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Kékedy-Nagy L, Perry JM, Little SR, Llorens OY, Shih SCC. An electrochemical aptasensor for Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol detection in saliva on a microfluidic platform. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 222:114998. [PMID: 36549107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel "on-off", cost-effective, rapid electrochemical aptasensor combined with a microfluidics cartridge system for the detection of Δ9-THC (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) in human saliva via differential pulse voltammetry. The assay relied on the competitive binding between the Δ9-THC and a soluble redox indicator methylene blue, using an aptamer selected via FRELEX. We found that the aptasensor can detected 1 nM of Δ9-THC in PBS in a three-electrode cell system, while the sensitivity and both the dissociation constant (Kd) and association constant (Kb) were dependent on the aptamer density. The aptamer also showed great affinity towards Δ9-THC when tested against cannabinol and cannabidiol. The same limit of detection of 1 nM in PBS was achieved in small volume samples (∼60 μL) using the aptamer-modified gold screen-printed electrodes combined with the microfluidic cartridge setup, however, the presence of 10% raw human saliva had a negative effect which manifested in a 10-fold increase in the LOD due to interfering elements. Filtering the saliva, improved the tested volume to 50% and the LOD to 5 nM of Δ9-THC which is lower than the concentrations associated with impairment (6.5-32 nM). The aptasensor showed a good storage capability up to 3 days, however, the reusability significantly dropped from 10 cycles (freshly prepared) to 5 cycles. The results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the aptasensor platform with the microfluidics chamber towards a point-of-care testing application for the detection of Δ9-THC in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kékedy-Nagy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - James M Perry
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Samuel R Little
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Oriol Y Llorens
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada
| | - Steve C C Shih
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1M8, Canada; Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada; Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec, H4B1R6, Canada.
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Preliminary evaluation of the use of a disposable electrochemical sensor for selective identification of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol by multivariate analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Harpaz D, Bernstein N, Namdar D, Eltzov E. Portable biosensors for rapid on-site determination of cannabinoids in cannabis, a review. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108031. [PMID: 36058440 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight the therapeutic virtues of cannabidiol (CBD). Furthermore, due to their molecular enriched profiles, cannabis inflorescences are biologically superior to a single cannabinoid for the treatment of various health conditions. Thus, there is flourishing demand for Cannabis sativa varieties containing high levels of CBD. Additionally, legal regulations around the world restrict the cultivation and consumption of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich cannabis plants for their psychotropic effects. Therefore, the use of cannabis varieties that are high in CBD is permitted as long as their THC content does not exceed a low threshold of 0.3%-0.5%, depending on the jurisdiction. These chemovars are legally termed 'hemp'. This controlled cannabinoid requirement highlights the need to detect low levels of THC, already in the field. In this review, cannabis profiling and the existing methods used for the detection of cannabinoids are firstly evaluated. Then, selected valuable biosensor technologies are discussed, which suggest portable, rapid, sensitive, reproducible, and reliable methods for on-site identification of cannabinoids levels, mainly THC. Recent cutting-edge techniques of promising potential usage for both cannabis and hemp analysis are identified, as part of the future cultivation and agricultural improvement of this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Harpaz
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Dvora Namdar
- Institute of Soil Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, POBox 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Eltzov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Science, Department of Postharvest Science, Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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Can Electrochemical Sensors Be Used for Identification and Phylogenetic Studies in Lamiaceae? SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248216. [PMID: 34960306 PMCID: PMC8706286 DOI: 10.3390/s21248216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors have shown potential in recent years for plant species identification and phylogenetic studies. These works have been used to investigate the affinities of different species in many genera. However, the ability of electrochemical sensors to study relationships between different genera within a family has not been investigated. In this work, we selected 31 species in the Labiatae and 5 exotaxa as subjects to investigate the feasibility of electrochemical sensors at the genus level. The results show that electrochemical sensors are still very effective for the identification of these plants. Different pattern recognition techniques can make the identification more efficient. Also, the fingerprint profiles collected by the sensors can be used for phylogenetic studies of Labiatae. The phylogram divides all the species into five clusters, where the exotaxa are in one cluster. Species in the Labiatae are mainly distributed in four other clusters. Importantly, the different genera of species all showed close affinities, representing that electrochemical fingerprinting can well distinguish the affinities between the different genera. The results of this work demonstrate the great potential of electrochemical sensors in the study of plant phylogeny. Its application is not limited to the study at the species level, but can be extended to the genus level.
