1
|
Millheim AC, Ponzano E, Moyano A. Substituent Effects in the Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:3689. [PMID: 39125093 PMCID: PMC11314014 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Porphyrins were identified some years ago as a promising, easily accessible, and tunable class of organic photoredox catalysts, but a systematic study on the effect of the electronic nature and of the position of the substituents on both the ground-state and the excited-state redox potentials of these compounds is still lacking. We prepared a set of known functionalized porphyrin derivatives containing different substituents either in one of the meso positions or at a β-pyrrole carbon, and we determined their ground- and (singlet) excited-state redox potentials. We found that while the estimated singlet excited-state energies are essentially unaffected by the introduction of substituents, the redox potentials (both in the ground- and in the singlet excited-state) depend on the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating nature of the substituents. Thus, the presence of groups with electron-withdrawing resonance effects results in an enhancement of the reduction facility of the photocatalyst, both in the ground and in the excited state. We next prepared a second set of four previously unknown meso-substituted porphyrins, having a benzoyl group at different positions. The reduction facility of the porphyrin increases with the proximity of the substituent to the porphine core, reaching a maximum when the benzoyl substituent is introduced at a meso position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert Moyano
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.C.M.); (E.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dardouri NE, Hrichi S, Torres P, Chaâbane-Banaoues R, Sorrenti A, Roisnel T, Turowska-Tyrk I, Babba H, Crusats J, Moyano A, Nasri H. Synthesis, Characterization, X-ray Molecular Structure, Antioxidant, Antifungal, and Allelopathic Activity of a New Isonicotinate-Derived meso-Tetraarylporphyrin. Molecules 2024; 29:3163. [PMID: 38999116 PMCID: PMC11243641 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The present article describes the synthesis of an isonicotinate-derived meso-arylporphyrin, that has been fully characterized by spectroscopic methods (including fluorescence spectroscopy), as well as elemental analysis and HR-MS. The structure of an n-hexane monosolvate has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The radical scavenging activity of this new porphyrin against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical has been measured. Its antifungal activity against three yeast strains (C. albicans ATCC 90028, C. glabrata ATCC 64677, and C. tropicalis ATCC 64677) has been tested using the disk diffusion and microdilution methods. Whereas the measured antioxidant activity was low, the porphyrin showed moderate but encouraging antifungal activity. Finally, a study of its effect on the germination of lentil seeds revealed interesting allelopathic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Elhouda Dardouri
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LR01ES19), Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue de l'Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| | - Soukaina Hrichi
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LR01ES19), Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue de l'Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, LR12ES08, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Pol Torres
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raja Chaâbane-Banaoues
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, LR12ES08, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Alessandro Sorrenti
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Institute of Chemical Sciences of Rennes, UMR 6226, University of Rennes 1, Beaulieu Campus, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Ilona Turowska-Tyrk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology (LP3M), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, LR12ES08, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Cosmos Science, University of Barcelona, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Moyano
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Habib Nasri
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials (LR01ES19), Faculty of Science of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue de l'Environment, Monastir 5019, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghoshal A, Asressu KH, Hossain MA, Brown PJ, Merten EM, Sears JD, Perveen S, Pearce KH, Popov KI, Moorman NJ, Heise MT, Willson TM. Structure Activity of β-Amidomethyl Vinyl Sulfones as Covalent Inhibitors of Chikungunya nsP2 Cysteine Protease with Anti-alphavirus Activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.12.598722. [PMID: 38915519 PMCID: PMC11195264 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.598722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite their widespread impact on human health there are no approved drugs for combating alphavirus infections. The heterocyclic β-aminomethyl vinyl sulfone RA-0002034 (1a) is a potent irreversible covalent inhibitor of the alphavirus nsP2 cysteine protease with broad spectrum antiviral activity. Analogs of 1a that varied each of three regions of the molecule were synthesized to establish structure-activity relationships for inhibition of Chikungunya (CHIKV) nsP2 protease and viral replication. The covalent warhead was highly sensitive to modifications of the sulfone or vinyl substituents. However, numerous alterations to the core 5-membered heterocycle and its aryl substituent were well tolerated and several analogs were identified that enhanced CHIKV nsP2 binding. For example, the 4-cyanopyrazole analog 8d exhibited a kinact /Ki ratio >10,000 M-1s-1. 3-Arylisoxazole was identified an isosteric replacement for the 5-membered heterocycle, which circumvented the intramolecular cyclization that complicated the synthesis of pyrazole-based inhibitors like 1a. The accumulated structure-activity data was used to build a ligand-based model of the enzyme active site, which can be used to guide the design of covalent nsP2 protease inhibitors as potential therapeutics against alphaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghoshal
