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Kékedy-Nagy L, Perry JM, Little SR, Llorens OY, Shih SCC. An electrochemical aptasensor for Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol detection in saliva on a microfluidic platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114998. [PMID: 36549107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel "on-off", cost-effective, rapid electrochemical aptasensor combined with a microfluidics cartridge system for the detection of Δ9-THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in human saliva via differential pulse voltammetry. The assay relied on the competitive binding between the Δ9-THC and a soluble redox indicator methylene blue, using an aptamer selected via FRELEX. We found that the aptasensor can detected 1 nM of Δ9-THC in PBS in a three-electrode cell system, while the sensitivity and both the dissociation constant (Kd) and association constant (Kb) were dependent on the aptamer density. The aptamer also showed great affinity towards Δ9-THC when tested against cannabinol and cannabidiol. The same limit of detection of 1 nM in PBS was achieved in small volume samples (∼60 μL) using the aptamer-modified gold screen-printed electrodes combined with the microfluidic cartridge setup, however, the presence of 10% raw human saliva had a negative effect which manifested in a 10-fold increase in the LOD due to interfering elements. Filtering the saliva, improved the tested volume to 50% and the LOD to 5 nM of Δ9-THC which is lower than the concentrations associated with impairment (6.5-32 nM). The aptasensor showed a good storage capability up to 3 days, however, the reusability significantly dropped from 10 cycles (freshly prepared) to 5 cycles. The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the aptasensor platform with the microfluidics chamber towards a point-of-care testing application for the detection of Δ9-THC in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kékedy-Nagy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - James M Perry
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Samuel R Little
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Oriol Y Llorens
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Steve C C Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada.
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Preliminary evaluation of the use of a disposable electrochemical sensor for selective identification of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol by multivariate analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Joosten F, Parrilla M, van Nuijs AL, Ozoemena KI, De Wael K. Electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in oral fluid: potential for forensic drug testing. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Harpaz D, Bernstein N, Namdar D, Eltzov E. Portable biosensors for rapid on-site determination of cannabinoids in cannabis, a review. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108031. [PMID: 36058440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the therapeutic virtues of cannabidiol (CBD). Furthermore, due to their molecular enriched profiles, cannabis inflorescences are biologically superior to a single cannabinoid for the treatment of various health conditions. Thus, there is flourishing demand for Cannabis sativa varieties containing high levels of CBD. Additionally, legal regulations around the world restrict the cultivation and consumption of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich cannabis plants for their psychotropic effects. Therefore, the use of cannabis varieties that are high in CBD is permitted as long as their THC content does not exceed a low threshold of 0.3%-0.5%, depending on the jurisdiction. These chemovars are legally termed 'hemp'. This controlled cannabinoid requirement highlights the need to detect low levels of THC, already in the field. In this review, cannabis profiling and the existing methods used for the detection of cannabinoids are firstly evaluated. Then, selected valuable biosensor technologies are discussed, which suggest portable, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable methods for on-site identification of cannabinoids levels, mainly THC. Recent cutting-edge techniques of promising potential usage for both cannabis and hemp analysis are identified, as part of the future cultivation and agricultural improvement of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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Amini K, Sepehrifard A, Valinasabpouri A, Safruk J, Angelone D, de Campos Lourenco T. Recent advances in electrochemical sensor technologies for THC detection-a narrative review. J Cannabis Res 2022; 4:12. [PMID: 35292105 PMCID: PMC8925211 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-022-00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive component and one of the most important medicinal compounds in cannabis. Whether in human body fluids and breath or in laboratory and field samples, rapid and easy detection of THC is crucial. It provides insights into the impact of THC on human organism and its medicinal benefits, it guides the cannabis growers to determine different stages of the growth of the plant in the field, and eventually it helps scientists in the laboratory to assure the quality of the products and determine their potency or better understand the product development procedures. The significance of fast THC detection in forensic analysis also cannot be overlooked. Electrochemical sensor technologies are currently in the focus of attention for fast, easy, and low-cost detection of THC. Method In this work, we review the recent advances in sensor technologies developed for the purpose of fast and accurate THC detection. The research works performed mostly in the past decade and those detecting THC directly without any derivatization were the main target of this review. The scope of this narrative review was the reports on detecting THC in synthetic samples and plants as well as oral fluid. Results Electrochemical sensor technologies are sensitive enough and have the potential for fast, easy, and low-cost detection of THC for roadside testing, THC trending in growing cannabis plants, THC product development and formulation for medical purposes, etc., and they can provide an alternative for costly chromatography and mass spectrometry-based methods. Conclusion The main challenges facing these sensors, however, are nonspecific interaction and the interference of compounds and species from the matrix. Special requirement for storing sensors modified with antibodies or proteins is another challenge in this field. Preparing long-lasting and reusable sensors is a field worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Amini
- Selective Lab Inc., Richmond Hill, ON, Canada.