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Vacek J, Vostalova J, Papouskova B, Skarupova D, Kos M, Kabelac M, Storch J. Antioxidant function of phytocannabinoids: Molecular basis of their stability and cytoprotective properties under UV-irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:258-270. [PMID: 33453360 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, a comprehensive study of the redox transformation, electronic structure, stability and photoprotective properties of phytocannabinoids is presented. The non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabinol (CBN), cannabichromene (CBC), and psychotropic tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) isomers and iso-THC were included in the study. The results show that under aqueous ambient conditions at pH 7.4, non-psychotropic cannabinoids are slight or moderate electron-donors and they are relatively stable, in the following order: CBD > CBG ≥ CBN > CBC. In contrast, psychotropic Δ9-THC degrades approximately one order of magnitude faster than CBD. The degradation (oxidation) is associated with the transformation of OH groups and changes in the double-bond system of the investigated molecules. The satisfactory stability of cannabinoids is associated with the fact that their OH groups are fully protonated at pH 7.4 (pKa is ≥ 9). The instability of CBN and CBC was accelerated after exposure to UVA radiation, with CBD (or CBG) being stable for up to 24 h. To support their topical applications, an in vitro dermatological comparative study of cytotoxic, phototoxic and UVA or UVB photoprotective effects using normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) and keratinocytes (HaCaT) was done. NHDF are approx. twice as sensitive to the cannabinoids' toxicity as HaCaT. Specifically, toxicity IC50 values for CBD after 24 h of incubation are 7.1 and 12.8 μM for NHDF and HaCaT, respectively. None of the studied cannabinoids were phototoxic. Extensive testing has shown that CBD is the most effective protectant against UVA radiation of the studied cannabinoids. For UVB radiation, CBN was the most effective. The results acquired could be used for further redox biology studies on phytocannabinoids and evaluations of their mechanism of action at the molecular level. Furthermore, the UVA and UVB photoprotectivity of phytocannabinoids could also be utilized in the development of new cannabinoid-based topical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Vostalova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Papouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. Listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Skarupova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 775 15, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kos
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kabelac
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Storch
- Department of Advanced Materials and Organic Synthesis, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Cirrincione M, Zanfrognini B, Pigani L, Protti M, Mercolini L, Zanardi C. Development of an electrochemical sensor based on carbon black for the detection of cannabidiol in vegetable extracts. Analyst 2021; 146:612-619. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A glassy carbon electrode chemically modified with a carbon black coating is proposed here for the rapid and portable determination of cannabidiol (CBD) in a commercial Cannabis seed oil and in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cirrincione
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Barbara Zanfrognini
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Laura Pigani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
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López-Iglesias D, García-Guzmán JJ, Zanardi C, Palacios-Santander JM, Cubillana-Aguilera L, Pigani L. Fast electroanalytical determination of Cannabidiol and Cannabinol in aqueous solution using Sonogel-Carbon-PEDOT devices. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Brighenti V, Protti M, Anceschi L, Zanardi C, Mercolini L, Pellati F. Emerging challenges in the extraction, analysis and bioanalysis of cannabidiol and related compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113633. [PMID: 33039911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a bioactive terpenophenolic compound isolated from Cannabis sativa L. It is known to possess several properties of pharmaceutical interest, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective and anti-convulsant, being it active as a multi-target compound. From a therapeutic point of view, CBD is most commonly used for seizure disorder in children. CBD is present in both medical and fiber-type C. sativa plants, but, unlike Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), it is a non-psychoactive compound. Non-psychoactive or fiber-type C. sativa (also known as hemp) differs from the medical one, since it contains only low levels of THC and high levels of CBD and related