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Aslam AS, Muhammad LM, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Mikkelsen KV, Moth-Poulsen K. Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane Photoswitches with Enhanced Solar Spectrum Match. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401430. [PMID: 38825835 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report monomeric and dimeric norbornadiene-quadricyclane molecular photoswitch systems intended for molecular solar thermal applications. A series of six new norbornadiene derivatives conjugated with benzothiadiazole as the acceptor unit and dithiafulvene as the donor unit were synthesized and fully characterized. The photoswitches were evaluated by experimentally and theoretically measuring optical absorption profiles and thermal conversion of quadricyclane to norbornadiene. Computational insight by density functional theory calculations at the M06-2X/def2-SVPD level of theory provided geometries, storage energies, UV-vis absorption spectra, and HOMO-LUMO levels that are used to describe the function of the molecular systems. The studied molecules exhibit absorption onset ranging from 416 nm to 595 nm due to a systemic change in their donor-acceptor character. This approach was advantageous due to the introduction of benzothiadiazole and the dimeric nature of molecular structures. The best-performing system has a half-life of 3 days with quantum yields over 50 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil S Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lidiya M Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Llu'ıs Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Weber RR, Stindt CN, van der Harten AMJ, Feringa BL. Push-Pull Bis-Norbornadienes for Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400482. [PMID: 38519425 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) photoswitch pair represents a promising system for application in molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST). Often, the NBD derivatives have very limited overlap with the solar spectrum, and substitution to redshift the absorption leads to a decrease in the gravimetric energy density. Dimeric systems mitigate this factor because two switches can 'share' a substituent. Here, we present five new NBD dimers with red-shifted absorption spectra. One dimer features the most red-shifted absorption onset (539 nm) and a significantly red-shifted absorption maximum (404 nm) for NBD systems reported so far, without compromising thermal half-life. Promising properties for high-performance MOST applications are demonstrated, such as high absorption onsets reaching 539 nm, and energy densities of 379 kJ/kg, while still maintaining long half-lives of the metastable isomer, up to 23 hours at 25 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza R Weber
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - A M J van der Harten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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3
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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Salthouse RJ, Moth-Poulsen K. Multichromophoric photoswitches for solar energy storage: from azobenzene to norbornadiene, and MOST things in between. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:3180-3208. [PMID: 38327567 PMCID: PMC10846599 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta05972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing global demands for energy supply and storage have led to numerous research efforts into finding and developing renewable energy technologies. Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems utilise molecular photoswitches that can be isomerized to a metastable high-energy state upon solar irradiation. These high-energy isomers can then be thermally or catalytically converted back to their original state, releasing the stored energy as heat on-demand, offering a means of emission-free energy storage from a closed system, often from only organic materials. In this context, multichromophoric systems which incorporate two or more photochromic units may offer additional functionality over monosubstituted analogues, due to their potential to access multiple states as well as having more attractive physical properties. The extended conjugation offered by these systems can lead to a red shift in the absorption profile and hence a better overlap with the solar spectrum. Additionally, the multichromophoric design may lead to increased energy storage densities due to some of the molecular weight being 'shared' across several energy storage units. This review provides an overview and analysis of multichromophoric photoswitches incorporating the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, azobenzene (AZB), dihydroazulene (DHA) and diarylethene (DAE) systems, in the context of energy storage applications. Mixed systems, where two or more different chromophores are linked together in one molecule, are also discussed, as well as limitations such as the loss of photochromism due to inner filter effects or self-quenching, and how these challenges may be overcome in future designs of multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Salthouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Llu'ıs Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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Baggi N, Hölzel H, Schomaker H, Moreno K, Moth-Poulsen K. Flow-Integrated Preparation of Norbornadiene Precursors for Solar Thermal Energy Storage. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301184. [PMID: 37747153 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems are getting increased attention related to renewable energy storage applications. Particularly, 2,3-difunctionalized norbornadiene-quadricyclane (NBD-QC) switches bearing a nitrile (CN) group as one of the two substituents are investigated as promising MOST candidates thanks to their high energy storage densities and their red-shifted absorbance. Moreover, such NBD systems can be prepared in large quantities (a requirement for MOST-device applications) in flow through Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and appropriately functionalized propynenitriles. However, these acetylene precursors are traditionally prepared in batch from their corresponding acetophenones using reactive chemicals potentially leading to health and physical hazards, especially when working on a several-grams scale. Here, we develop a multistep flow-chemistry route to enhance the production of these crucial precursors. Furthermore, we assess the atom economy (AE) and the E-factor showing improved green metrics compared to classical batch methods. Our results pave the way for a complete flow synthesis of NBDs with a positive impact on green chemistry aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannes Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- AutoSyn AB, Plockerotegatan 207, SE-422 57, Hisings Backa, Sweden
