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Delsart A, Castel A, Dumas G, Otis C, Lachance M, Barbeau-Grégoire M, Lussier B, Péron F, Hébert M, Lapointe N, Moreau M, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Troncy E. Non-invasive electroencephalography in awake cats: Feasibility and application to sensory processing in chronic pain. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 411:110254. [PMID: 39173717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline osteoarthritis (OA) leads to chronic pain and somatosensory sensitisation. In humans, sensory exposure can modulate chronic pain. Recently, electroencephalography (EEG) revealed a specific brain signature to human OA. However, EEG pain characterisation or its modulation does not exist in OA cats, and all EEG were conducted in sedated cats, using intradermal electrodes, which could alter sensory (pain) perception. NEW METHOD Cats (n=11) affected by OA were assessed using ten gold-plated surface electrodes. Sensory stimuli were presented in random orders: response to mechanical temporal summation, grapefruit scent and mono-chromatic wavelengths (500 nm-blue, 525 nm-green and 627 nm-red light). The recorded EEG was processed to identify event-related potentials (ERP) and to perform spectral analysis (z-score). RESULTS The procedure was well-tolerated. The ERPs were reported for both mechanical (F3, C3, Cz, P3, Pz) and olfactory stimuli (Cz, Pz). The main limitation was motion artifacts. Spectral analysis revealed a significant interaction between the power of EEG frequency bands and light wavelengths (p<0.001). All wavelengths considered, alpha band proportion was higher than that of delta and gamma bands (p<0.044), while the latter was lower than the beta band (p<0.016). Compared to green and red, exposure to blue light elicited distinct changes in EEG power over time (p<0.001). COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD This is the first demonstration of EEG feasibility in conscious cats with surface electrodes recording brain activity while exposing them to sensory stimulations. CONCLUSION The identification of ERPs and spectral patterns opens new avenues for investigating feline chronic pain and its potential modulation through sensory interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliénor Delsart
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Aude Castel
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of clinical sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Guillaume Dumas
- Department of psychiatry and addictology, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Research center of the Sainte-Justine mother and child university hospital center (CHU Sainte-Justine), Québec, Canada
| | - Colombe Otis
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lachance
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Maude Barbeau-Grégoire
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lussier
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of clinical sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Osteoarthritis research unit, University of Montreal hospital research center (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada
| | | | - Marc Hébert
- Department of ophthalmology and otorhinolaryngology - Head and neck surgery, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Maxim Moreau
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Osteoarthritis research unit, University of Montreal hospital research center (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Osteoarthritis research unit, University of Montreal hospital research center (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Osteoarthritis research unit, University of Montreal hospital research center (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Osteoarthritis research unit, University of Montreal hospital research center (CRCHUM), Québec, Canada
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Tang YL, Liu AL, Lv SS, Zhou ZR, Cao H, Weng SJ, Zhang YQ. Green light analgesia in mice is mediated by visual activation of enkephalinergic neurons in the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq6474. [PMID: 36475906 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq6474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Green light exposure has been shown to reduce pain in animal models. Here, we report a vision-associated enkephalinergic neural circuit responsible for green light-mediated analgesia. Full-field green light exposure at an intensity of 10 lux produced analgesic effects in healthy mice and in a model of arthrosis. Ablation of cone photoreceptors completely inhibited the analgesic effect, whereas rod ablation only partially reduced pain relief. The analgesic effect was not modulated by the ablation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which are atypical photoreceptors that control various nonvisual effects of light. Inhibition of the retino-ventrolateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) pathway completely abolished the analgesic effects. Activation