A Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of Epinephrine and Piroxicam Using a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with a Nickel Hydroxide Nanoparticles/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Composite

A nanoporous gold film sensor modified with polypyrrole/CuO nanocomposite for electrochemical determination of piroxicam and tramadole

In this paper, an electrochemical sensor was developed to determine piroxicam (PX) and tramadole (Tr) based on their enhanced electrochemical responses at the surface of the polypyrrole/CuO nanocomposite-modified nanoporous gold film (NPGF) electrode. The experimental results showed that PX provide an oxidation peak at 0.65 V in pH = 8.0. The DPV results were linearly affiliated on PX concentration within the two closed windows (C1_PX = 0.05-30.0 μM, correlation coefficient of 0.9905, and C2_PX = 50.0-300.0 μM, correlation coefficient of 0.9927). From voltammetric curves, the detection limit (LOD = 3S_b/m) for PX at a surface of PPY-CuO-NPGF electrode was appeared to be 0.01 μM. Furthermore, the ability of PPY-CuO-NPGF electrode for simultaneous measurement of PX and Tr was investigated. The suggested sensor shows a long-time stability, good repeatability, and rapid response in the mixture media of PX and Tr.

Bioresource-derived colloidal nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots as ultrasensitive and stable nanosensors for detection of cancer and neurotransmitter biomarkers

Rapid and accurate detection of cancer and neurological diseases is a major issue that has received great attention recently to enable early therapy treatment. In this report, we utilize an atmospheric pressure microplasma system to convert a natural bioresource chitosan into nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) for photoluminescence (PL) based selective detection of cancer and neurotransmitter biomarkers. By adjusting the pH conditions during the detection, multiple biomolecules including uric acid (UA), folic acid (FA), epinephrine (EP), and dopamine (DA) can be simultaneously detected with high selectivity and sensitivity using a single material only. Linear relationships between the biomarker concentration and the PL intensity ratio are obtained starting from 0.8 to 100 μM with low limits of detection (LoDs) of 123.1, 157.9, 80.5, and 91.3 nM for UA, EP, FA, and DA, respectively. Our work provides an insight into the multiple biomarker detection using a single material only, which is beneficial for the early detection and diagnosis of cancer and neurological diseases, as well as the development of new drugs.

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of environmental free l-glutathione grafted graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite for highly selective piroxicam sensing

A simple and reliable strategy was proposed to engineer the glutathione grafted graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite (glutathione-GO/ZnO) as electrode material for the high-performance piroxicam sensor. The prepared glutathione-GO/ZnO nanocomposite was well characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The novel nanocomposite modified electrode showed the highest electrocatalytic activity towards piroxicam (oxidation potential is 0.52 V). Under controlled experimental parameters, the proposed sensor exhibited good linear responses to piroxicam concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 500 μM. The detection limit and sensitivity were calculated as 1.8 nM and 0.2 μA/μM·cm2, respectively. Moreover, it offered excellent selectivity, reproducibility, and long-term stability and can effectively ignore the interfering candidates commonly existing in the pharmaceutical tablets and human fluids even at a higher concentration. Finally, the reported sensor was successfully employed to the direct determination of piroxicam in practical samples.

Carbon-Based Quantum Dots for Electrochemical Detection of Monoamine Neurotransmitters-Review

Imbalance in the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters have manifested in severe health issues. Electrochemical sensors have been designed for their determination, with good sensitivity recorded. Carbon-based quantum dots have proven to be an important component of electrochemical sensors due to their high conductivity, low cytotoxicity and opto-electronic properties. The quest for more sensitive electrodes with cheaper materials led to the development of electrochemical sensors based on carbon-based quantum dots for the detection of neurotransmitters. The importance of monoamine neurotransmitters (NTs) and the good electrocatalytic activity of carbon and graphene quantum dots (CQDs and GQDs) make the review of the efforts made in the design of such sensors for monoamine NTs of huge necessity. The differences and the similarities between these two quantum dots are highlighted prior to a discussion of their application in electrochemical sensors over the last ten years. Compared to other monoamine NTs, dopamine (DA) was the most studied with GQDs and CQD-based electrochemical sensors.

Electrochemical Determination of Norepinephrine at Poly (p-aminobenzenesulfonic Acid) Modified Sensor

Objective:

In this study, it was aimed to prepare an electrochemical sensor capable of assigning Norepinephrine in the presence of an interference such as ascorbic acid.

Methods:

A sensitive modified sensor was prepared by electrodeposition of p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (p-ABSA) to the glassy carbon electrode by cyclic voltammetry. The electrooxidation of Norepinephrine was accomplished by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.

