1
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Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits. Nature 2023; 613:496-502. [PMID: 36653571 PMCID: PMC9849123 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and OECT-based circuitry offer great potential in bioelectronics, wearable electronics and artificial neuromorphic electronics because of their exceptionally low driving voltages (<1 V), low power consumption (<1 µW), high transconductances (>10 mS) and biocompatibility1-5. However, the successful realization of critical complementary logic OECTs is currently limited by temporal and/or operational instability, slow redox processes and/or switching, incompatibility with high-density monolithic integration and inferior n-type OECT performance6-8. Here we demonstrate p- and n-type vertical OECTs with balanced and ultra-high performance by blending redox-active semiconducting polymers with a redox-inactive photocurable and/or photopatternable polymer to form an ion-permeable semiconducting channel, implemented in a simple, scalable vertical architecture that has a dense, impermeable top contact. Footprint current densities exceeding 1 kA cm-2 at less than ±0.7 V, transconductances of 0.2-0.4 S, short transient times of less than 1 ms and ultra-stable switching (>50,000 cycles) are achieved in, to our knowledge, the first vertically stacked complementary vertical OECT logic circuits. This architecture opens many possibilities for fundamental studies of organic semiconductor redox chemistry and physics in nanoscopically confined spaces, without macroscopic electrolyte contact, as well as wearable and implantable device applications.
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2
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Kumar GD, Banasiewicz M, Wrzosek A, O'Mari O, Zochowska M, Vullev VI, Jacquemin D, Szewczyk A, Gryko DT. A sensitive zinc probe operating via enhancement of excited-state intramolecular charge transfer. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7439-7447. [PMID: 36102673 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01296k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel highly sensitive fluorescent probes for zinc cations based on the diketopyrrolopyrrole scaffold were designed and synthesized. Large bathochromic shifts (≈80 nm) of fluorescence are observed when the Zn2+-recognition unit (di-(2-picolyl)amine) is bridged with the fluorophore possessing an additional pyridine unit able to participate in the coordination process. This effect originates from the dipolar architecture and the increasing electron-withdrawing properties of the diketopyrrolopyrrole core upon addition of the cation. The new, greenish-yellow emitting probes, which operate via modulation of intramolecular charge transfer, are very sensitive to the presence of Zn2+. Introduction of a morpholine unit in the diketopyrrolopyrrole structure induces a selective six-fold increase of the emission intensity upon zinc coordination. Importantly, the presence of other divalent biologically relevant metal cations has negligible effects and typically even at a 100-fold higher concentration of Mg2+/Zn2+, the effect is comparable. Computational studies rationalize the strong bathochromic shift upon Zn2+-complexation. Decorating the probes with the triphenylphosphonium cation and morpholine unit enables selective localization in the mitochondria and the lysosome of cardiac H9C2 cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antoni Wrzosek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Omar O'Mari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Monika Zochowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes University, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR-6230, F-4400 Nantes, France.