non-psychoactive cannabinoids. In addition to medical Cannabis, which is used for many different therapeutic purposes, a great expansion of the market of hemp plant material and related products has been observed in recent years, due to its usage in many fields, including food, cosmetics and electronic cigarettes liquids (commonly known as e-liquids). In this view, this work is focused on recent advances on sample preparation strategies and analytical methods for the chemical analysis of CBD and related compounds in both C. sativa plant material, its derived products and biological samples. Since sample preparation is considered to be a crucial step in the development of reliable analytical methods for the determination of natural compounds in complex matrices, different extraction methods are discussed. As regards the analysis of CBD and related compounds, the application of both separation and non-separation methods is discussed in detail. The advantages, disadvantages and applicability of the different methodologies currently available are evaluated. The scientific interest in the development of portable devices for the reliable analysis of CBD in vegetable and biological samples is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Anceschi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103/287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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De Rycke E, Stove C, Dubruel P, De Saeger S, Beloglazova N. Recent developments in electrochemical detection of illicit drugs in diverse matrices. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112579. [PMID: 32947080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse is a global problem, requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Discovery, production, trafficking, and consumption of illicit drugs have been constantly growing, leading to heavy consequences for environment, human health, and society in general. Therefore, an urgent need for rapid, sensitive, portable and easy-to-operate detection methods for numerous drugs of interest in diverse matrices, from police samples, biological fluids and hair to sewage water has risen. Electrochemical sensors are promising alternatives to chromatography and spectrometry. Last decades, electrochemical sensing of illegal drugs has experienced a very significant growth, driven by improved transducers and signal amplifiers helping to improve the sensitivity and selectivity. The present review summarizes recent advances (last 10 years) in electrochemical detection of the most prevailing illicit drugs (such as cocaine, heroin, and (meth)amphetamine), their precursors and derivatives in different matrices. Various electrochemical sensors making use of different transducers with their (dis)advantages were discussed, and their sensitivity and applicability were critically compared. In those cases where natural or synthetic recognition elements were included in the sensing system to increase specificity, selected recognition elements, their immobilization, working conditions, and analytical performance were discussed. Finally, an outlook is presented with suggestions and recommendations for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther De Rycke
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Department of Bioanalysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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da Silveira GD, Di Turo F, Dias D, da Silva JAF. Electrochemical analysis of organic compounds in solid-state: applications of voltammetry of immobilized microparticles in bioanalysis and cultural heritage science. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Čižmek L, Komorsky-Lovrić Š. Electrochemistry as a screening method in determination of carotenoids in crustacean samples used in everyday diet. Food Chem 2019; 309:125706. [PMID: 31677450 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry of carotenoids has attracted a lot of interest because it provides an understanding of their oxidative properties. We report the application of electrochemistry in the analysis of carotenoids. Voltammetry of microdroplets immobilized on paraffin impregnated graphite electrode in 0.1 mol dm-3 HClO4 and KNO3 aqueous electrolytes using square-wave voltammetry was applied. Previous studies have shown that carotenoids undergo complex oxidation process when characterized in aqueous media. In this research, the electrooxidation of carotenoid astaxanthin was confirmed. The obtained response allowed the development of an electroanalytical method with a limit of detection of 15.77 µmol dm-3, the limit of quantification of 47.80 µmol dm-3 and acceptable relative standard deviations for current (3.69%) and potential (0.41%). Extraction using DMSO and acetone has shown to be appropriate for voltammetric analysis. Astaxanthin content was determined electrochemically in shrimp and soft-shell crab samples (20.63 and 6.59 μg g-1, respectively), yielding recoveries above 90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Čižmek
