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Zhu Y, Yang S, Zhou T, Szostak M. [(NHC)Pd(OAc) 2]: Highly Active Carboxylate Pd(II)-NHC (NHC = N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Precatalysts for Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig Cross-Coupling of Amides by N-C(O) Activation. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38950123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
In the past eight years, the selective cross-coupling of amides by N-C(O) bond activation has emerged as a highly attractive manifold for the manipulation of traditionally unreactive amide bonds. In this Special Issue on Next-Generation Cross-Coupling Chemistry, we report the Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling of amides by selective N-C(O) cleavage catalyzed by bench-stable, well-defined carboxylate Pd(II)-NHC (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) catalysts {[(NHC)Pd(O2CR)2]}. This class of Pd(II)-NHCs promotes cross-coupling under exceedingly mild room-temperature conditions owing to the facile dissociation of the carboxylate ligands to form the active complex. These readily accessible Pd(II)-NHC precatalysts show excellent functional group tolerance and are compatible with a broad range of amide activating groups. Considering the mild conditions for the cross-coupling and the facile access to carboxylate Pd(II)-NHC complexes, we anticipate that this class of bench-stable complexes will find wide application in the activation of amide N-C(O) and related acyl X-C(O) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Shiyi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Tongliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Gao P, Rahman MM, Zamalloa A, Feliciano J, Szostak M. Classes of Amides that Undergo Selective N-C Amide Bond Activation: The Emergence of Ground-State Destabilization. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13371-13391. [PMID: 36054817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ground-state destabilization of the N-C(O) linkage represents a powerful tool to functionalize the historically inert amide bond. This burgeoning reaction manifold relies on the availability of amide bond precursors that participate in weakening of the nN → π*C=O conjugation through N-C twisting, N pyramidalization, and nN electronic delocalization. Since 2015, acyl N-C amide bond activation through ground-state destabilization of the amide bond has been achieved by transition-metal-catalyzed oxidative addition of the N-C(O) bond, generation of acyl radicals, and transition-metal-free acyl addition. This Perspective summarizes contributions of our laboratory in the development of new ground-state-destabilized amide precursors enabled by twist and electronic activation of the amide bond and synthetic utility of ground-state-destabilized amides in cross-coupling reactions and acyl addition reactions. The use of ground-state-destabilized amides as electrophiles enables a plethora of previously unknown transformations of the amide bond, such as acyl coupling, decarbonylative coupling, radical coupling, and transition-metal-free coupling to forge new C-C, C-N, C-O, C-S, C-P, and C-B bonds. Structural studies of activated amides and catalytic systems developed in the past decade enable the view of the amide bond to change from the "traditionally inert" to "readily modifiable" functional group with a continuum of reactivity dictated by ground-state destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Alfredo Zamalloa
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jessica Feliciano
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Liu C, Szostak M. Amide N-C Bond Activation: A Graphical Overview of Acyl and Decarbonylative Coupling. SYNOPEN 2023; 7:88-101. [PMID: 38037650 PMCID: PMC10686541 DOI: 10.1055/a-2035-6733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This Graphical Review provides an overview of amide bond activation achieved by selective oxidative addition of the N-C(O) acyl bond to transition metals and nucleophilic acyl addition, resulting in acyl and decarbonylative coupling together with key mechanistic details pertaining to amide bond distortion underlying this reactivity manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Mechanochemical Solvent‐Free Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Amides via Highly Chemoselective N−C Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu Y, Mo X, Majeed I, Zhang M, Wang H, Zeng Z. An Efficient and Straightforward Approach for Accessing Thioesters via Palladium-Catalyzed C-N Cleavage of Thioamides. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1532-1537. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02349g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We first report the coupling of activated thioamides with alcohols to efficiently form thioesters via palladium-catalyzed C-N cleavage strategy. The new approach employs the thioamides as thioacylating reagent to give...