| | - Adam Szewczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteur 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Dagar J, Brown TM. Biological/metal oxide composite transport layers cast from green solvents for boosting light harvesting response of organic photovoltaic cells indoors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:405404. [PMID: 35700718 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac7883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells with biological/metal-oxide electron transport layers (ETLs), consisting of a ZnO compact layer covered by a thin DNA layer, both of which deposited with green solvents (water or water/alcohols mixtures) are presented for application under low intensity indoor lighting. Under white LED lamp (200, 400 lx), photovoltaic cells with P3HT:PC70BM polymer semiconductor blends delivered an average maximum power density (MPD) of 8.7μW cm-2, corresponding to a power conversion efficiency, PCE, of = 8.56% (PCE of best cell was 8.74%). The ZnO/DNA bilayer boosted efficiency by 68% and 13% in relative terms compared to cells made with DNA-only and ZnO-only ETLs at 400 lx. Photovoltaic cells with ZnO/DNA composite ETLs based on PTB7:PC70BM blends, that absorb a broader range of the indoor lighting spectrum, delivered MPDs of 16.2μW cm-2with an estimated average PCE of 14.3% (best cell efficiency of 15.8%) at 400 lx. The best efficiencies for cells fabricated on flexible plastic substrates were 11.9% at 400 lx. This is the first report in which polymer photovoltaics incorporating biological materials have shown to increment performance at these low light levels and work very efficiently under indoor artificial light illumination. The finding can be useful for the production of more bio-compatible photovoltaics as well as bio-sensing devices based on organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardan Dagar
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, HySPRINT Innovation Lab, Kekuléstrasse 5, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas M Brown
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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4
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Hupfer ML, Koszarna B, Ghosh S, Gryko DT, Presselt M. Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Diketopyrrolopyrroles with Tunable Amphiphilicity. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10272-10278. [PMID: 34405682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present the formation of H- and J-aggregates of amphiphilic centrosymmetric diketopyrrolopyrroles containing aliphatic or aromatic amino groups. The inherent amphiphilicity of these dyes predestines their assembly at interfaces to form ordered supramolecular structures. In this work, we employed the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to generate, manipulate, and deposit such supramolecular structures. The aforementioned amines provide an additional means to control the formation of the supramolecular assemblies. In the resulting LB films, both H- and J-aggregates of the dyes can be realized, leading to very broad absorption spectra. In contrast to many reports on H- and J-aggregates, the interactions between the symmetric diketopyrrolopyrroles are controlled via interface assembly and π-stacking and not by dipolar interactions. We show that in the case of the aliphatic, but not for the aromatic amine functionalization, the usage of an acidic subphase enables the transition from H- to J-aggregate-dominated LB films via an increase in the surface pressure during deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian L Hupfer
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Soumik Ghosh
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- SciClus GmbH & Co. KG, Moritz-von-Rohr-Str. 1a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Presselt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- SciClus GmbH & Co. KG, Moritz-von-Rohr-Str. 1a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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5
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Chua MH, Png ZM, Zhu Q, Xu J. Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers via Transition Metal Catalysed C-H Bond Activation. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2896-2919. [PMID: 34390547 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry has emerged as an exciting and promising approach in organic synthesis. This allows us to synthesize a wider range of functional molecules and conjugated polymers in a more convenient and more atom economical way. The formation of C-C bonds in the construction of pi-conjugated systems, particularly for conjugated polymers, has benefited much from the advances in C-H bond activation chemistry. Compared to conventional transition-metal catalysed cross-coupling polymerization such as Suzuki and Stille cross-coupling, pre-functionalization of aromatic monomers, such as halogenation, borylation and stannylation, is no longer required for direct arylation polymerization (DArP), which involve C-H/C-X cross-coupling, and oxidative direct arylation polymerization (Ox-DArP), which involves C-H/C-H cross-coupling protocols driven by the activation of monomers' C(sp2 )-H bonds. Furthermore, poly(annulation) via C-H bond activation chemistry leads to the formation of unique pi-conjugated moieties as part of the polymeric backbone. This review thus summarises advances to date in the synthesis of conjugated polymers utilizing transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry. A variety of conjugated polymers via DArP including poly(thiophene), thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)-containing, fluorenyl-containing, benzothiadiazole-containing and diketopyrrolopyrrole-containing copolymers, were summarized. Conjugated polymers obtained through Ox-DArP were outlined and compared. Furthermore, poly(annulation) using transition metal catalysed C-H bond activation chemistry was also reviewed. In the last part of this review, difficulties and perspective to make use of transition metal catalysed C-H activation polymerization to prepare conjugated polymers were discussed and commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hui Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03, 138634, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Pieczykolan M, Derr JB, Chrayteh A, Koszarna B, Clark JA, Vakuliuk O, Jacquemin D, Vullev VI, Gryko DT. The Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Weakly Coupled Diketopyrrolopyrroles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164744. [PMID: 34443329 PMCID: PMC8398321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three centrosymmetric diketopyrrolopyrroles possessing either two 2-(2′-methoxyphenyl)benzothiazole or two 2-(2′-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazolo-thiophene scaffolds were synthesized in a straightforward manner, and their photophysical properties were investigated. Their emission was significantly bathochromically shifted as compared with that of simple DPPs reaching 650 nm. Judging from theoretical calculations performed with time-dependent density functional theory, in all three cases the excited state was localized on the DPP core and there was no significant CT character. Consequently, emission was almost independent of solvents’ polarity. DPPs possessing 2,5-thiophene units vicinal to DPP core play a role in electronic transitions, resulting in bathochromically shifted absorption and emission. Interestingly, as judged from transient absorption dynamics, intersystem crossing was responsible for the deactivation of the excited states of DPPs possessing para linkers but not in the case of dye bearing meta linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Pieczykolan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (B.K.); (O.V.)
