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Cascant-Vilaplana MM, Viteritti E, Sadras V, Medina S, Sánchez-Iglesias MP, Oger C, Galano JM, Durand T, Gabaldón JA, Taylor J, Ferreres F, Sergi M, Gil-Izquierdo A. Wheat Oxylipins in Response to Aphids, CO 2 and Nitrogen Regimes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104133. [PMID: 37241874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat is critical for food security, and is challenged by biotic stresses, chiefly aphids and the viruses they transmit. The objective of this study was to determine whether aphids feeding on wheat could trigger a defensive plant reaction to oxidative stress that involved plant oxylipins. Plants were grown in chambers with a factorial combination of two nitrogen rates (100% N vs. 20% N in Hoagland solution), and two concentrations of CO2 (400 vs. 700 ppm). The seedlings were challenged with Rhopalosiphum padi or Sitobion avenae for 8 h. Wheat leaves produced phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) of the F1 series, and three types of phytofurans (PhytoFs): ent-16(RS)-13-epi-ST-Δ14-9-PhytoF, ent-16(RS)-9-epi-ST-Δ14-10-PhytoF and ent-9(RS)-12-epi-ST-Δ10-13-PhytoF. The oxylipin levels varied with aphids, but not with other experimental sources of variation. Both Rhopalosiphum padi and Sitobion avenae reduced the concentrations of ent-16(RS)-13-epi-ST-Δ14-9-PhytoF and ent-16(RS)-9-epi-ST-Δ14-10-PhytoF in relation to controls, but had little or no effect on PhytoPs. Our results are consistent with aphids affecting the levels of PUFAs (oxylipin precursors), which decreased the levels of PhytoFs in wheat leaves. Therefore, PhytoFs could be postulated as an early indicator of aphid hosting for this plant species. This is the first report on the quantification of non-enzymatic PhytoFs and PhytoPs in wheat leaves in response to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Merce Cascant-Vilaplana
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Viteritti
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Víctor Sadras
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sonia Medina
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Puerto Sánchez-Iglesias
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche, UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - José Antonio Gabaldón
- Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Julian Taylor
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation Research Group (REM), Health Sciences Department, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus de los Jerónimos 135, 30107 Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Angel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Vigor C, Balas L, Guy A, Bultel-Poncé V, Reversat G, Galano JM, Durand T, Oger C. Isoprostanoids, Isofuranoids and Isoketals ‐ From Synthesis to Lipidomics. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipid Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Valérie Bultel-Poncé
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRENCH POLYNESIA
| | - Guillaume Reversat
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Bioactive Lipids Synthesis Pôle Chimie Balard Recherche1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier FRANCE
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3
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Martínez Sánchez S, Domínguez-Perles R, Montoro-García S, Gabaldón JA, Guy A, Durand T, Oger C, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A. Bioavailable phytoprostanes and phytofurans from Gracilaria longissima have anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells. Food Funct 2021; 11:5166-5178. [PMID: 32432610 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An array of bioactive compounds with health-promoting effects has been described in several species of macroalgae. Among them, phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs), both autoxidation products of α-linolenic acid, have been seen to exert immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory activities in vitro. The purpose of this study was to explore the bioaccesibility, bioavailability, and bioactivity of PhytoPs and PhytoFs obtained from the edible red algae Gracilaria longissima, and to gain insight into the anti-inflammatory activity of their bioavailable fraction in human endothelial cells. METHODS The PhytoPs and PhytoFs profile and concentration of G. longissima were determined by UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. Algal samples were processed following a standardised digestion method including gastric, intestinal, and gastrointestinal digestion. The bioavailability of the PhytoPs and PhytoFs in the characterized fractions was assessed in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model of the intestinal barrier. The inflammation response of these prostaglandin-like compounds in human endothelial cells, after intestinal absorption, was investigated in vitro. RESULTS Simulated digestions significantly reduced the concentration of PhytoPs and PhytoFs up to 1.17 and 0.42 μg per 100 g, respectively, on average, although permeability through the Caco-2 cell monolayer was high (up to 88.2 and 97.7%, on average, respectively). PhytoP and PhytoF-enriched extracts of raw algae impaired the expression of ICAM-1 and IL-6 inflammation markers. The inflammation markers progressed in contrast to the relative concentrations of bioactive oxylipins, suggesting pro- or anti-inflammatory activity on their part. In this aspect, the cross-reactivity of these compounds with diverse receptors, and their relative concentration could explain the diversity of the effects found in the current study. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that PhytoPs and PhytoFs display complex pharmacological profiles probably mediated through their different actions and affinities in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martínez Sánchez
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation (REM) Group, San Antonio Catholic University, Campus Los Jerónimos, s/n. 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - R Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, 30100 Espinardo, Spain.
