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Suzuki N, Abiko M, Yano H, Koda T, Nishioka A, Fujita N. Effect of Shearing and Heat Milling Treatment Temperature on the Crystallinity, Thermal Properties, and Molecular Structure of Rice Starch. Foods 2023; 12:1041. [PMID: 36900557 PMCID: PMC10001028 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice flour is produced by various methods for use in the food industry, but little is known about how the structure of starch is affected during rice flour production. In this study, the crystallinity, thermal properties, and structure of starch in rice flour were investigated after treatment with a shearing and heat milling machine (SHMM) at different temperatures (10-150 °C). Both the crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy of starch showed an inverse relationship with the treatment temperature; rice flour treated with the SHMM at higher temperatures showed lower crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy than that treated at lower temperatures. Next, the structure of undegraded starch in the SHMM-treated rice flour was analyzed by gel permeation chromatography. A significant reduction in the molecular weight of amylopectin was observed at high treatment temperatures. Chain length distribution analysis showed that the proportion of long chains (degree of polymerization (DP) > 30) in rice flour decreased at temperatures ≥ 30 °C. By contrast, the molecular weight of amylose did not decrease. In summary, the SHMM treatment of rice flour at high temperatures resulted in starch gelatinization, and the amylopectin molecular weight decreased independently, due to the cleavage of amorphous regions connecting the amylopectin clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Suzuki
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City 010-0195, Akita, Japan;
| | - Marin Abiko
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Hiroko Yano
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Tomonori Koda
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Akihiro Nishioka
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa City 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan; (M.A.); (H.Y.); (T.K.); (A.N.)
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City 010-0195, Akita, Japan;
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2
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Maeno T, Yamakawa Y, Takiyasu Y, Miyauchi H, Nakamura Y, Ono M, Ozaki N, Utsumi Y, Cenci U, Colleoni C, Ball S, Tsuzuki M, Fujiwara S. One of the isoamylase isoforms, CMI294C, is required for semi-amylopectin synthesis in the rhodophyte Cyanidioschyzon merolae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:967165. [PMID: 36051298 PMCID: PMC9424615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.967165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most rhodophytes synthesize semi-amylopectin as a storage polysaccharide, whereas some species in the most primitive class (Cyanidiophyceae) make glycogen. To know the roles of isoamylases in semi-amylopectin synthesis, we investigated the effects of isoamylase gene (CMI294C and CMS197C)-deficiencies on semi-amylopectin molecular structure and starch granule morphology in Cyanidioschyzon merolae (Cyanidiophyceae). Semi-amylopectin content in a CMS197C-disruption mutant (ΔCMS197C) was not significantly different from that in the control strain, while that in a CMI294C-disruption mutant (ΔCMI294C) was much lower than those in the control strain, suggesting that CMI294C is essential for semi-amylopectin synthesis. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the ΔCMI294C strain contained smaller starch granules, while the ΔCMS197C strain had normal size, but donut-shaped granules, unlike those of the control strain. Although the chain length distribution of starch from the control strain displayed a semi-amylopectin pattern with a peak around degree of polymerization (DP) 11-13, differences in chain length profiles revealed that the ΔCMS197C strain has more short chains (DP of 3 and 4) than the control strain, while the ΔCMI294C strain has more long chains (DP ≥12). These findings suggest that CMI294C-type isoamylase, which can debranch a wide range of chains, probably plays an important role in semi-amylopectin synthesis unique in the Rhodophyta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Maeno
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamakawa
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yohei Takiyasu
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyauchi
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Masami Ono
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ozaki
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Ugo Cenci
- CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Steven Ball
- CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mikio Tsuzuki
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
| | - Shoko Fujiwara
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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3
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Kiribuchi‐Otobe C, Yamamori M, Fujita M, Kojima H, Hatta K, Tougou M. Influence of Mutant
Wx‐D1f
Allele on Synthesis of Amylose and Extra‐Long Chains of Amylopectin in Wheat (
Triticum Aestivum
L.). STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202200125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Kiribuchi‐Otobe
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2‐1‐2, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8518 Japan
- Degree Program in Life and Earth Science Graduate School of Science and Technology University of Tsukuba 1‐1‐1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8577 Japan
| | - Makoto Yamamori
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2‐1‐2, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8518 Japan
| | - Masaya Fujita
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2‐1‐2, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8518 Japan
- Present address: Headquarters National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 3‐1‐1, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8517 Japan
| | - Hisayo Kojima
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2‐1‐2, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8518 Japan