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Ortega GA, Ahmed SR, Tuteja SK, Srinivasan S, Rajabzadeh AR. A biomolecule-free electrochemical sensing approach based on a novel electrode modification technique: Detection of ultra-low concentration of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol in saliva by turning a sample analyte into a sensor analyte. Talanta 2022; 236:122863. [PMID: 34635245 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is currently one of the most consumed drugs in many countries. Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive component of this drug and is present in saliva after consumption. This paper reports a novel biomolecule-free electrochemical approach to detect an ultra-low level of THC in saliva using modified electrodes with molecules of the same analyte (THC) that are detected later via square wave voltammetry. The results from this research revealed that the electrodeposition of THC on the working electrode (sensor analyte) could highly enhance the limit of detection by improving the affinity of the THC molecules present in the sample (sample analyte) to the sensing electrode surface. Detailed descriptions about the optimization of the sensor and its performance in simple media, such as PBS, and complex media, such as simulated and real saliva, are provided. This novel and yet simple electrochemical-based sensing strategy allowed for a low limit of detection of 1.6 ng/mL THC in simulated and real saliva, distinguishing concentrations ranging from 2 to 25 ng/mL, making this technology viable for a real-world application such as roadside testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greter A Ortega
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Syed Rahin Ahmed
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Satish K Tuteja
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Seshasai Srinivasan
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Amin Reza Rajabzadeh
- School of Engineering Practice and Technology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
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Yu H, Lee H, Cheong J, Woo SW, Oh J, Oh HK, Lee JH, Zheng H, Castro CM, Yoo YE, Kim MG, Cheon J, Weissleder R, Lee H. A rapid assay provides on-site quantification of tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabe2352. [PMID: 34669441 PMCID: PMC9126021 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe2352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive ingredient of cannabis, impairs cognitive and motor function in a concentration-dependent fashion. Drug testing is commonly performed for employment and law enforcement purposes; however, available tests produce low-sensitive binary results (lateral flow assays) or have long turnaround (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry). To enable on-site THC quantification in minutes, we developed a rapid assay for oral THC analysis called EPOCH (express probe for on-site cannabis inhalation). EPOCH features distinctive sensor design such as a radial membrane and transmission optics, all contained in a compact cartridge. This integrated approach permitted assay completion within 5 min with a detection limit of 0.17 ng/ml THC, which is below the regulatory guideline (1 ng/ml). As a proof of concept for field testing, we applied EPOCH to assess oral fluid samples from cannabis users (n = 43) and controls (n = 43). EPOCH detected oral THC in all specimens from cannabis smokers (median concentration, 478 ng/ml) and THC-infused food consumers. Longitudinal monitoring showed a fast drop in THC concentrations within the first 6 hours of cannabis smoking (half-life, 1.4 hours).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Yu
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hoyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Jiyong Cheong
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Woo
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Juhyun Oh
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hyun-Kyung Oh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yeong-Eun Yoo
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, South Korea
| | - Min-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cheon
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Graduate Program of Nano Biomedical Engineering (NanoBME), Advanced Science Institute, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Elliott JR, Le H, Yang M, Compton RG. Using Simulations to Guide the Design of Amperometric Electrochemical Sensors Based on Mediated Electron Transfer. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Elliott
- Department of ChemistryPhysical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford University South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ United Kingdom
| | - Haonan Le
- Department of ChemistryPhysical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford University South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ United Kingdom
| | - Minjun Yang
- Department of ChemistryPhysical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford University South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ United Kingdom
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of ChemistryPhysical and Theoretical Chemistry LaboratoryOxford University South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QZ United Kingdom
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10