| | - S Montoro-García
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation (REM) Group, San Antonio Catholic University, Campus Los Jerónimos, s/n. 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Gabaldón
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation (REM) Group, San Antonio Catholic University, Campus Los Jerónimos, s/n. 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - A Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - CNRS, University of Montpellier - ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - T Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - CNRS, University of Montpellier - ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - C Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 - CNRS, University of Montpellier - ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - F Ferreres
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation (REM) Group, San Antonio Catholic University, Campus Los Jerónimos, s/n. 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - A Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, 30100 Espinardo, Spain.
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Campillo M, Medina S, Fanti F, Gallego-Gómez JI, Simonelli-Muñoz A, Bultel-Poncé V, Durand T, Galano JM, Tomás-Barberán FA, Gil-Izquierdo Á, Domínguez-Perles R. Phytoprostanes and phytofurans modulate COX-2-linked inflammation markers in LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocytes by lipidomics workflow. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 167:335-347. [PMID: 33722629 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a fundamental pathophysiological process which occurs in the course of several diseases. The present work describes the capacity of phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) (plant oxylipins), present in plant-based foods, to modulate inflammatory processes mediated by prostaglandins (PGs, human oxylipins) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 monocytic cells, through a panel of 21 PGs and PG's metabolites, analyzed by UHPLC-QqQ-ESI-MS/MS. Also, the assessment of the cytotoxicity of PhytoPs and PhytoFs on THP-1 cells evidenced percentages of cell viability higher than 90% when treated with up to 100 μM. Accordingly, 50 μM of the individual PhytoPs and PhytoFs 9-F1t-PhytoP, 9-epi-9-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16-epi-16-F1t-PhytoP, ent-9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP, 9-L1-PhytoP, ent-16(RS)-9-epi-ST-Δ14-10-PhytoF, ent-9(RS)-12-epi-ST-Δ10-13-PhytoF, and ent-16(RS)-13-epi-ST-Δ14-9-PhytoF were evaluated on their capacity to modulate the expression of inflammatory markers. The results obtained demonstrated the presence of 7 metabolites (15-keto-PGF2α, PGF2α, 11β-PGF2α, PGE2, PGD2, PGDM, and PGF1α) in THP-1 monocytic cells, which expression was significantly modulated when exposed to LPS. The evaluation of the capacity of the individual PhytoPs and PhytoFs to revert the modification of the quantitative profile of PGs induced by LPS revealed the anti-inflammatory ability of 9-F1t-PhytoP, ent-9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP, 9-L1-PhytoP, and ent-9(RS)-12-epi-ST-Δ10-13-PhytoF, as evidenced by their capacity to prevent the up-regulation of 15-keto-PGF2α, PGF2α, PGE2, PGF1α, PGDM, and PGD2 induced by LPS. These results indicated that specific plant oxylipins can protect against inflammatory events, encouraging further investigations using plant-based foods rich in these oxylipins or enriched extracts, to identify specific bioactivities of the diverse individual molecules, which can be useful for nutrition and health in the frame of well-defined pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Campillo
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad Católica de Murcia, UCAM, 3010, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Medina
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Federico Fanti
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Spain; University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100, TE, Italy
| | - Juana I Gallego-Gómez
- Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad Católica de Murcia, UCAM, 3010, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Valérie Bultel-Poncé
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR, 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR, 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR, 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
| | - Francisco A Tomás-Barberán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Spain; Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Spain.