- Present address: Headquarters National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 3‐1‐1, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8517 Japan
| | - Koichi Hatta
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2‐1‐2, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8518 Japan
| | - Makoto Tougou
- Institute of Crop Science National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) 2‐1‐2, Kannondai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305–8518 Japan
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4
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Crofts N, Domon A, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Itoh A, Noge K, Fujita N. Starch synthases SSIIa and GBSSI control starch structure but do not determine starch granule morphology in the absence of SSIIIa and SSIVb. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:379-398. [PMID: 34671919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High levels of two major starch synthases, SSIIa and GBSSI, in ss3a ss4b double mutant rice alter the starch structure but fail to recover the polygonal starch granule morphology. The endosperm starch granule is polygonal in wild-type rice but spherical in double mutant japonica rice lacking genes encoding two of the five major Starch synthase (SS) isozymes expressed in endosperm, SSIIIa and SSIVb. Japonica rice naturally has low levels of SSIIa and Granule-bound SSI (GBSSI). Therefore, introduction of active SSIIa allele and/or high-expressing GBSSI allele from indica rice into the japonica rice mutant lacking SS isozymes can help elucidate the compensatory roles of SS isozymes in starch biosynthesis. In this study, we crossed the ss3a ss4a double mutant japonica rice with the indica rice to generate three new rice lines with high and/or low SSIIa and GBSSI levels, and examined their starch structure, physicochemical properties, and levels of other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Lines with high SSIIa levels showed more SSI and SSIIa bound to starch granule, reduced levels of short amylopectin chains (7 ≤ DP ≤ 12), increased levels of amylopectin chains with DP > 13, and consequently higher gelatinization temperature. Lines with high GBSSI levels showed an increase in amylose content. The ADP-glucose content of the crude extract was high in lines with low or high SSIIa and low GBSSI levels, but was low in lines with high GBSSI. Addition of high SSIIa and GBSSI altered the starch structure and physicochemical properties but did not affect the starch granule morphology, confirming that SSIIIa and SSIVb are key enzymes affecting starch granule morphology in rice. The relationship among SS isozymes and its effect on the amount of substrate (ADP-glucose) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Asaka Domon
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayaka Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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5
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Crofts N, Satoh Y, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Abe M, Fujita N. Active-type starch synthase (SS) IIa from indica rice partially complements the sugary-1 phenotype in japonica rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:325-342. [PMID: 34287741 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of higher SSIIa activity to mild-type isa1 mutant by crossing results in restoration of crystallinity, starch granule structure, and production of plump seeds. Isoamylase 1 (ISA1) removes improper α-1, 6 glycosidic branches of amylopectin generated by starch branching enzymes and is essential for the formation of proper amylopectin structure. Rice isa1 (sug-1) mutants in japonica cultivar with less-active starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) and low granule-bound SSI (GBSSI) expression display wrinkled seed phenotype by accumulating water-soluble phytoglycogen instead of insoluble amylopectin. Expression of active SSIIa in transgenic rice produced with a severe-type isa1 mutant accumulated some insoluble glucan with weak B-type crystallinity at the periphery of seeds but their seeds remained wrinkled. To see whether introduction of high levels of SSIIa and/or GBSSI can restore the grain filling of the mild-type sug-1 mutant (EM653), new rice lines (SS2a gbss1L isa1, ss2aL GBSS1 isa1, and SS2a GBSS1 isa1) were generated by crossing japonica isa1 mutant (ss2aL gbss1L isa1) with wild type indica rice (SS2a GBSS1 ISA1). The results showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 lines generated chalky plump seeds accumulating insoluble amylopectin-like glucans with an increase in DP 13-35, while ss2aL GBSS1 isa1 generated wrinkly seeds and accumulated soluble glucans enriched with DP < 13. Scanning electron microscopic observation of cross-section of the seeds showed that SS2a gbss1L isa1 and SS2a GBSS1 isa1 produced wild type-like polygonal starch granules. These starches showed the A-type crystallinity comparable to the wild type, while the japonica isa1 mutant and the transgenic rice do not show any or little crystallinity, respectively. These results indicate that introduction of higher SSIIa activity can mostly complements the mild-type sug-1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Satoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Misato Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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6
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Nagamatsu S, Wada T, Matsushima R, Fujita N, Miura S, Crofts N, Hosaka Y, Yamaguchi O, Kumamaru T. Mutation in BEIIb mitigates the negative effect of the mutation in ISA1 on grain filling and amyloplast formation in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:497-512. [PMID: 35083581 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the BEIIb gene in an isa1 mutant background mitigates the negative effect of the ISA1 mutation on grain filling, and facilitates recovery of amyloplast formation in rice endosperm. In this study, the effect of branching enzyme IIb and isoamylase 1 deficiency on starch properties was demonstrated using high resistant starch rice lines, Chikushi-kona 85 and EM129. Both lines harbored a mutation in the BEIIb and ISA1 genes and showed no BEIIb and ISA1 activity, implying that both lines are beIIb isa1 double mutants. The amylopectin long chain and apparent amylose content of both mutant lines were higher than those of the wild-type. While both mutants contained loosely packed, round starch grains, a trait specific to beIIb mutants, they also showed collapsed starch grains at the center of the endosperm, a property specific to isa1 mutants. Furthermore, beIIb isa1 double mutant F2 lines derived from a cross between Chikushi-kona 85 and Nishihomare (wild-type cultivar) showed significantly heavier seed weight than the beIIb and isa1 single mutant lines. These results suggest that co-occurrence of beIIb and isa1 mutant alleles in a single genetic background mitigates the negative effect of the isa1 allele on grain filling, and contributes to recovery of the amyloplast formation defect in the isa1 single mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Nagamatsu