- Laboratory for Aquaculture Biotechnology, Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Hacke ACM, Lima D, de Costa F, Deshmukh K, Li N, Chow AM, Marques JA, Pereira RP, Kerman K. Probing the antioxidant activity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in Cannabis sativa extracts. Analyst 2019; 144:4952-4961. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00890j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A good correlation was obtained between the antioxidant activities of Cannabis sativa samples determined by spectrophotometric and electrochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dhésmon Lima
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa
- Ponta Grossa
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Nan Li
- Lupos (Canada) Biotechnology Inc
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Ari M. Chow
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Toronto Scarborough
- Toronto
- Canada
| | | | | | - Kagan Kerman
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Toronto Scarborough
- Toronto
- Canada
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A combination of voltammetry of immobilized microparticles and carbon black-based crosslinked chitosan films deposited on glassy carbon electrode for the quantification of hydroquinone in dermatologic cream samples. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Novak Jovanović I, Čižmek L, Komorsky-Lovrić Š. Electrochemistry-based determination of pungency level of hot peppers using the voltammetry of microparticles. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Balbino MA, de Oliveira LS, Eleotério IC, Oiye EN, Ribeiro MF, McCord BR, Ipolito AJ, de Oliveira MF. The Application of Voltammetric Analysis of Δ9-THC for the Reduction of False Positive Results in the Analysis of Suspected Marijuana Plant Matter. J Forensic Sci 2016; 61:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Balbino
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Laura S. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Izabel C. Eleotério
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Erica N. Oiye
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Maria F.M. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Bruce R. McCord
- Chemistry Department; International Forensic Research Institute; Florida International University; Miami FL
| | - Antonio J. Ipolito
- Superintendência de Polícia Técnico-Científica do Estado de São Paulo; Núcleo de Perícias Criminalísticas de Ribeirão Preto; 14015-040 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Marcelo F. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
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16
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Use of screen-printed electrodes for quantification of cocaine and Δ9-THC: adaptions to portable systems for forensic purposes. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wanklyn C, Burton D, Enston E, Bartlett CA, Taylor S, Raniczkowska A, Black M, Murphy L. Disposable screen printed sensor for the electrochemical detection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in undiluted saliva. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:1. [PMID: 26807144 PMCID: PMC4722664 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cannabis has an adverse effect on the ability to drive safely, therefore a rapid disposable test for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis, is highly desirable for roadside testing. Results A screen printed carbon electrode is used for the N-(4-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-methanesulfonamide mediated detection of Δ9-THC in saliva. Mediator placed in an overlayer was galvanostatically oxidized and reacted with Δ9-THC to give an electrochemically active adduct which could be detected by chronoamperometric reduction. Detection of 25-50 ng/mL Δ9-THC spiked into undiluted saliva was achieved with a response time of 30 s. A trial of the sensors with four cannabis smokers showed sensitivity of 28 %, specificity of 99 % and accuracy of 52 %. Conclusions Rapid electrochemical detection of Δ9-THC in undiluted saliva has been demonstrated using a disposable sensor, however the sensitivity is lower than acceptable. Further optimization of the assay and sensor format is required to improve the sensitivity of response to Δ9-THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Wanklyn
- Oxtox Limited, Warren House, Mowbray Street, Stockport, SK1 3EJ UK
| | - Dan Burton
- Oxtox Limited, Warren House, Mowbray Street, Stockport, SK1 3EJ UK
| | - Emma Enston
- Oxtox Limited, Warren House, Mowbray Street, Stockport, SK1 3EJ UK
| | | | - Sarah Taylor
- Oxtox Limited, Warren House, Mowbray Street, Stockport, SK1 3EJ UK
| | | | - Murdo Black
- Oxtox Limited, Warren House, Mowbray Street, Stockport, SK1 3EJ UK
| | - Lindy Murphy
- Oxtox Limited, Warren House, Mowbray Street, Stockport, SK1 3EJ UK
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