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kesatebrhan Haile Asressu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Eric M. Merten
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - John D. Sears
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sumera Perveen
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Konstantin I. Popov
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Moorman
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Mark T. Heise
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- READDI AViDD Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han J, Liu Y, Peng D, Liu J, Wu D. Biomedical Application of Porphyrin-Based Amphiphiles and Their Self-Assembled Nanomaterials. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2155-2180. [PMID: 37955349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins have been vastly explored and applied in many cutting-edge fields with plenty of encouraging achievements because of their excellent properties. As important derivatives of porphyrins, porphyrin-based amphiphiles (PBAs) not only maintain the advanced properties of porphyrins (catalysis, imaging, and energy transfer) but also possess self-assembly and encapsulation capability in aqueous solution. Accordingly, PBAs and their self-assembles have had important roles in diagnosing and treating tumors and inflammation lesions in vivo, but not limited to these. In this article, we introduce the research progress of PBAs, including their constitution, structure design strategies, and performances in tumor and inflammation lesion diagnosis and treatments. On that basis, the defects of synthesized PBAs during their application and the possible effective strategies to overcome the limitations are also proposed. Finally, perspectives on PBAs exploration are updated based on our knowledge. We hope this review will bring researchers from various domains insights about PBAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Yadong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Danfeng Peng
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518119, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| | - Dalin Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Gongchang Road 66, Guangming, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Synthesis of New Amino-Functionalized Porphyrins:Preliminary Study of Their Organophotocatalytic Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041997. [PMID: 36838985 PMCID: PMC9967531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and initial study of amino-functionalized porphyrins as a new class of bifunctional catalysts for asymmetric organophotocatalysis is described. Two new types of amine-porphyrin hybrids derived from 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH2), in which a cyclic secondary amine moiety is covalently linked either to a β-pyrrolic position (Type A) or to the p-position of one of the meso phenyl groups (Type B), were prepared by condensation, reductive amination, or amidation reactions from the suitable porphyrins (either formyl or methanamine derivatives) with readily available chiral amines. A preliminary study of the possible use of Type A amine-porphyrin hybrids as asymmetric, bifunctional organophotocatalysts was performed using the chiral, imidazolidinone-catalyzed Diels-Alder cycloaddition between cyclopentadiene 28 and trans-cinnamaldehyde 29 as a benchmark reaction. The yield and the stereochemical outcome of this process, obtained under purely organocatalytic conditions, under dual organophocatalysis, and under bifunctional organophotocatalysis, were compared.
Collapse
|
6
|
Switchable aqueous catalytic systems for organic transformations. Commun Chem 2022; 5:115. [PMID: 36697818 PMCID: PMC9814960 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In living organisms, enzyme catalysis takes place in aqueous media with extraordinary spatiotemporal control and precision. The mechanistic knowledge of enzyme catalysis and related approaches of creating a suitable microenvironment for efficient chemical transformations have been an important source of inspiration for the design of biomimetic artificial catalysts. However, in "nature-like" environments, it has proven difficult for artificial catalysts to promote effective chemical transformations. Besides, control over reaction rate and selectivity are important for smart application purposes. These can be achieved via incorporation of stimuli-responsive features into the structure of smart catalytic systems. Here, we summarize such catalytic systems whose activity can be switched 'on' or 'off' by the application of stimuli in aqueous environments. We describe the switchable catalytic systems capable of performing organic transformations with classification in accordance to the stimulating agent. Switchable catalytic activity in aqueous environments provides new possibilities for the development of smart materials for biomedicine and chemical biology. Moreover, engineering of aqueous catalytic systems can be expected to grow in the coming years with a further broadening of its application to diverse fields.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kohn EM, Shirley DJ, Hinds NM, Fry HC, Caputo GA. Peptide‐assisted
supramolecular polymerization of the anionic porphyrin
meso‐tetra
(
4‐sulfonatophenyl
)porphine. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Kohn
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
- Bantivoglio Honors College Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin USA
| | - David J. Shirley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Nicole M. Hinds
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| | - H. Christopher Fry
- Argonne National Laboratory Center for Nanoscale Materials Lemont Illinois USA
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Rowan University Glassboro New Jersey USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim S, Kim KY, Jung JH, Jung SH. Supramolecular polymerization based on metalation of porphyrin nanosheets in aqueous media. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00106c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite its great potential in supramolecular chemistry to achieve structural complexity and sophisticated functionality, the kinetic control over the molecular self-assembly in coordination supramolecular polymerization still constitutes a challenge. Herein,...