of this pathway reduced nociceptive behavioral responses; such activation was blocked by the inhibition of proenkephalin (Penk)-positive neurons in the vLGN (vLGNPenk). Moreover, green light analgesia was prevented by knockdown of Penk in the vLGN or by ablation of vLGNPenk neurons. In addition, activation of the projections from vLGNPenk neurons to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) was sufficient to suppress nociceptive behaviors, whereas its inhibition abolished the green light analgesia. Our findings indicate that cone-dominated retinal inputs mediated green light analgesia through the vLGNPenk-DRN pathway and suggest that this signaling pathway could be exploited for reducing pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Su-Su Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shi-Jun Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Can olfactory training change the psychosocial aspects of chronic pain? Explore (NY) 2022:S1550-8307(22)00196-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Herz RS, Larsson M, Trujillo R, Casola MC, Ahmed FK, Lipe S, Brashear ME. A three-factor benefits framework for understanding consumer preference for scented household products: psychological interactions and implications for future development. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:28. [PMID: 35362845 PMCID: PMC8972642 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have deliberately scented their environment for purpose or pleasure for millennia. In the contemporary marketplace most consumers prefer and purchase scented versions of common household products. However, the drivers of this consumer preference have not been elucidated. To explain the attraction to scent in household products we propose a novel three-factor framework, comprising functional benefits (malodor mitigation, base odor coverage, freshening), in-use experience benefits (cleanliness, efficacy, pleasure), and emotional benefits (increasing in confidence, mood and nostalgia). To support this framework, we present new data from a market research survey on US consumer purchasing habits and attitudes towards home cleaning, laundry, and air freshening products. Further substantiating our framework, a focused review of olfactory psychological science illustrating the central role of scent in cognition, wellbeing, motivated behavior, and social behavior, as well as sensory marketing research highlights the benefits and implications of scent in consumer household products. Based on our three-factor framework we go on to discuss the potential for scent to influence health and raise issues to consider (such as potential negative responding to fragranced products). We conclude by showcasing new opportunities for future research in olfactory science and on scented household products that can advance the positive impacts of scent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S Herz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University Medical School, 146 Thayer St., Providence, RI, 02912, USA. .,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, USA.
| | - Maria Larsson
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Stacy Lipe
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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5
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Sandri A, Cecchini MP, Zanini A, Nocini R, Boschi F, Zanette G, Marcon A, Fiorio M, Tinazzi M. Unpleasant olfactory and gustatory stimuli increase pain unpleasantness in patients with chronic oral burning pain: an exploratory study. Eur J Pain 2022; 26:1094-1106. [PMID: 35279917 PMCID: PMC9313804 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite mounting evidence for the powerful influence of smell and taste substances in experimental pain, our knowledge of their effects in the clinical context is scarce, especially for patients with chronic oral burning pain. To fill this gap, we investigated the effect of olfactory and gustatory stimuli on pain perception in patients with chronic oral burning pain, a disabling condition that is difficult to manage and treat. Methods Twenty‐two patients with chronic oral burning pain underwent testing with a variety of olfactory and gustatory substances (pleasant, neutral, unpleasant) in multisensory interaction. The order of testing was randomized. Perception of pain intensity and unpleasantness was evaluated on a numerical rating scale at baseline and immediately after each test trial. Results Pain unpleasantness but not pain intensity was found to be modulated by chemosensory stimuli. Unpleasant olfactory and gustatory stimuli increased the perception of pain unpleasantness compared to pleasant and neutral stimuli. Pain unpleasantness after unpleasant olfactory and gustatory stimuli correlated with psychological questionnaire subscale scores for distress (CORE‐OM) and emotional awareness (TAS‐20). Conclusions Our findings suggest a role of unpleasant chemosensory stimuli in increasing the perception of pain unpleasantness in patients with chronic oral burning. The lack of an