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo - Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Spain
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5
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Moving forward with isoprostanes, neuroprostanes and phytoprostanes: where are we now? Essays Biochem 2021; 64:463-484. [PMID: 32602531 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components in eukaryotic cell membrane. They take part in the regulation of cell signalling pathways and act as precursors in inflammatory metabolism. Beside these, PUFAs auto-oxidize through free radical initiated mechanism and release key products that have various physiological functions. These products surfaced in the early nineties and were classified as prostaglandin isomers or isoprostanes, neuroprostanes and phytoprostanes. Although these molecules are considered robust biomarkers of oxidative damage in diseases, they also contain biological activities in humans. Conceptual progress in the last 3 years has added more understanding about the importance of these molecules in different fields. In this chapter, a brief overview of the past 30 years and the recent scope of these molecules, including their biological activities, biosynthetic pathways and analytical approaches are discussed.
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Collado-González J, Cano-Lamadrid M, Pérez-López D, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Centeno A, Medina S, Griñán I, Guy A, Galano JM, Durand T, Domínguez-Perles R, Torrecillas A, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo Á. Effects of Deficit Irrigation, Rootstock, and Roasting on the Contents of Fatty Acids, Phytoprostanes, and Phytofurans in Pistachio Kernels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8915-8924. [PMID: 32683865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is a drought-tolerant species grown under the semiarid conditions of the Mediterranean basin. For this reason, it is essential to make an exhaustive quantification of yield and quality benefits of the kernels because the regulated deficit irrigation will allow significant water savings with a minimum impact on yield while improving kernel quality. The goal of this scientific work was to study the influence of the rootstock, water deficit during pit hardening, and kernel roasting on pistachio (P. vera, cv. Kerman) fruit yield, fruit size, and kernel content of fatty acids phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) for the first time. Water stress during pit hardening did not affect the pistachio yield. The kernel cultivar showed a lower oleic acid and a higher linoleic acid contents than other cultivars. Kernels from plants grafted on the studied rootstocks showed very interesting characteristics. P. integerrima led to the highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids. Regarding the plant oxylipins, P. terebinthus led to the highest contents of PhytoPs and PhytoFs (1260 ng/100 g and 16.2 ng/100 g, respectively). In addition, nuts from trees cultivated under intermediate water deficit during pit hardening showed increased contents of the 9-series F1-phytoprostanes and ent-16(RS)-9-epi-ST-Δ14-10-phytofuran. However, roasting of pistachios led to PhytoP degradation. Therefore, plant cultivar, deficit irrigation, rootstock, and roasting must be considered to enhance biosynthesis of these secondary metabolites. New tools using agricultural strategies to produce hydroSOS pistachios have been opened thanks to the biological properties of these prostaglandin-like compounds linking agriculture, nutrition, and food science technology for further research initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Collado-González
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Research Group ″Food Quality and Safety, CSA", Miguel Hernández University of Elche (UMH). Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Carretera de Beniel, km 3,2, Orihuela, Alicante 03312, Spain
| | - Marina Cano-Lamadrid
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Research Group ″Food Quality and Safety, CSA", Miguel Hernández University of Elche (UMH). Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Carretera de Beniel, km 3,2, Orihuela, Alicante 03312, Spain
| | - David Pérez-López
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel A Carbonell-Barrachina
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Research Group ″Food Quality and Safety, CSA", Miguel Hernández University of Elche (UMH). Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Carretera de Beniel, km 3,2, Orihuela, Alicante 03312, Spain
| | - Ana Centeno
- Department of Agricultural Production, School of Agricultural Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Sonia Medina
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Food Science and Technology Dept., CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo 25, Espinardo 30100, Spain
| | - Isabel Griñán
- Department of Plant Production and Microbiology. Plant Production and Technology Research Group, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Carretera. de Beniel, km 3,2, Orihuela, Alicante E-03312, Spain