Results:

The current values were enhanced and the peak potentials of Norepinephrine and ascorbic acid were separated at the sensor compared to the bare electrode. There was linearity between the oxidation current and concentration of Norepinephrine ranging from 0.5 to 99.8 μM in phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0. The limit of detection was 10.0 nM and the sensitivity was 0.455 μA/μM.

Conclusion:

The determination of Norepinephrine was successfully performed in real samples such as blood serum and urine at the poly (p-ABSA) sensor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to detect Norepinephrine in the presence of ascorbic acid at poly (p-ABSA) modified sensor in the literature.

Wearable Electrochemical Microneedle Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of Levodopa: Toward Parkinson Management

Levodopa is the most effective medication for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). However, because dose optimization is currently based on patients' report of symptoms, which are difficult for patients to describe, the management of PD is challenging. We report on a microneedle sensing platform for continuous minimally invasive orthogonal electrochemical monitoring of levodopa (L-Dopa). The new multimodal microneedle sensing platform relies on parallel simultaneous independent enzymatic-amperometric and nonenzymatic voltammetric detection of L-Dopa using different microneedles on the same sensor array patch. Such real-time orthogonal L-Dopa sensing offers a built-in redundancy and enhances the information content of the microneedle sensor arrays. This is accomplished by rapid detection of L-Dopa using square-wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry at unmodified and tyrosinase-modified carbon-paste microneedle electrodes, respectively. The new wearable microneedle sensor device displays an attractive analytical performance with the enzymatic and nonenzymatic L-Dopa microneedle sensors offering different dimensions of information while displaying high sensitivity (with a low detection limit), high selectivity in the presence of potential interferences, and good stability in artificial interstitial fluid (ISF). The attractive analytical performance and potential wearable applications of the microneedle sensor array have been demonstrated in a skin-mimicking phantom gel as well as upon penetration through mice skin. The design and attractive analytical performance of the new orthogonal wearable microneedle sensor array hold considerable promise for reliable, continuous, minimally invasive monitoring of L-Dopa in the ISF toward optimizing the dosing regimen of the drug and effective management of Parkinson disease.

Density-functional tight-binding investigation of the structure, stability and material properties of nickel hydroxide nanotubes

Nickel hydroxide is a material composed of two-dimensional layers that can be rolled up to form cylindrical nanotubes belonging to a class of inorganic metal hydroxide nanotubes that are candidates for applications in catalysis, energy storage, and microelectronics. The stabilities and other properties of this class of inorganic nanotubes have not yet been investigated in detail. The present study uses self-consistent-charge density-functional tight-binding calculations to examine the stabilities, mechanical properties, and electronic properties of nickel hydroxide nanotubes along with the energetics associated with the adsorption of water by these systems. The tight-binding model was parametrized for this system based on the results of first-principles calculations. The stabilities of the nanotubes were examined by calculating strain energies and performing molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that single-walled nickel hydroxide nanotubes are stable at room temperature, which is consistent with experimental investigations. The nanotubes possess size-dependent mechanical properties that are similar in magnitude to those of other inorganic nanotubes. The electronic properties of the nanotubes were also found to be size-dependent and small nickel oxyhydroxide nanotubes are predicted to be semiconductors. Despite this size-dependence, both the mechanical and electronic properties were found to be almost independent of the helical structure of the nanotubes. The calculations also show that water molecules have higher adsorption energies when binding to the interior of the nickel hydroxide nanotubes when compared to adsorption in nanotubes formed from other two-dimensional materials such as graphene. The increased adsorption energy is due to the hydrophilic nature of nickel hydroxide. Due to the broad applications of nickel hydroxide, the nanotubes investigated here are also expected to be used in catalysis, electronics, and clean energy production.

Recent trends in carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for biomolecules: A review

Carbon nanomaterials are advantageous for electrochemical sensors because they increase the electroactive surface area, enhance electron transfer, and promote adsorption of molecules. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been incorporated into electrochemical sensors for biomolecules and strategies have included the traditional dip coating and drop casting methods, direct growth of CNTs on electrodes and the use of CNT fibers and yarns made exclusively of CNTs. Recent research has also focused on utilizing many new types of carbon nanomaterials beyond CNTs. Forms of graphene are now increasingly popular for sensors including reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanohorns, graphene nanofoams, graphene nanorods, and graphene nanoflowers. In this review, we compare different carbon nanomaterial strategies for creating electrochemical sensors for biomolecules. Analytes covered include neurotransmitters and neurochemicals, such as dopamine, ascorbic acid, and serotonin; hydrogen peroxide; proteins, such as biomarkers; and DNA. The review also addresses enzyme-based electrodes that are used to detect non-electroactive species such as glucose, alcohols, and proteins. Finally, we analyze some of the future directions for the field, pointing out gaps in fundamental understanding of electron transfer to carbon nanomaterials and the need for more practical implementation of sensors.