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Ferrocene-Containing Pseudorotaxanes in Crystals: Aromatic Interactions with Hammett Correlation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051745. [PMID: 35268846 PMCID: PMC8911870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Single crystals of pseudorotaxanes, [(FcCH2NH2CH2Ar)(DB24C8)][PF6] (DB24C8 = dibenzo[24]crown-8, Fc = Fe(C5H4)(C5H5), Ar = -C6H3-3,4-Cl2, -C6H3-3,4-F2, -C6H4-4-F, -C6H4-4-Cl, -C6H4-4-Br, -C6H3-3-F-4-Me, -C6H4-4-I) and [(FcCH2NH2CH2C6H4-4-Me)(DB24C8)][Ni(dmit)2] (dmit = 1,3-dithiole-2,4,5-dithiolate), were obtained from solutions containing DB24C8 and ferrocenylmethyl(arylmethyl)ammonium. X-ray crystallographic analyses of the pseudorotaxanes revealed that the aryl ring of the axle moiety and the catechol ring of the macrocyclic component were at close centroid distances and parallel or tilted orientation. The structures with parallel aromatic rings showed correlation of the distances between the centroids to Hammett substituent constants of the aryl groups.
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Coutrot F, Waelès P, Gauthier M. Study of [2] and [3]Rotaxanes Obtained by Post‐Synthetic Aminolysis of a Kinetically Stable Though Activated Carbonate‐Containing Pseudorotaxane. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Coutrot
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Département de Chimie Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Philip Waelès
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron chimie FRANCE
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3
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Gauthier M, Coutrot F. Weinreb Amide, Ketone and Amine as Potential and Competitive Secondary Molecular Stations for Dibenzo-[24]Crown-8 in [2]Rotaxane Molecular Shuttles. Chemistry 2021; 27:17576-17580. [PMID: 34738683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the synthesis and study of new pH-sensitive DB24C8-based [2]rotaxane molecular shuttles that contain within their axle four potential sites of interaction for the DB24C8: ammonium, amine, Weinreb amide, and ketone. In the protonated state, the DB24C8 lay around the best ammonium site. After either deprotonation or deprotonation-then-carbamoylation of the ammonium, different localizations of the DB24C8 were seen, depending on both the number and nature of the secondary stations and steric restriction. Unexpectedly, the results indicated that the Weinreb amide was not a proper secondary molecular station for the DB24C8. Nevertheless, through its methoxy side chain, it slowed down the shuttling of the macrocycle along the threaded axle, thereby partitioning the [2]rotaxane into two translational isomers on the NMR timescale. The ketone was successfully used as a secondary molecular station, and its weak affinity for the DB24C8 was similar to that of a secondary amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Gauthier M, Waelès P, Coutrot F. Post-Synthetic Macrocyclization of Rotaxane Building Blocks. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100458. [PMID: 34811956 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although not often encountered, cyclic interlocked molecules are appealing molecular targets because of their restrained tridimensional structure which is related to both the cyclic and interlocked shapes. Interlocked molecules such as rotaxane building blocks may be good candidates for post-synthetic intramolecular cyclization if the preservation of the mechanical bond ensures the interlocked architecture throughout the reaction. This is obviously the case if the modification does not involve the cleavage of either the macrocycle's main chain or the encircled part of the axle. However, among the post-synthetic reactions, the chemical linkage between two reactive sites belonging to embedded elements of rotaxanes still consists of an underexploited route to interlocked cyclic molecules. This Review lists the rare examples of macrocyclization through chemical connection between reactive sites belonging to a surrounding macrocycle and/or an encircled axle of interlocked rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and Architectures Team, IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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Borodin O, Shchukin Y, Robertson CC, Richter S, von Delius M. Self-Assembly of Stimuli-Responsive [2]Rotaxanes by Amidinium Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16448-16457. [PMID: 34559523 PMCID: PMC8517971 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Advances in supramolecular chemistry are often underpinned by the development of fundamental building blocks and methods enabling their interconversion. In this work, we report the use of an underexplored dynamic covalent reaction for the synthesis of stimuli-responsive [2]rotaxanes. The formamidinium moiety lies at the heart of these mechanically interlocked architectures, because it enables both dynamic covalent exchange and the binding of simple crown ethers. We demonstrated that the rotaxane self-assembly follows a unique reaction pathway and that the complex interplay between crown ether and thread can be controlled in a transient fashion by addition of base and fuel acid. Dynamic combinatorial libraries, when exposed to diverse nucleophiles, revealed a profound stabilizing effect of the mechanical bond as well as intriguing reactivity differences between seemingly similar [2]rotaxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Borodin
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yevhenii Shchukin
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Craig C. Robertson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Stefan Richter
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Waelès P, Gauthier M, Coutrot F. Challenges and Opportunities in the Post-Synthetic Modification of Interlocked Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16778-16799. [PMID: 32894812 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several strategies have been successfully utilised to obtain a wide range of interlocked molecules. However, some interlocked compounds are still not obtained directly and/or efficiently from non-interlocked components because the requisites for self-assembly cannot always be enforced. To circumvent such a synthetic problem, a strategy that consists of synthesizing an isolable and storable interlocked building block in a step that precedes its modification is an appealing chemical route to more sophisticated interlocked molecules. Synthetic opportunities and challenges are closely linked to the fact that the mechanical bond might greatly affect the reactivity of a functionality of the encircled axle, but that the interlocked architecture needs to be preserved during the synthesis. Hence, the mechanical bond plays a fundamental role in the strategy employed. This Review focuses on the challenging post-synthetic modifications of interlocked molecules, sometimes through cleavage of the axle's main chain, but always with conservation of the mechanical bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Waelès P, Gauthier M, Coutrot F. Challenges and Opportunities in the Post‐Synthetic Modification of Interlocked Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Waelès
