481, USA
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Schulte TR, Holstein JJ, Krause L, Michel R, Stalke D, Sakuda E, Umakoshi K, Longhi G, Abbate S, Clever GH. Chiral-at-Metal Phosphorescent Square-Planar Pt(II)-Complexes from an Achiral Organometallic Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6863-6866. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben R. Schulte
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lennard Krause
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reent Michel
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institute
for Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August University Göttingen, Tammannstraße
4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eri Sakuda
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Keisuke Umakoshi
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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