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Zhang J, Zhang P, Shao L, Wang R, Ma Y, Szostak M. Mechanochemical Solvent-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Amides via Highly Chemoselective N-C Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114146. [PMID: 34877756 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although cross-coupling reactions of amides by selective N-C cleavage are one of the most powerful and burgeoning areas in organic synthesis due to the ubiquity of amide bonds, the development of mechanochemical, solid-state methods remains a major challenge. Herein, we report the first mechanochemical strategy for highly chemoselective, solvent-free palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of amides by N-C bond activation. The method is conducted in the absence of external heating, for short reaction time and shows excellent chemoselectivity for σ N-C bond activation. The reaction shows excellent functional group tolerance and can be applied to late-stage functionalization of complex APIs and sequential orthogonal cross-couplings exploiting double solventless solid-state methods. The results extend mechanochemical reaction environments to advance the chemical repertoire of N-C bond interconversions to solid-state environmentally friendly mechanochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Lei Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Institute of Frontier Science and Technology Transfer, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, United States
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Zhang Y, Ye X, Liu S, Chen W, Majeed I, Liu T, Zhu Y, Zeng Z. NaOTs-promoted transition metal-free C-N bond cleavage to form C-X (X = N, O, S) bonds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8566-8571. [PMID: 34550144 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional transformation of amide C-N bond cleavage is reported. The protocol applies to benzamide, thioamide, alcohols, and mercaptan under similar reaction conditions catalyzed by NaOTs. It is noteworthy that NaOTs can not only be recycled and reused for up to three cycles without significant loss in catalytic activity, but also catalyze gram-grade reactions. This study provides a novel solution with mild conditions and a simple procedure for transformation of multiple amides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojing Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sicheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Irfan Majeed
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yulin Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Rahman MM, Pyle DJ, Bisz E, Dziuk B, Ejsmont K, Lalancette R, Wang Q, Chen H, Szostak R, Szostak M. Evaluation of Cyclic Amides as Activating Groups in N-C Bond Cross-Coupling: Discovery of N-Acyl-δ-valerolactams as Effective Twisted Amide Precursors for Cross-Coupling Reactions. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10455-10466. [PMID: 34275281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient methods for facilitating N-C(O) bond activation in amides is an important objective in organic synthesis that permits the manipulation of the traditionally unreactive amide bonds. Herein, we report a comparative evaluation of a series of cyclic amides as activating groups in amide N-C(O) bond cross-coupling. Evaluation of N-acyl-imides, N-acyl-lactams, and N-acyl-oxazolidinones bearing five- and six-membered rings using Pd(II)-NHC and Pd-phosphine systems reveals the relative reactivity order of N-activating groups in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling. The reactivity of activated phenolic esters and thioesters is evaluated for comparison in O-C(O) and S-C(O) cross-coupling under the same reaction conditions. Most notably, the study reveals N-acyl-δ-valerolactams as a highly effective class of mono-N-acyl-activated amide precursors in cross-coupling. The X-ray structure of the model N-acyl-δ-valerolactam is characterized by an additive Winkler-Dunitz distortion parameter Σ(τ+χN) of 54.0°, placing this amide in a medium distortion range of twisted amides. Computational studies provide insight into the structural and energetic parameters of the amide bond, including amidic resonance, N/O-protonation aptitude, and the rotational barrier around the N-C(O) axis. This class of N-acyl-lactams will be a valuable addition to the growing portfolio of amide electrophiles for cross-coupling reactions by acyl-metal intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Daniel J Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Elwira Bisz
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, Opole 45-052, Poland
| | - Błażej Dziuk
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, Opole 45-052, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Norwida 4/6 14, Wroclaw 50-373, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Ejsmont
- Department of Chemistry, Opole University, 48 Oleska Street, Opole 45-052, Poland
| | - Roger Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Wroclaw University, F. Joliot-Curie 14, Wroclaw 50-383, Poland
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Cicco L, Dilauro G, Perna FM, Vitale P, Capriati V. Advances in deep eutectic solvents and water: applications in metal- and biocatalyzed processes, in the synthesis of APIs, and other biologically active compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2558-2577. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advances in metal- and biocatalyzed transformations, in the synthesis of APIs and other biologically active compounds, when employing deep eutectic solvents and water as environmentally responsible solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cicco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S
- Bari
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Dilauro
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S
- Bari
- Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Perna
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S
- Bari
- Italy
| | - Paola Vitale
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S
- Bari
- Italy
| | - Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco
- Università di Bari “Aldo Moro”
- Consorzio C.I.N.M.P.I.S
- Bari
- Italy
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Idris MA, Lee S. Palladium-Catalyzed Amide N–C Hiyama Cross-Coupling: Synthesis of Ketones. Org Lett 2020; 22:9190-9195. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aliyu Idris
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwoo Lee
- Department of Chemistry Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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Jian J, He Z, Zhang Y, Liu T, Liu L, Wang Z, Wang H, Wang S, Zeng Z. Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Coupling of
N
‐Acyloxazolidinones via Selective Cleavage of C–N Bonds. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Jian
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Zhanyu He
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Zijia Wang
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Sanyong Wang
- Guangye L&P Food Ingredient Co., Ltd. 510308 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- College of Chemistry South China Normal University 510006 Guangzhou Guangdong P. R. China
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