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Amara Chrayteh
- CEISAM Laboratory—UMR 6230, University of Nantes, CNTS, 44035 Nantes, France;
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (B.K.); (O.V.)
| | - John A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
| | - Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (B.K.); (O.V.)
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM Laboratory—UMR 6230, University of Nantes, CNTS, 44035 Nantes, France;
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (V.I.V.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (V.I.V.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (B.K.); (O.V.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (V.I.V.); (D.T.G.)
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7
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Kumar GD, Banasiewicz M, Jacquemin D, Gryko DT. Switch-On Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Chemosensors for Cations Possessing Lewis Acid Character. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:355-362. [PMID: 33434391 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For the first time diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) have been synthesized directly from nitriles possessing (aza)crown ethers leading to macrocycle-dye hybrids. Depending on the nature of the linkage between DPP and macrocyclic ring, various coordination effects are found. The strong interaction of the cations possessing Lewis acid character such as Li+ , Mg2+ and Zn2+ with 2-aminopyridin-4-yl-DPPs, leading to a bathochromic shift of both emission and absorption, as well as to strong enhancement of fluorescence was rationalized in terms of strong binding of these cations to the N=C-NR2 functionality. The same effect has been observed for protonation. Depending on the size and the structure of the macrocyclic ring the complexation of cations by aza-crown ethers plays an important but secondary role. The interaction of Na+ and K+ with 2-aminopyridin-4-yl-DPPs leads to moderate enhancement of fluorescence due to the aza-crown ethers binding. The very weak fluorescence of DPP bearing 2-dialkylamino-pyridine-4-yl substituents is due to the closely lying T2 state and the resulting intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM UMR 6230, CNRS, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Silva EA, Gregori A, Fernandes JD, Njel C, Dedryvère R, Constantino CJL, Hiorns RC, Lartigau-Dagron C, Olivati CA. Understanding the langmuir and Langmuir-Schaefer film conformation of low-bandgap polymers and their bulk heterojunctions with PCBM. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:315712. [PMID: 32311686 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8b0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Low-bandgap polymers are widely used as p-type components in photoactive layers of organic solar cells, due to their ability to capture a large portion of the solar spectrum. The comprehension of their supramolecular assembly is crucial in achieving high-performance organic electronic devices. Here we synthezed two exemplar low-bandgap cyclopentadithiophene (CPDT):diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers, with either a twelve carbon (C12) or a tri etyleneglycol (TEG) side chains on the DPP units (respectively denoted PCPDTDPP_C12 and PCPDTDPP_TEG). We deposited Langmuir-Schaefer films of these polymers blended with the widely used electron donor material [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid methyl ester (PCBM). We then characterized the conformational, optical and morphological properties of these films. From the monolayers to the solid films, we observed distinct self-organization and surface properties for each polymer due to the distinct nature of their side chains. Emphasizing their attraction interactions with PCBM and the phase transitions according to the surface pressure. The elements amount on the surface, calculated through the XPS, gave us a good insight on the polymers' conformations. Through UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, the improvement in the PCPDTDPP film ordering upon PCBM addition is evident and we saw the contribution of the polymer units on the optical response. Chemical attributions of the polymers were assigned using FTIR Spectroscopy and Raman Scattering, revealing the physical interaction after mixing the materials. We showed that it is possible to build nanostructured PCPDTDPPs films with a high control of their molecular properties through an understanding of their self-assembly and interactions with an n-type material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene A Silva
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UNESP, Rua Roberto Simonsen 305, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil. E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM, Universite de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau, France
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9