| | - Alexandre Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34093, France
| | - Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34093, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34093, France
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Food Science and Technology Dept., CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo 25, Espinardo 30100, Spain
| | - Arturo Torrecillas
- Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Microbiología, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Carretera de Beniel, Km 3.2, Orihuela 03312, Spain
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Molecular Recognition and Encapsulation (REM) Group, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Campus Los Jerónimos, s/n, Murcia 30107, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Food Science and Technology Dept., CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo 25, Espinardo 30100, Spain
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Domínguez-Perles R, Sánchez-Martínez I, Rodríguez-Hernández MD, López-González I, Oger C, Guy A, Durand T, Galano JM, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A. Optimization of Free Phytoprostane and Phytofuran Production by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pea Extracts Using Esterases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3445-3455. [PMID: 32078311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the growing interest in phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) in the fields of plant physiology, biotechnology, and biological function, the present study aims to optimize a method of enzymatic hydrolysis that utilizes bacterial and yeast esterases that allow the appropriate quantification of PhytoPs and PhytoFs. To obtain the highest concentration of PhytoPs and PhytoFs, a response surface methodology/Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the hydrolysis conditions. Based on the information available in the literature on the most critical parameters that influence the activity of esterases, the three variables selected for the study were temperature (°C), time (min), and enzyme concentration (%). The optimal hydrolysis conditions retrieved differed between PhytoPs (21.5 °C, 5.7 min, and 0.61 μg of enzyme per reaction) and PhytoFs (20.0 °C, 5.0 min, and 2.17 μg of enzyme per reaction) and provided up to 25.1- and 1.7-fold higher contents relative to nonhydrolyzed extracts. The models were validated by comparing theoretical and experimental values for PhytoP and PhytoF yields (1.01 and 1.06 theoretical/experimental rates, respectively). The optimal conditions were evaluated for their relative influence on the yield of individual nonesterified PhytoPs and PhytoFs to define the limitations of the models for obtaining the highest concentration of most considered compounds. In conclusion, the models developed provided valuable alternatives to the currently applied methods using unspecific alkaline hydrolysis to obtain free nonesterified PhytoPs and PhytoFs, which give rise to more specific hydrolysis of PhytoP and PhytoF esters, reducing the degradation of free compounds by classical chemical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - I Sánchez-Martínez
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Rodríguez-Hernández
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - I López-González
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - C Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - A Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - T Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - J M Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, UMR 5247, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - F Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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8
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Fernandes RA, Gorve DA, Pathare RS. Emergence of 2,3,5-trisubstituted tetrahydrofuran natural products and their synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7002-7025. [PMID: 32966508 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01542c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of various 2,3,5-trisubstituted tetrahydrofuran natural products in the recent literature and their synthesis is the focus of this review. These molecules exhibit varied bioactivities and have garnered the interest of several synthetic chemists owing to their efficient synthesis. A few of them have been synthesized and their absolute stereo structure has been confirmed for the first time. These will be appealing candidates in future synthetic investigations along with the untouched molecules. Thus, this compilation will reveal these molecules for expansion of their diversity within the realm of both synthesis and bioactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Dnyaneshwar A Gorve
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ramdas S Pathare
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India.