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan.
| | - Takuya Wada
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, 587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka, 818-8549, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kumamaru
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Xu H, Zhou J, Liu X, Yu J, Copeland L, Wang S. Methods for characterizing the structure of starch in relation to its applications: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-18. [PMID: 34847797 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Starch is a major part of the human diet and an important material for industrial utilization. The structure of starch granules is the subject of intensive research because it determines functionality, and hence suitability for specific applications. Starch granules are made up of a hierarchy of complex structural elements, from lamellae and amorphous regions to blocklets, growth rings and granules, which increase in scale from nanometers to microns. The complexity of these native structures changes with the processing of starch-rich ingredients into foods and other products. This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of analytical methods developed to characterize structure of starch granules, and their applications in analyzing the changes in starch structure as a result of processing, with particular consideration of the poorly understood short-range ordered structures in amorphous regions of granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinglin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Les Copeland
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shujun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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8
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Ida T, Crofts N, Miura S, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Structure and Properties of Starch in Rice Double Mutants Lacking Starch Synthase (SS) IIa and Starch Branching Enzyme (BE) IIb. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2021; 68:31-39. [PMID: 34429697 PMCID: PMC8367641 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2021_0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch biosynthetic enzymes form multi-protein complexes consisting of starch synthase (SS) I, SSIIa, and starch branching enzyme (BE) IIb, which synthesize amylopectin clusters. This study analyzed the starch properties in two double mutant rice lines lacking SSIIa and BEIIb, one of which expressed an inactive BEIIb protein. The ss2a be2b lines showed similar or greater seed weight than the be2b lines, and plant growth was not affected. The ss2a line showed increased short amylopectin chains resulting in a lower gelatinization temperature. Starch granule morphology and A-type crystallinity were similar between the ss2a line and the wild type, except for a mild chalky seed phenotype in the ss2a line. However, the starch phenotype of the ss2a be2b lines, which was similar to that of be2b but not ss2a, was characterized by increased long amylopectin chains, abnormal starch granules, and B-type crystallinity. The similarity in phenotype between the ss2a be2b and be2b lines may be attributed to the inability of the be2b mutants to generate short amylopectin branches, which serve as primers for SSIIa. Therefore, the presence or absence of SSIIa hardly affected the amylopectin structure under the be2b background. The amylose content was significantly higher in the ss2a be2b lines than in the be2b lines. Starch crystallinity was greater in ss2a be2b lines than in be2b lines, despite the fact that starch crystallinity is generally negatively correlated with amylose content. This suggests that the formation of a double helix between long amylopectin chains and amylose affects starch crystallinity in the ss2a be2b mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Ida
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Crofts
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Satoko Miura
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- 2 Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
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9
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Tetlow IJ, Bertoft E. A Review of Starch Biosynthesis in Relation to the Building Block-Backbone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7011. [PMID: 32977627 PMCID: PMC7582286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polymer of glucose synthesized as discrete granules inside the stroma of plastids in plant cells. Starch reserves provide a source of carbohydrate for immediate growth and development, and act as long term carbon stores in endosperms and seed tissues for growth of the next generation, making starch of huge agricultural importance. The starch granule has a highly complex hierarchical structure arising from the combined actions of a large array of enzymes as well as physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. Understanding the precise nature of granule architecture, and how both biological and abiotic factors determine this structure is of both fundamental and practical importance. This review outlines current knowledge of granule architecture and the starch biosynthesis pathway in relation to the building block-backbone model of starch structure. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge in relation to our understanding of the structure and synthesis of starch, and argue that the building block-backbone model takes accurate account of both structural and biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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10