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Gutkowski K, Skonieczny K, Bugaj M, Jacquemin D, Gryko DT. N-Arylation of Diketopyrrolopyrroles with Aryl Triflates. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1369-1375. [PMID: 32154982 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology for the double N-arylation of diketopyrrolopyrroles with aryl triflates has been developed. It is now possible to prepare diketopyrrolopyrroles bearing N-substituents derived from naphthalene, anthracene and coumarin in two steps from commercially available phenols. This represents the first time arenes lacking strong electron-withdrawing groups were inserted onto lactamic nitrogen atoms via arylation. The ability to incorporate heretofore unprecedented substituents translates to increased modulation of the resulting photophysical properties such as switching-on/off solvatofluorochromism. TD-DFT calculations have been performed to explore the nature of the relevant excited states. This new synthetic method made it possible to elucidate the influence of such substituents on the absorption and emission properties of tetraaryl substituted diketopyrrolopyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Skonieczny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Bugaj
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Pieczykolan M, Sadowski B, Gryko DT. An Efficient Method for the Programmed Synthesis of Multifunctional Diketopyrrolopyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Pieczykolan
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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11
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Pieczykolan M, Sadowski B, Gryko DT. An Efficient Method for the Programmed Synthesis of Multifunctional Diketopyrrolopyrroles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7528-7535. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Pieczykolan
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Sadowski
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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12
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Punzi A, Babudri F, Farinola GM. Synthetic Routes to Extended Polyconjugated Structures. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Punzi
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Metodologie e tecnologie ambientali (METEA) 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Francesco Babudri
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy
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13
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Punzi A, Zappimbulso N, Farinola GM. Direct Arylations via C-H Bond Functionalization of 1,2,3-Triazoles by a Reusable Pd/C Catalyst Under Solvent-Free Conditions. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
- c/o Villa La Rocca; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Metodologie e tecnologie ambientali (METEA); via Celso Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Nicola Zappimbulso
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
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14
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Capozzi MAM, Punzi A, Babudri F, Musio R, Farinola GM. Synthesis and Computational Study of Semicroconaines and Nonsymmetric Croconaines. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14396-14405. [PMID: 30422651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new dye families of croconic acid derivatives, semicroconaine and nonsymmetric croconaine dyes, is reported for the first time. These compounds show strong absorption in the UV-visible and NIR, respectively. Semicroconaine dyes were obtained by a scalable and efficient condensation of croconic acid with aromatic heterocyclic methylene-active compounds. The subsequent reaction of the semicroconaine dyes with aromatic heterocyclic compounds affords nonsymmetric croconaines. The structure and electronic properties of the synthesized compounds have been investigated by preliminary theoretical calculations at DFT level of approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Annunziata M Capozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Francesco Babudri
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Roberta Musio
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy
| | - Gianluca M Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro" , via Orabona 4 , 70126 Bari , Italy
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15
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16
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Punzi A, Capozzi MAM, Di Noja S, Ragni R, Zappimbulso N, Farinola GM. Solvent-Free Pd-Catalyzed Heteroaryl–Aryl Coupling via C–H Bond Activation for the Synthesis of Extended Heteroaromatic Conjugated Molecules. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9312-9321. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Simone Di Noja
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Ragni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zappimbulso
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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17