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghorbani-Choghamarani A, Taherinia Z. Recent advances utilized in artificial switchable catalysis. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23595-23617. [PMID: 36090388 PMCID: PMC9389550 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03842k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing “green” catalytic systems with desirable performance such as solubility, recyclability, and switchability is a great challenge. However, inspired by nature, the studies on synthesis and activity of artificial switchable metal catalysts and organocatalysts have become an intense, fervid, and challenging field of research. The peculiarity of these catalysts is that they can be generally triggered in the “on” or “off” states by several external stimuli such as light, heat, solvents, pH change, coordination events or ion influxes, redox processes, mechanical forces, or other changes in reaction conditions. A large number of review articles are available in these areas. However, most efforts are currently focused on the invention of new types of switchable catalysts with different forms of stimuli–response units incorporated within their architectures in order to achieve control over the catalytic activity and regio-, chemo- and stereocontrol of various chemical reactions. Thus, in this review, we begin with a brief introduction to switchable catalysts, followed by discussion of types of stimuli and the influence factors on their activities in the field of biomedical engineering, and catalysis as well as related catalytic mechanisms summarized and discussed. The emphasis is on the recent advances utilized in artificial switchable catalysis. Catalytic systems based on the use of stimuli–responsive materials can be switched from an “on” active state to an “off” inactive state. Consequently, switchable catalysis, both chemical and biological, has played a pivotal role in this ‘greening’ of the pharmaceutical industry.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zahra Taherinia
- Department of Chemistry, Ilam University, P. O. Box 69315516, Ilam, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wimberger L, Prasad SKK, Peeks MD, Andréasson J, Schmidt TW, Beves JE. Large, Tunable, and Reversible pH Changes by Merocyanine Photoacids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20758-20768. [PMID: 34846132 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches capable of generating precise pH changes will allow pH-dependent processes to be controlled remotely and noninvasively with light. We introduce a series of new merocyanine photoswitches, which deliver reversible bulk pH changes up to 3.2 pH units (pH 6.5 to pH 3.3) upon irradiation with 450 nm light, displaying tunable and predictable timescales for thermal recovery. We present models to show that the key parameters for optimizing the bulk pH changes are measurable: the solubility of the photoswitch, the acidity of the merocyanine form, the thermal equilibrium position between the spiropyran and the merocyanine isomers, and the increased acidity under visible light irradiation. Using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, we determined the quantum yields for the ring-closing reaction and found that the lifetimes of the transient cis-merocyanine isomers ranged from 30 to 550 ns. Quantum yields did not appear to be a limitation for bulk pH switching. The models we present use experimentally determined parameters and are, in principle, able to predict the change in pH obtained for any related merocyanine photoacid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arlegui A, Torres P, Cuesta V, Crusats J, Moyano A. Chiral Amphiphilic Secondary Amine-Porphyrin Hybrids for Aqueous Organocatalysis. Molecules 2020; 25:E3420. [PMID: 32731520 PMCID: PMC7435841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two chiral proline-derived amphiphilic 5-substituted-10,15,20-tris(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrins were prepared, and their pH-dependent supramolecular behavior was studied. In neutral aqueous solutions, the free-base form of the hybrids is highly soluble, allowing enamine-based organocatalysis to take place, whereas under acidic conditions, the porphyrinic protonated core of the hybrid leads to the formation of self-assembled structures, so that the hybrids flocculate and their catalytic activity is fully suppressed. The low degree of chirality transfer observed for aqueous Michael and aldol reactions strongly suggests that these reactions take place under true "in water" organocatalytic conditions. The highly insoluble catalyst aggregates can easily be separated from the reaction products by centrifugation of the acidic reaction mixtures, and after neutralization and desalting, the sodium salts of the sulfonated amine-porphyrin hybrids, retaining their full catalytic activity, can be recovered in high yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Arlegui
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (V.C.)
| | - Pol Torres
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (V.C.)
| | - Victor Cuesta
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (V.C.)
| | - Joaquim Crusats
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Cosmos Science, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Moyano
- Section of Organic Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Chemistry, C. de Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.A.); (P.T.); (V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|