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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Curcio M, Nicoli F, Paltrinieri E, Fois E, Tabacchi G, Cavallo L, Silvi S, Baroncini M, Credi A. Chemically Induced Mismatch of Rings and Stations in [3]Rotaxanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8046-8055. [PMID: 33915051 PMCID: PMC8176457 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The mechanical interlocking
of molecular components can lead to
the appearance of novel and unconventional properties and processes,
with potential relevance for applications in nanoscience, sensing,
catalysis, and materials science. We describe a [3]rotaxane in which
the number of recognition sites available on the axle component can
be changed by acid–base inputs, encompassing cases in which
this number is larger, equal to, or smaller than the number of interlocked
macrocycles. These species exhibit very different properties and give
rise to a unique network of acid–base reactions that leads
to a fine pKa tuning of chemically equivalent
acidic sites. The rotaxane where only one station is available for
two rings exhibits a rich coconformational dynamics, unveiled by an
integrated experimental and computational approach. In this compound,
the two crown ethers compete for the sole recognition site, but can
also come together to share it, driven by the need to minimize free
energy without evident inter-ring interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Curcio
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy.,Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Federico Nicoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy.,Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Erica Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy.,Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Ettore Fois
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Gloria Tabacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università dell'Insubria, Como 22100, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Kaust Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serena Silvi
- Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna 40129, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna 40129, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Bologna 40136, Italy.,Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Istituto ISOF-CNR, Bologna 40129, Italy
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Gauthier M, Koehler V, Clavel C, Kauffmann B, Huc I, Ferrand Y, Coutrot F. Interplay between a Foldamer Helix and a Macrocycle in a Foldarotaxane Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8380-8384. [PMID: 33475210 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel rotaxane/foldaxane hybrid architecture is reported. The winding of an aromatic oligoamide helix host around a dumbbell-shaped thread-like guest, or axle, already surrounded by a macrocycle was evidenced by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The process proved to depend on the position of the macrocycle along the axle and the associated steric hindrance. The macrocycle thus behaves as a switchable shield that modulates the affinity of the helix for the axle. Reciprocally, the foldamer helix acts as a supramolecular auxiliary that compartmentalizes the axle. In some cases, the macrocycle is forced to move along the axle to allow the foldamer to reach its best recognition site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Victor Koehler
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Caroline Clavel
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, UMS3033, IECB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IPB, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team, Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France
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10
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Gauthier M, Koehler V, Clavel C, Kauffmann B, Huc I, Ferrand Y, Coutrot F. Interplay between a Foldamer Helix and a Macrocycle in a Foldarotaxane Architecture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Gauthier
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage Faculté des Sciences Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Victor Koehler
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248) Université de Bordeaux CNRS, IPB 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
| | - Caroline Clavel
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage Faculté des Sciences Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Université de Bordeaux CNRS INSERM, UMS3033 IECB 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
| | - Ivan Huc
- Department of Pharmacy and Center for Integrated Protein Science Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Germany
| | - Yann Ferrand
- Institut de Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nano-objets CBMN (UMR5248) Université de Bordeaux CNRS, IPB 2 rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac France
| | - Frédéric Coutrot
- Supramolecular Machines and ARchitectures Team Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS Université de Montpellier ENSCM, case courrier 1706, Bâtiment Chimie (17), 3ème étage Faculté des Sciences Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
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Soto MA, Lelj F, MacLachlan MJ. Programming permanent and transient molecular protection via mechanical stoppering. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10422-10427. [PMID: 32110334 PMCID: PMC6988755 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03744f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical protection is an essential tool in synthetic chemistry, which involves blocking reactive sites on a molecule through covalent bonds. Physical approaches, such as encapsulation and host-mediated protection, have emerged as interesting alternatives that use steric bulk to inhibit reactivity. Here, we report the protection of a redox-active viologen through its incorporation into mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), namely hetero[4]rotaxanes. The viologen was confined inside a host cavity and flanked by two mechanical stoppers, which allowed for permanent and transient protection. Deprotection occurred on-demand via an unstoppering process, triggered by a proton transfer, polarity effect, or a thermal stimulus. We anticipate that permanent and transient mechanical stoppering could be incorporated into devices to function as molecular probes, transport/delivery systems, or stimuli-controlled degradable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Soto
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
| | - Francesco Lelj
- La.M.I. and LaSCAMM INSTM Sezione Basilicata , Dipartimento di Chimica , Università della Basilicata , via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 , Potenza , 85100 Italy
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , 2036 Main Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z1 Canada .
- Quantum Matter Institute , University of British Columbia , 2355 East Mall , Vancouver , BC , V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute , Kanazawa University , Kanazawa , 920-1192 Japan
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