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Ardizzone A, Blasi D, Vona D, Rosspeintner A, Punzi A, Altamura E, Grimaldi N, Sala S, Vauthey E, Farinola GM, Ratera I, Ventosa N, Veciana J. Highly Stable and Red-Emitting Nanovesicles Incorporating Lipophilic Diketopyrrolopyrroles for Cell Imaging. Chemistry 2018; 24:11386-11392. [PMID: 29869811 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) have recently attracted much interest as very bright and photostable red-emitting molecules. However, their tendency to form nonfluorescent aggregates in water through the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect is a major issue that limits their application under the microscope. Herein, two DPP molecules have been incorporated into the membrane of highly stable and water-soluble quatsomes (QS; nanovesicles composed of surfactants and sterols), which allow their nanostructuration in water and, at the same time, limits the ACQ effect. The obtained fluorescent organic nanoparticles showed superior structural homogeneity, along with long-term colloidal and optical stability. A thorough one- (1P) and two-photon (2P) fluorescence characterization revealed the promising photophysical features of these fluorescent nanovesicles, which showed a high 1P and 2P brightness. Finally, the fluorescent QSs were used for the in vitro bioimaging of Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell lines; this demonstrates their potential as nanomaterials for bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ardizzone
- Nanomol Department, Institut Ciencia Materials Barcelona, (CSIC)-CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Davide Blasi
- Nanomol Department, Institut Ciencia Materials Barcelona, (CSIC)-CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Danilo Vona
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 30, 1211, Geneve 4, Switzerland
| | - Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Emiliano Altamura
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Natascia Grimaldi
- Nanomol Department, Institut Ciencia Materials Barcelona, (CSIC)-CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Santi Sala
- Nanomol Department, Institut Ciencia Materials Barcelona, (CSIC)-CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 30, 1211, Geneve 4, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca M Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Imma Ratera
- Nanomol Department, Institut Ciencia Materials Barcelona, (CSIC)-CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Nora Ventosa
- Nanomol Department, Institut Ciencia Materials Barcelona, (CSIC)-CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Nanomol Department, Institut Ciencia Materials Barcelona, (CSIC)-CIBER-BBN, Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193, Cerdanyola, Spain
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18
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Freudenberg J, Jänsch D, Hinkel F, Bunz UHF. Immobilization Strategies for Organic Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5598-5689. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Daniel Jänsch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Felix Hinkel
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Centre of Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 and 270, 69120 Heidelberg, FRG
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19
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Gutkowski K, Azarias C, Banasiewicz M, Kozankiewicz B, Jacquemin D, Gryko DT. Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of N
-Arylated Diketopyrrolopyrroles. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Science; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Cloé Azarias
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Marzena Banasiewicz
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Science; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bolesław Kozankiewicz
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Science; Al. Lotników 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230; Université de Nantes; 2 rue de la Houssinière 44322 Nantes Cedex 3 France
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Science; Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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20
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Liu F, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhang S. Novel Conjugated Polymers Prepared by Direct (Hetero) arylation: An Eco-Friendly Tool for Organic Electronics. Molecules 2018; 23:E408. [PMID: 29438329 PMCID: PMC6017795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The phthalimide (PhI) moiety has been attracting more attention as an excellent acceptor building block in donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers. In this paper; three D-A conjugated polymers with or without thiocarbonyl moieties are successfully prepared by the direct (hetero)-arylation polymerization (DHAP), which is an atom efficient and facile synthetic strategy to obtain polymer materials. Compared with the traditional carbon-carbon coupling reactions, this method possesses more advantages, including: fewer synthetic steps, avoidance of the preparation of the organometallic reagents, higher atom economy and fewer toxic byproducts, better compatibility with chemically sensitive functional groups and so on. All three of these designed PhI-based polymers exhibited favourable optoelectronic and thermal performance. The optical, thermodynamic and electrochemical properties of the synthesized polymers were systematically investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results of these three polymers indicated that thionation of the carbonyl was a highly effective methods to improve the properties of PhI-based polymers; and provided impetus for the development of thionated PhI derivatives for organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yangqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Shiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
- Nanjing Kuo Hua Electronics Technology Pte. Ltd., Innovation Building B816, Xinmofan Road 5, Nanjing 210009, China.