effect on pain intensity indicates a dissociation between sensory and affective pain components. Future research is needed to further study the association between chemosensory stimuli and emotional and subjective aspects in modulating chronic oral burning pain. Significance This exploratory work suggests that unpleasant smell and taste stimuli may have an adverse effect on the affective component of chronic oral burning pain. Future comprehensive large‐scale research, also applying brain imaging investigations as well as full psychological analysis, is required to better understand the role of smell and taste stimuli on this chronic and disabling pain condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sandri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences Neurology Unit University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Anatomy and Histology Section University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Riccardo Nocini
- Department of Surgery Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, Otolaryngology Section University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Federico Boschi
- Department of Computer Science University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Giovanni Zanette
- Italian Scientific Society of Clinical Hypnosis in Psychotherapy and Humanistic Medicine SIPMU Verona Italy
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences Movement Sciences Section University of Verona Verona Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences Neurology Unit University of Verona Verona Italy
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Olfactory stimulation Inhibits Nociceptive Signal Processing at the Input Stage of the Central Trigeminal System. Neuroscience 2021; 479:35-47. [PMID: 34695536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (SpVc) in the mammalian brainstem serves a pivotal function in pain processing. As the main relay center for nociceptive signals, SpVc conducts pain-related signals from various regions of the head toward higher levels of central processing such as the thalamus. SpVc also receives modulatory signals from other brain areas, which can alleviate the perception of headache. We studied the impact of olfactory co-stimulation on pain-related behavior and SpVc neural activity in mice. Using the TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) as noxious stimulus, we quantified the aversive response and the perceived pain intensity by evaluating explorative running and the mouse grimace scale, respectively. We found that the floral odorants phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) and lavender oil mitigated the aversive response to AITC. Consistent with this finding, a newly developed, automated quantification of c-Fos expression in SpVc revealed that co-stimulation with PEA or lavender profoundly reduced network activity in the presence of AITC. These results demonstrated a substantial analgesic potential of odor stimulation in the trigeminal system and provide an explanation for the palliative effect of odors in the treatment of headache.
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Acute and Chronic Pain from Facial Skin and Oral Mucosa: Unique Neurobiology and Challenging Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115810. [PMID: 34071720 PMCID: PMC8198570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is a portal into the digestive system, which exhibits unique sensory properties. Like facial skin, the oral mucosa needs to be exquisitely sensitive and selective, in order to detect harmful toxins versus edible food. Chemosensation and somatosensation by multiple receptors, including transient receptor potential channels, are well-developed to meet these needs. In contrast to facial skin, however, the oral mucosa rarely exhibits itch responses. Like the gut, the oral cavity performs mechanical and chemical digestion. Therefore, the oral mucosa needs to be insensitive, to some degree, in order to endure noxious irritation. Persistent pain from the oral mucosa is often due to ulcers, involving both tissue injury and infection. Trigeminal nerve injury and trigeminal neuralgia produce intractable pain in the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa, through mechanisms distinct from those seen in the spinal area, which is particularly difficult to predict or treat. The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic chronic pain, such as atypical odontalgia (idiopathic painful trigeminal neuropathy or post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy) and burning mouth syndrome, remain especially challenging. The central integration of gustatory inputs might modulate chronic oral and facial pain. A lack of pain in chronic inflammation inside the oral cavity, such as chronic periodontitis, involves the specialized functioning of oral bacteria. A more detailed understanding of the unique neurobiology of pain from the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa should help us develop novel methods for better treating persistent orofacial pain.