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Klimuntowski M, Alam MM, Singh G, Howlader MMR. Electrochemical Sensing of Cannabinoids in Biofluids: A Noninvasive Tool for Drug Detection. ACS Sens 2020; 5:620-636. [PMID: 32102542 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid sensing in biofluids provides great insight into the effects of medicinal cannabis on the body. The prevalence of cannabis for pain management and illicit drug use necessitates knowledge translation in cannabinoids. In this Review, we provide an overview of the current detection methods of cannabinoids in bodily fluids emphasizing electrochemical sensing. First, we introduce cannabinoids and discuss the structure and metabolism of Δ9-THC and its metabolites in relation to blood, urine, saliva, sweat, and breath. Next, we briefly discuss lab based techniques for cannabinoids in biofluids. While these techniques are highly sensitive and specific, roadside safety requires a quick, portable, and cost-effective sensing method. These needs motivated a comprehensive review of advantages, disadvantages, and future directions for electrochemical sensing of cannabinoids. The literature shows the lowest limit of detection to be 3.3 pg of Δ9-THC/mL using electrochemical immunosensors, while electrodes fabricated with low cost methods such as screen-printing and carbon paste can detect as little as 25 and 1.26 ng of Δ9-THC/mL, respectively. Future research will include nanomaterial modified working electrodes, for simultaneous sensing of multiple cannabinoids. Additionally, there should be an emphasis on selectivity for cannabinoids in the presence of interfering compounds. Sensors should be fully integrated on biocompatible substrates with control electronics and intelligent components for wearable diagnostics. We hope this Review will prove to be the seminal work in the electrochemical sensing of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klimuntowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Maksud M. Alam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Matiar M. R. Howlader
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Suherman AL, Rasche B, Godlewska B, Nicholas P, Herlihy S, Caiger N, Cowen PJ, Compton RG. Electrochemical Detection and Quantification of Lithium Ions in Authentic Human Saliva Using LiMn 2O 4-Modified Electrodes. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2497-2506. [PMID: 31429259 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report an electrochemical sensor for the detection of lithium ions (Li+) in authentic human saliva at lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4)-modified glassy carbon electrodes (LMO-GCEs) and screen-printed electrodes (LMO-SPEs). The sensing strategy is based on an initial galvanostatic delithiation of LMO followed by linear stripping voltammetry (LSV) to detect the reinsertion of Li+ in the analyte. The process was investigated using powder X-ray diffraction and voltammetry. LSV measurements reveal a measurable lower limit of 50.0 μM in both LiClO4 aqueous solutions and synthetic saliva samples, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed analytical method down to low Li+ concentrations. Four different samples of authentic human saliva were then analyzed with the established sensing strategy using LMO-SPEs, showing good linearity over a concentration range up to 5.0 mM Li+ with high reproducibility (RSD < 7%) and applicability for routine monitoring purposes. The total time needed to analyze a sample is less than 3 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L. Suherman
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Bertold Rasche
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Beata Godlewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7JX, U.K
| | - Philip Nicholas
- SunSens Department, Sun Chemical Ltd., The Ridge Factory, Yate, Bristol BS37 7AA, U.K
| | - Shaun Herlihy
- SunSens Department, Sun Chemical Ltd., The Ridge Factory, Yate, Bristol BS37 7AA, U.K
| | - Nigel Caiger
- SunSens Department, Sun Chemical Ltd., The Ridge Factory, Yate, Bristol BS37 7AA, U.K
| | - Philip J. Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 7JX, U.K
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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Dronova M, Smolianitski E, Lev O. Electrooxidation of New Synthetic Cannabinoids: Voltammetric Determination of Drugs in Seized Street Samples and Artificial Saliva. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4487-94. [PMID: 26905258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical sensing of new psychoactive substances, synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), commonly marketed under the trade name "Spice" is explored for the first time. The electrooxidative transformations of 11 new indole and indazole SCs which are currently the predominant illicit smoking mixtures on the drug market is performed using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry with various commercially available electrodes (Pt, GC, Bdd). It is found that SCs exhibit voltammetric responses that can be used for their detection in smoking mixtures and artificial saliva with limits of detection in the nanomolar range. The indole-based SCs exhibited an anodic peak at ∼1.5 V (vs Ag/Ag(+)) and ∼1.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl) in acetonitrile and artificial saliva, respectively, and the indazoles exhibited corresponding peaks at ∼1.7 V and ∼1.5 V. The voltammetric procedure was evaluated by prescreening of SCs in 12 confiscated street samples that were also independently analyzed by GC-MS and LC-MS techniques. A good agreement between the three analytical protocols was found. Voltammetry provides a tool for the prescreening of synthetic cannabinoid derivatives in seized materials and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dronova
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Evgeny Smolianitski
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- The Casali Center of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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Balbino MA, de Oliveira LS, Eleotério IC, Oiye EN, Ribeiro MF, McCord BR, Ipolito AJ, de Oliveira MF. The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ9-THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Balbino
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Laura S. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Izabel C. Eleotério
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Erica N. Oiye
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Maria F.M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Bruce R. McCord