| | - Kevin Moreno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Gimenez-Gomez A, Rollins B, Steele A, Hölzel H, Baggi N, Moth-Poulsen K, Funes-Ardoiz I, Sampedro D. Unveiling the Potential of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Molecular Solar Thermal Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303230. [PMID: 37947164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy utilization has gained considerable attention due to its abundance and renewability. However, its intermittent nature presents a challenge in harnessing its full potential. The development of energy storing compounds capable of capturing and releasing solar energy on demand has emerged as a potential solution. These compounds undergo a photochemical transformation that results in a high-energy metastable photoisomer, which stores solar energy in the form of chemical bonds and can release it as heat when required. Such systems are referred to as MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST)-systems. Although the photoisomerization of MOST systems has been vastly studied, its back-conversion, particularly using heterogeneous catalysts, is still underexplored and the development of effective catalysts for releasing stored energy is crucial. Herein we compare the performance of 27 heterogeneous catalysts releasing the stored energy in an efficient Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (NBD/QC) MOST system. We report the first benchmarking of heterogeneous catalysts for a MOST system using a robust comparison method of the catalysts' activity and monitoring the conversion using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Our findings provide insights into the development of effective catalysts for MOST systems. We anticipate that our assay will reveal the necessity of further investigation on heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gimenez-Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Benjamin Rollins
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Andrew Steele
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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Wang Z, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K. Status and challenges for molecular solar thermal energy storage system based devices. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7313-7326. [PMID: 35726574 PMCID: PMC9426646 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00890k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal energy storage systems (MOST) offer emission-free energy storage where solar power is stored via valence isomerization in molecular photoswitches. These photoswitchable molecules can later release the stored energy as heat on-demand. Such systems are emerging in recent years as a vibrant research field that is rapidly transitioning from basic research to applications. Since a major part of the attention is focused on molecular design and engineering, MOST-based device development has not been systematically summarized and introduced to a broad audience. This tutorial review will discuss the most commonly used and developed devices from a chemical engineering point of view. It is expected that future developers of MOST technology could be inspired by the existing devices, keeping in mind the summarized essential practical challenges towards large-scale implementations and more innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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Poidevin C, Stoychev GL, Riplinger C, Auer AA. High Level Electronic Structure Calculation of Molecular Solid-State NMR Shielding Constants. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2408-2417. [PMID: 35353527 PMCID: PMC9009078 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we present a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) approach for the computation of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SS-NMR) shielding constants (SCs) for molecular crystals. Besides applying standard-DFT functionals like GGAs (PBE), meta-GGAs (TPSS), and hybrids (B3LYP), we apply a double-hybrid (DSD-PBEP86) functional as well as MP2, using the domain-based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) formalism, to calculate the NMR SCs of six amino acid crystals. All the electronic structure methods used exhibit good correlation of the NMR shieldings with respect to experimental chemical shifts for both 1H and 13C. We also find that local electronic structure is much more important than the long-range electrostatic effects for these systems, implying that cluster approaches using all-electron/Gaussian basis set methods might offer great potential for predictive computations of solid-state NMR parameters for organic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Poidevin
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Av. Général Leclerc, 357000 Rennes, France
| | - Georgi L. Stoychev
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Schulte R, Ihmels H. Borylated norbornadiene derivatives: Synthesis and application in Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:368-373. [PMID: 35422884 PMCID: PMC8978913 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The photochromic norbornadiene/quadricyclane system is among the most promising candidates for molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage. As in this context there is still the need for new tailor-made derivatives, borylated norbornadienes were synthesized that may be used as versatile building blocks. Thus, the 4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(bicyclo[2.2.1]heptadien-2-yl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was prepared and shown to be a suitable substrate for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions with selected haloarenes. It was demonstrated exemplarily that the novel monosubstituted 2-(1-naphthyl)norbornadiene, that is accessible through this route, is transformed to the corresponding quadricyclane upon irradiation, whereas the back reaction can be accomplished by thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schulte
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, and Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ); Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
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