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9
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García‐García MC, del Río Celestino M, Gil‐Izquierdo Á, Egea‐Gilabert C, Galano JM, Durand T, Oger C, Fernández JA, Ferreres F, Domínguez‐Perles R. The Value of Legume Foods as a Dietary Source of Phytoprostanes and Phytofurans Is Dependent on Species, Variety, and Growing Conditions. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María C. García‐García
- Center IFAPA La Mojonera, CAPDER, Junta de AndalucíaCamino San Nicolás 104745 AlmeríaSpain
| | | | - Ángel Gil‐Izquierdo
- Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS‐CSIC), University Campus Edif25, 30100 EspinardoSpain
| | | | - Jean M. Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM34093 MontpellierFrance
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM34093 MontpellierFrance
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM34093 MontpellierFrance
| | - Juan A. Fernández
- Technical University of CartagenaPaseo Alfonso XIII 4830203 CartagenaSpain
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS‐CSIC), University Campus Edif25, 30100 EspinardoSpain
| | - Raúl Domínguez‐Perles
- Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, (CEBAS‐CSIC), University Campus Edif25, 30100 EspinardoSpain
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10
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Pinciroli M, Domínguez-Perles R, Garbi M, Abellán A, Oger C, Durand T, Galano JM, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A. Impact of Salicylic Acid Content and Growing Environment on Phytoprostane and Phytofuran (Stress Biomarkers) in Oryza sativa L. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12561-12570. [PMID: 30384603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) are oxylipins synthesized by nonenzymatic peroxidation of α-linolenic acid. These compounds are biomarkers of oxidative degradation in plant foods. In this research, the effect of environment and supplementation with salicylic acid (SA) on PhytoPs and PhytoFs was monitored by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS) on seven rice genotypes from Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica. The plastic cover environment and spray application with 1 and 15 mM SA produced a reduction in the concentration of most of these newly established stress biomarkers [9-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16- epi-16-F1t-PhytoP, 9-D1t-PhytoP, 9- epi-9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP, 9-L1-PhytoP, ent-16( RS)-9- epi-ST-Δ14-10-PhytoF, ent-9( RS)-12- epi-ST-Δ10-13-PhytoF, and ent-16( RS)-13- epi-ST-Δ14-9-PhytoF] by 60.7% on average. The modification observed in the level of PhytoPs and PhytoFs differed according to the specific oxylipins and genotype, demonstrating a close linkage between genetic features and resistance to abiotic stress, to some extent mediated by the sensitivity of plants to the plant hormone SA that participates in the physiological response of higher plants to stress. Thus, in plants exposed to stressing factors, SA contribute to modulating the redox balance, minimizing the oxidation of fatty acids and thus the syntheis of oxylipins. These results indicated that SA could be a promising tool for managing the thermotolerance of rice crop. However, it remains necessary to study the mechanism of action of PhytoPs and PhytoFs in biochemical processes related to the defense of plants and define their role as stress biomarkers through a nonenzymatic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinciroli
- Cátedra de Climatología y Fenología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales , Universidad Nacional de la Plata , Calle 60 y 119 , 1900 La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - R Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology , Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Campus de Espinardo 25 , 30100 Espinardo , Spain
| | - M Garbi
- Cátedra de Climatología y Fenología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales , Universidad Nacional de la Plata , Calle 60 y 119 , 1900 La Plata , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - A Abellán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology , Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Campus de Espinardo 25 , 30100 Espinardo , Spain
| | - C Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247 , University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - T Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247 , University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - J M Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5247 , University of Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, and École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier , Montpellier , France
| | - F Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology , Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Campus de Espinardo 25 , 30100 Espinardo , Spain
| | - A Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods. Department of Food Science and Technology , Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Campus de Espinardo 25 , 30100 Espinardo , Spain
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11
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Medina S, Gil-Izquierdo Á, Durand T, Ferreres F, Domínguez-Perles R. Structural/Functional Matches and Divergences of Phytoprostanes and Phytofurans with Bioactive Human Oxylipins. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E165. [PMID: 30453565 PMCID: PMC6262570 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7110165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) constitutes a crucial topic to discover new bioactive molecules. This approach initiates with the comparison of a target candidate with a molecule or a collection of molecules and their attributed biological functions to shed some light in the details of one or more SARs and subsequently using that information to outline valuable application of the newly identified compounds. Thus, while the empiric knowledge of medicinal chemistry is critical to these tasks, the results retrieved upon dedicated experimental demonstration retrieved resorting to modern high throughput analytical approaches and techniques allow to overwhelm the constraints adduced so far to the successful accomplishment of such tasks. Therefore, the present work reviews critically the evidences reported to date on the occurrence of phytoprostanes and phytofurans in plant foods, and the information available on their bioavailability and biological activity, shedding some light on the expectation waken up due to their structural similarities with prostanoids and isoprostanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Medina
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), Campus University Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247-CNRS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier-ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France.