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Rhyu MR, Kim Y, Lyall V. Interactions between Chemesthesis and Taste: Role of TRPA1 and TRPV1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073360. [PMID: 33806052 PMCID: PMC8038011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the sense of taste and olfaction, chemesthesis, the sensation of irritation, pungency, cooling, warmth, or burning elicited by spices and herbs, plays a central role in food consumption. Many plant-derived molecules demonstrate their chemesthetic properties via the opening of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels. TRPA1 and TRPV1 are structurally related thermosensitive cation channels and are often co-expressed in sensory nerve endings. TRPA1 and TRPV1 can also indirectly influence some, but not all, primary taste qualities via the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from trigeminal neurons and their subsequent effects on CGRP receptor expressed in Type III taste receptor cells. Here, we will review the effect of some chemesthetic agonists of TRPA1 and TRPV1 and their influence on bitter, sour, and salt taste qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Ra Rhyu
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9268
| | - Yiseul Kim
- Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea;
| | - Vijay Lyall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
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Sandri A, Cecchini MP, Riello M, Zanini A, Nocini R, Fiorio M, Tinazzi M. Pain, Smell, and Taste in Adults: A Narrative Review of Multisensory Perception and Interaction. Pain Ther 2021; 10:245-268. [PMID: 33635507 PMCID: PMC8119564 DOI: 10.1007/s40122-021-00247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day our sensory systems perceive and integrate a variety of stimuli containing information vital for our survival. Pain acts as a protective warning system, eliciting a response to remove harmful stimuli; it may also be a symptom of an illness or present as a disease itself. There is a growing need for additional pain-relieving therapies involving the multisensory integration of smell and taste in pain modulation, an approach that may provide new strategies for the treatment and management of pain. While pain, smell, and taste share common features and are strongly linked to emotion and cognition, their interaction has been poorly explored. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature on pain modulation by olfactory and gustatory substances. It includes adult human studies investigating measures of pain threshold, tolerance, intensity, and/or unpleasantness. Due to the limited number of studies currently available, we have structured this review as a narrative in which we comment on experimentally induced and clinical pain separately on pain–smell and pain–taste interaction. Inconsistent study findings notwithstanding, pain, smell, and taste seem to interact at both the behavioral and the neural levels. Pain intensity and unpleasantness seem to be affected more by olfactory substances, whereas pain threshold and tolerance are influenced by gustatory substances. Few pilot studies to date have investigated these effects in clinical populations. While the current results are promising for the future, more evidence is needed to elucidate the link between the chemical senses and pain. Doing so has the potential to improve and develop novel options for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Sandri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Cecchini
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marianna Riello
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nocini
- Otolaryngology Section, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology , University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Lemon CH. Tasting temperature: neural and behavioral responses to thermal stimulation of oral mucosa. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 20:16-22. [PMID: 33937598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Temperature sensation contributes to human enjoyment of foods and beverages. The mouthfeel of warmed foods or drinking ice-cold water on a hot day are respectively pleasant and refreshing. Although historically under-studied for a role in food preference, new data have shed light on how oral temperature sensing and thermoreceptor mechanisms inside the mouth influence ingestive acceptance behaviors in rodent models used in flavor neurobiology. Moreover, recent functional data have uncovered a broad diversity of thermosensory neurons in primary afferents and brain pathways that signal oral temperature. This review will discuss some of the progress made in these areas. Ultimately, unraveling the biological basis of oral temperature sensing will be critical to reveal how thermosensory factors interact with other orosensory modalities to shape ingestive preferences. Elucidating oral thermal processing will also be key for establishing general principles of temperature coding by the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian H Lemon
- Department of Biology, 730 Van Vleet Oval, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019 USA.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Technology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019 USA
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Giuliani C, Franceschi C, Luiselli D, Garagnani P, Ulijaszek S. Ecological Sensing Through Taste and Chemosensation Mediates Inflammation: A Biological Anthropological Approach. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:1671-1685. [PMID: 32647890 PMCID: PMC7666896 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological sensing and inflammation have evolved to ensure optima between organism survival and reproductive success in different and changing environments. At the molecular level, ecological sensing consists of many types of receptors located in different tissues that orchestrate integrated responses (immune, neuroendocrine systems) to external and internal stimuli. This review describes emerging data on taste and chemosensory receptors, proposing them as broad ecological sensors and providing evidence that taste perception is shaped not only according to sense epitopes from nutrients but also in response to highly diverse external and internal stimuli. We apply a biological anthropological approach to examine how ecological sensing has been shaped by these stimuli through human evolution for complex interkingdom communication between a host and pathological and symbiotic bacteria, focusing on population-specific genetic diversity. We then focus on how these sensory receptors play a major role in inflammatory processes that form the basis of many modern common metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and aging. The impacts of human niche construction and cultural evolution in shaping environments are described with emphasis on consequent biological responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giuliani