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21
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Dagar J, Scavia G, Scarselli M, Destri S, De Crescenzi M, Brown TM. Coating ZnO nanoparticle films with DNA nanolayers for enhancing the electron extracting properties and performance of polymer solar cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:19031-19038. [PMID: 29186235 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06982k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we present for the first time polymer solar cells that incorporate biological material that show state of the art efficiencies in excess of 8%. The performance of inverted polymer solar cells was improved significantly after deposition of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) together with a thin deoxyribonucleic acid nanolayer and used as an electron extraction layer (EEL). The ZnO-NPs/DNA double layer improved the rectifying ratio, shunt resistance of the cells as well as lowering the work function of the electron-collecting contact. Importantly, the ZnO-NPs/DNA bilayer enhanced the power conversion efficiency of cells considerably compared to cells with EELs made of only DNA (improvement of 56% in relative terms) or only ZnO-NPs (improvement of 19% in relative terms) reaching a best power conversion efficiency of 8.5%. The ZnO-NPs/DNA double layer cells also outperformed ones made with one of the most efficient previous synthetic composite EELs (i.e. ZnO/PEIE(poly(ethyleneimine)-ethoxylated)). Since all fabrication procedures were carried out at low (<150 °C) or room temperature, we have applied the findings to flexible substrates as well as on glass obtaining a high PCE of 7.2%. The solar cells with the biological/metal-oxide composite EELs also delivered an improvement in the stability (∼20% in relative term) compared to that with ZnO-NPs only. All these findings show that natural materials, in this case DNA, the premium biological material, can be incorporated in organic semiconductor devices in tandem with inorganic devices delivering uncompromising levels of performance as well as significant improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardan Dagar
- CHOSE (Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy), Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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22
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Punzi A, Coppi DI, Matera S, Capozzi MAM, Operamolla A, Ragni R, Babudri F, Farinola GM. Pd-Catalyzed Thiophene–Aryl Coupling Reaction via C–H Bond Activation in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Org Lett 2017; 19:4754-4757. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donato I. Coppi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Matera
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria A. M. Capozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Ragni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Babudri
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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23
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Vakuliuk O, Purc A, Clermont G, Blanchard-Desce M, Gryko DT. The Impact of the Interplay between Steric and Electronic Effects on the Synthesis and Optical Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrroles Bearing Pyridine Moieties. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201600047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52. 00-901 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Purc
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52. 00-901 Warsaw Poland
| | - Guillaume Clermont
- Université de Bordeaux; Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255); Bâtiment A12 33000 Talence cedex Bordeaux France
| | - Mireille Blanchard-Desce
- Université de Bordeaux; Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (CNRS UMR 5255); Bâtiment A12 33000 Talence cedex Bordeaux France
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Kasprzaka 44/52. 00-901 Warsaw Poland
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24
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Operamolla A, Punzi A, Farinola GM. Synthetic Routes to Thiol-Functionalized Organic Semiconductors for Molecular and Organic Electronics. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Operamolla
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
- CNR-ICCOM Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Angela Punzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Gianluca M. Farinola
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
- CNR-ICCOM Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici; Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
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25
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Grolleau J, Gohier F, Cabanetos C, Allain M, Legoupy S, Frère P. Syntheses via a direct arylation method of push-pull molecules based on triphenylamine and 3-cyano-4-hexyloxythiophene moieties. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10516-10522. [PMID: 27766343 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02036d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic access to new push-pull molecules based on 3-cyano-4-hexyloxythiophene and triphenylamine moieties is presented herein using a clean methodology. The key step involves a direct heteroarylation coupling reaction in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous [Pd] catalyst followed by Knoevenagel condensation performed in ethanol as a solvent. Structure-electronic property relationships of the new molecular materials are discussed and then their use as donors in bilayer planar heterojunction solar cells is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Grolleau
- University of Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex, France.
| | - Frédéric Gohier
- University of Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex, France.
| | - Clément Cabanetos
- University of Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex, France.
| | - Magali Allain
- University of Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex, France.
| | - Stéphanie Legoupy
- University of Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex, France.
| | - Pierre Frère
- University of Angers, MOLTECH-Anjou UMR CNRS 6200, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers cedex, France.
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