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), Campus University Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS (CSIC), Campus University Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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12
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Domínguez-Perles R, Abellán Á, León D, Ferreres F, Guy A, Oger C, Galano JM, Durand T, Gil-Izquierdo Á. Sorting out the phytoprostane and phytofuran profile in vegetable oils. Food Res Int 2018; 107:619-628. [PMID: 29580528 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) are prostaglandin-like compounds, contributing to defense signaling and prevention of cellular damage. These plant oxylipins result from autoxidation of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and have been proposed as new bioactive compounds due to their structural analogies with isoprostanes (IsoPs) and prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid in mammals, which have demonstrated diverse biological activities. The present work assesses a wide range of vegetable oils - including extra virgin olive oils (n = 7) and flax, sesame, argan, safflower seed, grapeseed, and palm oils - for their content of PhytoPs and PhytoFs. Flax oil displayed the highest concentrations, being notable the presence of 9-epi-9-D1t-PhytoP, 9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP, and 9-L1-PhytoP (7.54, 28.09, 28.67, and 19.22 μg mL-1, respectively), which contributed to a total PhytoPs concentration of 119.15 μg mL-1, and of ent-16-(RS)-9-epi-ST-Δ14-10-PhytoF (21.46 μg mL-1). Palm and grapeseed oils appeared as the most appropriate negative controls, given the near absence of PhytoPs and PhytoFs (lower than 0.15 μg mL-1). These data inform on the chance to develop nutritional trials using flax and grapeseed oils as food matrices that would provide practical information to design further assays intended to determine the actual bioavailability/bioactivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Abellán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel León
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Federico Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alexander Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Ángel Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety, and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100, Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.
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13
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Pinciroli M, Domínguez-Perles R, Abellán A, Guy A, Durand T, Oger C, Galano JM, Ferreres F, Gil-Izquierdo A. Comparative Study of the Phytoprostane and Phytofuran Content of indica and japonica Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Flours. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8938-8947. [PMID: 28931281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytoprostanes and phytofurans (PhytoPs and PhytoFs, respectively) are nonenzymatic lipid peroxidation products derived from α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), considered biomarkers of oxidative degradation in plant foods. The present work profiled these compounds in white and brown grain flours and rice bran from 14 rice cultivars of the subspecies indica and japonica by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. For PhytoPs, the average concentrations were higher in rice bran (0.01-9.35 ng g-1) than in white and brown grain flours (0.01-1.17 ng g-1). In addition, the evaluation of rice flours for the occurrence PhytoFs evidenced average values 1.77, 4.22, and 10.30 ng g-1 dw in rice bran, brown grain flour, and white grain flour, respectively. A significant correlation was observed between total and individual compounds. The concentrations retrieved suggest rice bran as a valuable source of PhytoPs and PhytoFs that should be considered in further studies on bioavailability and bioactivity of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinciroli
- Programa Arroz, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales Universidad Nacional de la Plata . Calle 60 y 119, 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - R Domínguez-Perles
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods.Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - A Abellán
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods.Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - A Guy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM , 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - T Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM , 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - C Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM , 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - J M Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM , 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - F Ferreres
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods.Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - A Gil-Izquierdo
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods.Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC , Campus de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
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14
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Galano JM, Lee YY, Oger C, Vigor C, Vercauteren J, Durand T, Giera M, Lee JCY. Isoprostanes, neuroprostanes and phytoprostanes: An overview of 25years of research in chemistry and biology. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 68:83-108. [PMID: 28923590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the 1990's diverse types of metabolites originating from polyunsaturated fatty acids, formed under autooxidative conditions were discovered. Known as prostaglandin isomers (or isoprostanoids) originating from arachidonic acid, neuroprostanes from docosahexaenoic acid, and phytoprostanes from α-linolenic acid proved to be prevalent in biology. The syntheses of these compounds by organic chemists and the development of sophisticated mass spectrometry methods has boosted our understanding of the isoprostanoid biology. In recent years, it has become accepted that these molecules not only serve as markers of oxidative damage but also exhibit a wide range of bioactivities. In addition, isoprostanoids have emerged as indicators of oxidative stress in humans and their environment. This review explores in detail the isoprostanoid chemistry and biology that has been achieved in the past three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Galano
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Yiu Yiu Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Camille Oger
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Joseph Vercauteren
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, ENSCM, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jetty Chung-Yung Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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