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Jr. VMB, Luo J, Li Z, Gidley MJ, Bird AR, Tetlow IJ, Fitzgerald M, Jobling SA, Rahman S. Functional Genomic Validation of the Roles of Soluble Starch Synthase IIa in Japonica Rice Endosperm. Front Genet 2020; 11:289. [PMID: 32300357 PMCID: PMC7142255 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) in cereals has catalytic and regulatory roles during the synthesis of amylopectin that influences the functional properties of the grain. Rice endosperm SSIIa is more active in indica accessions compared to japonica lines due to functional SNP variations in the coding region of the structural gene. In this study, downregulating the expression of japonica-type SSIIa in Nipponbare endosperm resulted in either shrunken or opaque grains with an elevated proportion of A-type starch granules. Shrunken seeds had severely reduced starch content and could not be maintained in succeeding generations. In comparison, the opaque grain morphology was the result of weaker down-regulation of SSIIa which led to an elevated proportion of short-chain amylopectin (DP 6-12) and a concomitant reduction in the proportion of medium-chain amylopectin (DP 13-36). The peak gelatinization temperature of starch and the estimated glycemic score of cooked grain as measured by the starch hydrolysis index were significantly reduced. These results highlight the important role of medium-chain amylopectin in influencing the functional properties of rice grains, including its digestibility. The structural, regulatory and nutritional implications of down-regulated japonica-type SSIIa in rice endosperm are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito M. Butardo Jr.
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Fitzgerald
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Sadequr Rahman
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Science and the Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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11
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Honda Y, Yamazaki T, Katsumi N, Fujita N, Matsumoto K, Okazaki M, Miwa S. Physicochemical Properties of Starches from Lotus Rhizomes Harvested in Different Months. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2019; 66:51-57. [PMID: 34354520 PMCID: PMC8056931 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2018_0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the physicochemical properties of starches extracted from 8 lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) rhizomes harvested in different months (September 2012 to May 2013). The physicochemical properties of the lotus starches depended on the harvest date. The peak viscosity (PV) in the Rapid Visco-Analyser analysis, and the viscosity at 65 °C (V65) in the rotational viscometer analysis were significantly lower in SEP starch (extracted from the September-harvested sample) than in the other lotus starches. The Spearman's rank correlation coefficients of potassium ion (K) content vs. V65 and of K content vs. PV were 0.905 and 0.714, respectively, indicating that potassium ions are important for expressing the pasting properties of lotus starch. Principal component analysis suggested that the potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus contents are important for displaying both the pasting and gelatinization properties of the lotus starches. Meanwhile, the cluster analysis revealed that physicochemical properties of the SEP starch were different from those of the starches harvested in other months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Honda
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Tetsuya Yamazaki
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Naoya Katsumi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Masanori Okazaki
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Shoji Miwa
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center
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12
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Morita R, Crofts N, Shibatani N, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Ikeda KI, Fujita N, Fukayama H. CO2-Responsive CCT Protein Stimulates the Ectopic Expression of Particular Starch Biosynthesis-Related Enzymes, Which Markedly Change the Structure of Starch in the Leaf Sheaths of Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:961-972. [PMID: 30690625 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CO2-responsive CCT protein (CRCT) is suggested to be a positive regulator of starch biosynthesis in the leaf sheaths of rice, regulating the expression levels of starch biosynthesis-related genes. In this study, the effects of CRCT expression levels on the expression of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes and the quality of starch were studied. Using native-PAGE/activity staining and immunoblotting, we found that the protein levels of starch synthase I, branching enzyme I, branching enzyme IIa, isoamylase 1 and phosphorylase 1 were largely correlated with the CRCT expression levels in the leaf sheaths of CRCT transgenic lines. In contrast, the CRCT expression levels largely did not affect the expression levels and/or activities of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes in the leaf blades and endosperm tissues. The analysis of the chain-length distribution of starch in the leaf sheaths showed that short chains with a degree of polymerization from 5 to 14 were increased in the overexpression lines but decreased in the knockdown lines. The amylose content of starch in the leaf sheath was greatly increased in the overexpression lines. In contrast, the molecular weight of the amylopectin of starch in the leaf sheath of overexpression lines did not change compared with those of the non-transgenic rice. These results suggest that CRCT can control the quality and the quantity of starch in the leaf sheath by regulating the expression of particular starch biosynthesis-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Morita
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibatani
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Stress Cytology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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13