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology and Centre for Genome Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging and Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Donata Luiselli
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Cultural Heritage (DBC), Laboratory of Ancient DNA (aDNALab), Campus of Ravenna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Challenges and Climate Change (Alma Climate), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stanley Ulijaszek
- School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Cecchini MP, Riello M, Sandri A, Zanini A, Fiorio M, Tinazzi M. Smell and taste dissociations in the modulation of tonic pain perception induced by a capsaicin cream application. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1946-1955. [PMID: 32780473 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is a subjective experience characterized by sensory (intensity) and emotional (unpleasantness) aspects. Although literature reports behavioural effects on pain due to smell and taste influence, to our knowledge the relationship between tonic pain induced by a capsaicin cream and these chemosensory systems has never been explored before. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of olfactory and gustatory substances having different valence on tonic pain perception mediated by a capsaicin cream application. METHODS Sixty healthy volunteers were included in two separated experiments (N = 30 smell; N = 30 taste) and underwent different valence smell and taste stimulations, while receiving painful stimuli. Perception of pain intensity (the sensory component) and unpleasantness (the affective component) was measured with a numerical rating scale, both during the two aforementioned experiments. RESULTS Pain unpleasantness rating showed differences only in the smell experiment between the two odourous conditions. In particular, pleasant odour induced lower ratings of pain unpleasantness, while no significant results were found for intensity. Regarding taste, we could not observe significant effects nor for pain unpleasantness or intensity. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the potential role of pleasant odours in influencing the affective aspects of pain perception induced by this kind of tonic pain. Such evidence might provide new insight for using chemosensory substances as analgesics for modulating the cognitive aspects of neuropathic pain. SIGNIFICANCE This work shows the effect of smell on the emotional component of tonic pain, experimentally induced by capsaicin cream application. Previous literature investigated tonic pain in interaction with smell and/or taste stimuli, but mainly with physical methods such as temperature. Our findings add new information in this field, contributing to a deeper insight on the role of olfaction on this particular kind of tonic pain perception. This approach could open to new investigations aimed to consider odours for pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Cecchini
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marianna Riello
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Sandri
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Anatomy and Histology Section, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Aroke EN, Powell-Roach KL, Jaime-Lara RB, Tesfaye M, Roy A, Jackson P, Joseph PV. Taste the Pain: The Role of TRP Channels in Pain and Taste Perception. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5929. [PMID: 32824721 PMCID: PMC7460556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a superfamily of cation transmembrane proteins that are expressed in many tissues and respond to many sensory stimuli. TRP channels play a role in sensory signaling for taste, thermosensation, mechanosensation, and nociception. Activation of TRP channels (e.g., TRPM5) in taste receptors by food/chemicals (e.g., capsaicin) is essential in the acquisition of nutrients, which fuel metabolism, growth, and development. Pain signals from these nociceptors are essential for harm avoidance. Dysfunctional TRP channels have been associated with neuropathic pain, inflammation, and reduced ability to detect taste stimuli. Humans have long recognized the relationship between taste and pain. However, the mechanisms and relationship among these taste-pain sensorial experiences are not fully understood. This article provides a narrative review of literature examining the role of TRP channels on taste and pain perception. Genomic variability in the TRPV1 gene has been associated with alterations in various pain conditions. Moreover, polymorphisms of the TRPV1 gene have been associated with alterations in salty taste sensitivity and salt preference. Studies of genetic variations in TRP genes or modulation of TRP pathways may increase our understanding of the shared biological mediators of pain and taste, leading to therapeutic interventions to treat many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin N. Aroke
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.N.A.); (P.J.)
| | | | - Rosario B. Jaime-Lara
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit (SenSMet), National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (R.B.J.-L.); (M.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Markos Tesfaye
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit (SenSMet), National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (R.B.J.-L.); (M.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Abhrabrup Roy
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit (SenSMet), National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (R.B.J.-L.); (M.T.); (A.R.)
| | - Pamela Jackson
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (E.N.A.); (P.J.)
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit (SenSMet), National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (R.B.J.-L.); (M.T.); (A.R.)
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