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Monari A, Cantalù S, Zanfrognini B, Brighenti V, Verri P, Zanardi C, Pellati F, Pigani L. An electrochemical approach for the prediction of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and total cannabinoid content in Cannabis sativa L. Analyst 2023; 148:4688-4697. [PMID: 37602722 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01090b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Two electrochemical sensors are proposed here for the first time for the fast screening of cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. plant material (inflorescences). The accurate control of cannabinoid content is important for discriminating between recreational, i.e. illegal, and fibre-type C. sativa samples, which differ mainly according to the amount of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA). Two screen printed electrodes obtained using different electrode materials were tested for the analysis of extracts from recreational and fibre-type C. sativa and their performance was compared with a consolidated method based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The voltammetric responses recorded in the different samples reflected the compositional differences of the recreational and fibre-type extracts in accordance with the results of HPLC analyses. Moreover, the quantification of Δ9-THCA and the total cannabinoid content on the basis of the intensity of the peaks of the voltammograms was possible through a simple and fast electrochemical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Monari
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Sara Cantalù
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Barbara Zanfrognini
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Verri
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, via Torino 155, 30170 Venice, Italy
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia BIOGEST-SITEIA, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Pigani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia BIOGEST-SITEIA, Piazzale Europa 1, 42124 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Pigani L, Rioli C, Zanfrognini B, García-Guzmán JJ, Palacios-Santander JM, Cubillana-Aguilera LM. Fast Analysis of Caffeic Acid-Related Molecules in Instant Coffee by Reusable Sonogel-Carbon Electrodes. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8448. [PMID: 36366146 PMCID: PMC9655352 DOI: 10.3390/s22218448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reusable Sonogel-Carbon electrodes containing carbon black (SNGC-CB) have been used for the electrochemical analysis of caffeic acid (CA) in real matrices. Measurements were firstly performed in standard solutions, in which SNGC-CB electrodes allowed the electrochemical determination of CA with high sensitivity and low limit of detection, equal to 0.76 μM. The presence of CB nanostructures in the formulation led to improved performances with respect to pristine SNGC electrodes. Then, measurements were performed in four instant coffees of different brands. A comparison between the results obtained by electrochemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic methods showed that SBGC-CB electrodes represent a simple and economic tool for the rapid assessment of caffeic acid-related molecules in instant coffees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pigani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Rioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Zanfrognini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi, 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Juan José García-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cadiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario ‘Puerta del Mar’, Universidad de Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
| | - José Maria Palacios-Santander
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Laura María Cubillana-Aguilera
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
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Crespo-Rosa JR, Foca G, Ulrici A, Pigani L, Zanfrognini B, Cubillana-Aguilera L, Palacios-Santander JM, Zanardi C. Simultaneous Detection of Glucose and Fructose in Synthetic Musts by Multivariate Analysis of Silica-Based Amperometric Sensor Signals. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:4190. [PMID: 34207281 PMCID: PMC8234046 DOI: 10.3390/s21124190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Silica-based electrodes which permanently include a graphite/Au nanoparticles composite were tested for non-enzymatic detection of glucose and fructose. The composite material showed an effective electrocatalytic activity, to achieve the oxidation of the two analytes at quite low potential values and with good linearity. Reduced surface passivation was observed even in presence of organic species normally constituting real samples. Electrochemical responses were systematically recorded in cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry by analysing 99 solutions containing glucose and fructose at different concentration values. The analysed samples consisted both in glucose and fructose aqueous solutions at pH 12 and in solutions of synthetic musts of red grapes, to test the feasibility of the approach in a real frame. Multivariate exploratory analyses of the electrochemical signals were performed using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This gave evidence of the effectiveness of the chemometric approach to study the electrochemical sensor responses. Thanks to PCA, it was possible to highlight the different contributions of glucose and fructose to the voltammetric signal, allowing their selective determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Rafael Crespo-Rosa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), University of Cadiz, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (J.R.C.-R.); (L.C.-A.); (J.M.P.-S.)
| | - Giorgia Foca
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.F.); (A.U.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, BIOGEST-SITEIA, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Ulrici
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.F.); (A.U.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, BIOGEST-SITEIA, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Laura Pigani
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, BIOGEST-SITEIA, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Barbara Zanfrognini
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Laura Cubillana-Aguilera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), University of Cadiz, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (J.R.C.-R.); (L.C.-A.); (J.M.P.-S.)
| | - José María Palacios-Santander
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), University of Cadiz, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, 11510 Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain; (J.R.C.-R.); (L.C.-A.); (J.M.P.-S.)
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Interdepartmental Research Centre, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, BIOGEST-SITEIA, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
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Cirrincione M, Zanfrognini B, Pigani L, Protti M, Mercolini L, Zanardi C. Development of an electrochemical sensor based on carbon black for the detection of cannabidiol in vegetable extracts. Analyst 2021; 146:612-619. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01932a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A glassy carbon electrode chemically modified with a carbon black coating is proposed here for the rapid and portable determination of cannabidiol (CBD) in a commercial Cannabis seed oil and in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cirrincione
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Barbara Zanfrognini
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Laura Pigani
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
- Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia
- 41125 Modena
- Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology
- Alma Mater Studiorum
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF)
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences
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Ruggeri S, Terzi F, Zanfrognini B, Corsi E, Dossi N, Zanardi C, Pigani L, Seeber R. Electroanalytical determination of soluble Mn(II) species at high concentration levels. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Terzi F, Zanfrognini B, Ruggeri S, Dossi N. Nanostructured Au/Ti bimetallic electrodes in selective anodic oxidation of carbohydrates. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zanfrognini B, Colina A, Heras A, Zanardi C, Seeber R, López-Palacios J. A UV–Visible/Raman spectroelectrochemical study of the stability of poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) films. Polym Degrad Stab 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Zanfrognini B, Zanardi C, Terzi F, Ääritalo T, Viinikanoja A, Lukkari J, Seeber R. Layer-by-layer deposition of a polythiophene/Au nanoparticles multilayer with effective electrochemical properties. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Terzi F, Zanfrognini B, Zanardi C, Pigani L, Seeber R. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Au-nanoparticles composite as electrode coating suitable for electrocatalytic oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Danieli C, Cornia A, Cecchelli C, Sessoli R, Barra AL, Ponterini G, Zanfrognini B. A novel class of tetrairon(III) single-molecule magnets with graphene-binding groups. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2008.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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