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Cakir B, Tian L, Crofts N, Chou HL, Koper K, Ng CY, Tuncel A, Gargouri M, Hwang SK, Fujita N, Okita TW. Re-programming of gene expression in the CS8 rice line over-expressing ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase induces a suppressor of starch biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:1073-1088. [PMID: 30523657 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The CS8 transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines expressing an up-regulated glgC gene produced higher levels of ADPglucose (ADPglc), the substrate for starch synthases. However, the increase in grain weight was much less than the increase in ADPglc levels suggesting one or more downstream rate-limiting steps. Endosperm starch levels were not further enhanced in double transgenic plants expressing both glgC and the maize brittle-1 gene, the latter responsible for transport of ADPglc into the amyloplast. These studies demonstrate that critical processes within the amyloplast stroma restrict maximum carbon flow into starch. RNA-seq analysis showed extensive re-programming of gene expression in the CS8 with 2073 genes up-regulated and 140 down-regulated. One conspicuous gene, up-regulated ~15-fold, coded for a biochemically uncharacterized starch binding domain-containing protein (SBDCP1) possessing a plastid transit peptide. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis confirmed that SBDCP1 was located in the amyloplasts. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays indicated an interaction between SBDCP1 and starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa), which was down-regulated at the protein level in the CS8 line. Furthermore, binding by SBDCP1 inhibited SSIIIa starch polymerization activity in a non-competitive manner. Surprisingly, artificial microRNA gene suppression of SBDCP1 restored protein expression levels of SSIIIa in the CS8 line resulting in starch with lower amylose content and increased amylopectin chains with a higher degree of polymerization. Collectively, our results support the involvement of additional non-enzymatic factors such as SBDCP in starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Cakir
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Li Tian
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hong-Li Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Kaan Koper
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Chun-Yeung Ng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Aytug Tuncel
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Seon-Kap Hwang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Science, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Thomas W Okita
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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14
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Crofts N, Itoh A, Abe M, Miura S, Oitome NF, Bao J, Fujita N. Three Major Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Waxy Gene Correlated with the Amounts of Extra-long Chains of Amylopectin in Rice Cultivars with S or L-type Amylopectin. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2019; 66:37-46. [PMID: 34354518 PMCID: PMC8056923 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2018_005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra-long chains (ELC) of amylopectin in rice endosperm are synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I encoded by the Waxy (Wx) gene, which primarily synthesizes amylose. Previous studies showed that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in intron 1 and exon 6 of the Wx gene influences ELC amount. However, whether these SNPs are conserved among rice cultivars and if any other SNPs are present in the Wx gene remained unknown. Here, we sequenced the Wx gene from 17 rice cultivars with S or L-type amylopectin, including those with known ELC content and those originating in China with unique starch properties, as well as typical japonica and indica cultivars. In addition to the two SNPs described above, an additional SNP correlating with ELC content was found in exon 10. Low ELC cultivars (<3.0 %) had thymine at the splicing donor site of intron 1, Tyr224 in exon 6, and Pro415 in exon 10. Cultivars with moderate ELC content (4.1–6.9 %) had guanine at the splicing donor site of intron 1, Ser224 in exon 6, and Pro415 in exon 10. Cultivars with high ELC content (7.7–13.9 %) had guanine at the splicing donor site of intron 1, Tyr224 in exon 6, and Ser415 in exon 10. The chain length distribution pattern of amylopectin was correlated with the amounts of SSIIa found in starch granules and gelatinization temperature, but not with ELC content. The combinations of SNPs in the Wx gene found in this study may provide useful information for screening specific cultivars with different ELC content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Ayaka Itoh
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Misato Abe
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Satoko Miura
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Jinsong Bao
- 2 Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- 1 Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
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15
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Abstract
A better understanding of the nutritional properties of rice starch is important because of the rapid rise of diet-related health complications, particularly obesity, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancers. Rice starch that is slowly digested to glucose, and where significant quantities of starch which reach the lower gut ("resistant starch"), can mitigate, and also delay the onset of, these diseases. These digestibility properties depend to some extent on starch molecular structure. The characterization of this structure is therefore significant for understanding and developing healthier slower digestible rice. In this chapter, a series of techniques used for characterizing starch structure are reviewed and the procedure for preparing rice starch samples with minimum degradation for characterizing starch chain length distribution (CLD) and overall molecular structure is given. Some methods for choosing or developing plants showing desirable structural characteristics are briefly summarized.