- Chemistry Department; International Forensic Research Institute; Florida International University; Miami FL
| | - Antonio J. Ipolito
- Superintendência de Polícia Técnico-Científica do Estado de São Paulo; Núcleo de Perícias Criminalísticas de Ribeirão Preto; 14015-040 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Marcelo F. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
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14
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Use of screen-printed electrodes for quantification of cocaine and Δ9-THC: adaptions to portable systems for forensic purposes. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nissim R, Compton RG. Absorptive stripping voltammetry for cannabis detection. Chem Cent J 2015; 9:41. [PMID: 26155306 PMCID: PMC4493815 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-015-0117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given that Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the active constituent of cannabis, has been shown to greatly reduce driving ability, thus being linked to many drug driving accidents, its reliable detection is of great importance. RESULTS An optimised carbon paste electrode, fabricated from graphite powder and mineral oil, is utilised for the sensitive detection of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in both aqueous solutions of pH 10.0 and in synthetic saliva solutions. "Absorptive Stripping Voltammetry" is exploited to that effect and the paste is used to pre-concentrate the carbon paste electrode with the target molecule. Practical limits of detection of 0.50 μM and 0.10 μM are determined for THC in stationary and stirred aqueous borate buffer solutions, respectively. Theoretical limits of detection are also calculated; values of 0.48 nM and 0.41 nM are determined for stationary and stirred THC aqueous borate buffer solutions, respectively. THC concentrations as low as 0.50 μM are detected in synthetic saliva solutions. The sensitivity of the sensor was 0.12 μA μM(-1), 0.84 μA μM(-1) and 0.067 μA μM(-1) for the stationary buffer, the stirred buffer and the saliva matrix, respectively. CONCLUSIONS "Absorptive Stripping Voltammetry" can be reliably applied to the detection of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, after suitable optimisation of the assay. Usefully low practical limits of detection can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nissim
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ UK
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Battista N, Sergi M, Montesano C, Napoletano S, Compagnone D, Maccarrone M. Analytical approaches for the determination of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in human matrices. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:7-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Battista
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | | | - Sabino Napoletano
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
- Department of Public Safety, Ministry of Interior; Forensic Service/GIPS; Ancona Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; Teramo Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Center for Brain Research/Santa Lucia Foundation; Rome Italy
- Center of Integrated Research; Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome; Rome Italy
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Sergi M, Montesano C, Odoardi S, Mainero Rocca L, Fabrizi G, Compagnone D, Curini R. Micro extraction by packed sorbent coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the rapid and sensitive determination of cannabinoids in oral fluids. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:139-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Voltammetric determination of Δ9-THC in glassy carbon electrode: An important contribution to forensic electroanalysis. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 221:29-32. [PMID: 22525527 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A new voltammetric method for the determination of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) is described. The voltammetric experiments were accomplished in N-N dimethylformamide/water (9:1, v/v), using tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB) 0.1mol/L as supporting electrolyte and a glassy carbon disk electrode as the working electrode. The anodic peak current was observed at 0.0V (vs. Ag/AgCl) after a 30s pre-concentration step under an applied potential of -1.2V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A linear dependence of Δ(9)-THC detection was obtained in the concentration range 2.4-11.3ng/mL, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 0.34ng/mL. The voltammetric method was used to measure the content of Δ(9)-THC in samples (hemp and hashish) confiscated by the police. The elimination of chemical interferences from the samples was promptly achieved through prior purification using the TLC technique, by employing methanol/water (4:1, v/v) as the mobile phase. The results showed excellent correlation with results attained by HPLC.
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Amani A, Khazalpour S, Nematollahi D. Electrochemical oxidation of 4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenols in the presence of indole derivatives: The unique regioselectivity in the synthesis of highly conjugated bisindolyl-p-quinone derivatives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Highton L, Kadara R, Jenkinson N, Logan Riehl B, Banks C. Metallic Free Carbon Nanotube Cluster Modified Screen Printed Electrodes for the Sensing of Nicotine in Artificial Saliva. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200904683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Tagging of Model Amphetamines with Sodium 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate: Application to the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Amphetamines in Oral (Saliva) Fluid. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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