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16
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Crofts N, Iizuka Y, Abe N, Miura S, Kikuchi K, Matsushima R, Fujita N. Rice Mutants Lacking Starch Synthase I or Branching Enzyme IIb Activity Altered Starch Biosynthetic Protein Complexes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1817. [PMID: 30581451 PMCID: PMC6292963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin, the major component of starch, is synthesized by synergistic activity of multiple isozymes of starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzymes (BEs). The frequency and length of amylopectin branches determine the functionality of starch. In the rice endosperm, BEIIb generates short side chains of amylopectin and SSI elongates those branches, which can be further elongated by SSIIa. Absence of these enzymes greatly affects amylopectin structure. SSI, SSIIa, and BEIIb associate with each other and with other starch biosynthetic enzymes although SSIIa is low activity in japonica rice. The aim of the current study was to understand how the activity of starch biosynthetic enzyme complexes is compensated in the absence of SSI or BEIIb, and whether the compensatory effects are different in the absence of BEIIb or in the presence of inactive BEIIb. Interactions between starch biosynthetic enzymes were analyzed using one ss1 null mutant and two be2b japonica rice mutants (a mutant producing inactive BEIIb and a mutant that did not produce BEIIb). Soluble proteins extracted from the developing rice seeds were separated by gel filtration chromatography. In the absence of BEIIb activity, BEIIa was eluted in a broad molecular weight range (60-700 kDa). BEIIa in the wild-type was eluted with a mass below 300 kDa. Further, majority of inactive BEIIb co-eluted with SSI, SSIIa, and BEI, in a mass fraction over 700 kDa, whereas only small amounts of these isozymes were found in the wild-type. Compared with the be2b lines, the ss1 mutant showed subtle differences in protein profiles, but the amounts of SSIIa, SSIVb, and BEI in the over-700-kDa fraction were elevated. Immunoprecipitation revealed reduced association of SSIIa and BEIIb in the ss1 mutant, while the association of BEIIb with SSI, SSIIa, SSIVb, BEI, and BEIIa were more pronounced in the be2b mutant that produced inactive BEIIb enzyme. Mass spectrometry and western blotting revealed that SSI, SSIIa, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIa, starch phosphorylase 1, and pullulanase were bound to the starch granules in the be2b mutants, but not in the wild-type and ss1 mutant. These results will aid the understanding of the mechanism of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iizuka
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Kana Kikuchi
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
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17
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Wada T, Yamaguchi O, Miyazaki M, Miyahara K, Ishibashi M, Aihara T, Shibuta T, Inoue T, Tsubone M, Toyosawa Y, Satoh H, Akaishi R, Yoshii Y, Ohtsubo K. Development and characterization of a new rice cultivar, 'Chikushi-kona 85', derived from a starch-branching enzyme IIb-deficient mutant line. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:278-283. [PMID: 29875612 PMCID: PMC5982178 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A new super-hard rice cultivar, 'Chikushi-kona 85', which was derived from a cross between 'Fukei 2032' and 'EM129', was developed via bulk method breeding. 'Chikushi-kona 85' showed a higher content of resistant starch than the normal non-glutinous rice cultivar, 'Nishihomare', and a higher grain yield than the first super-hard rice cultivar, 'EM10'. The amylopectin chain length of 'Chikushi-kona 85' and its progenitor line 'EM129' was longer than that of 'Nishihomare', and was similar to that of 'EM10'. This suggests that the starch property of 'Chikushi-kona 85' was inherited from 'EM129', which is a mutant line deficient in a starch branching enzyme similar to 'EM10'. Genetic analysis of 'Chikushi-kona 85' crossed with 'Nishihomare' also showed that the starch property of 'Chikushi-kona 85' was regulated by a single recessive gene. Consumption of processed cookies made from 'Chikushi-kona 85' flour showed a distinctive effect in controlling blood sugar levels in comparison to the normal non-glutinous rice cultivar 'Hinohikari'. These results show that 'Chikushi-kona 85' is a novel genetic source to develop new products made of rice, which could reduce calorie intake and contribute to additional health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Wada
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Osamu Yamaguchi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyazaki
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Katsunori Miyahara
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Masafumi Ishibashi
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Takeshi Aihara
- Department of Research and Development, Torigoe Company Limited,
6-8-8 HakozakiFuto, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-0051,
Japan
| | - Takanobu Shibuta
- Department of Research and Development, Torigoe Company Limited,
6-8-8 HakozakiFuto, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-0051,
Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Masao Tsubone
- Fukuoka Agriculture and Forestry Research Center,
587 Yoshiki, Chikushino, Fukuoka 818-8549,
Japan
| | - Yoshiko Toyosawa
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University,
6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581,
Japan
| | - Hikaru Satoh
- Institute of Genetic Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University,
6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581,
Japan
| | - Ryuuichirou Akaishi
- Niigata Agricultural Research Institute,
2-25 Shin’ei-cho, Kamo-shi, Niigata 959-1381,
Japan
| | - Youichi Yoshii
- Niigata Agricultural Research Institute,
2-25 Shin’ei-cho, Kamo-shi, Niigata 959-1381,
Japan
| | - Ken’ichi Ohtsubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University,
8050 Ikarashi-ninocho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181,
Japan
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18
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Thomas BR, Brandley BK, Rodriguez RL. Rapid Analysis of Saccharides in Beer via Fluorescence-Assisted Carbohydrate Electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-58-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R. Thomas
- Department of Vegetable Crops, University of California-Davis, Davis 95616
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19
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Murakami S, Fujita N, Nakamura Y, Inouchi N, Oitome NF, Koda T, Nishioka A. Effects of Shear and Heat Milling Treatment on Thermal Properties and Molecular Structures of Rice Starch. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Murakami
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science; Yamagata University; Yonezawa Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Akita Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Akita Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Inouchi
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology; Fukuyama University; Fukuyama Japan
| | - Naoko F. Oitome
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Akita Japan
| | - Tomonori Koda
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science; Yamagata University; Yonezawa Japan
| | - Akihiro Nishioka
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science; Yamagata University; Yonezawa Japan
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20
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Nada S, Gilbert RG. On the Role of Catabolic Enzymes in Biosynthetic Models of Glycogen Molecular Weight Distributions. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:5221-5227. [PMID: 31457793 PMCID: PMC6641748 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen and starch are complex branched polymers of glucose that serve as units of glucose storage in animals and plants, respectively. Changes in the structure of these molecules have been linked to changes in their respective functional properties. Enzymatic models of starch synthesis have provided valuable insights into the biosynthetic origins of starch structure and functional properties but have not successfully been applied to glycogen despite the structural similarities between the two polymers. Modifications to biosynthetic models of starch structure were tested for applicability to glycogen. Mathematical evidence is provided showing the necessity (which has hitherto been in doubt) of considering the effects of catabolic (degradative) enzymes in biosynthesis-based approaches that seek to accurately describe the molecular weight distributions of individual chains of glycogen formed in vivo through glycogenesis. This finding also provides future direction for inferring the dependence of enzyme activities on substrate chain length from in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharif
S. Nada
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product
Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Centre
for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture
and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product
Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou
University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
- Centre
for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture
and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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21
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Abstract
Starch is a major food supply for humanity. It is produced in seeds, rhizomes, roots and tubers in the form of semi-crystalline granules with unique properties for each plant. Though the size and morphology of the granules is specific for each plant species, their internal structures have remarkably similar architecture, consisting of growth rings, blocklets, and crystalline and amorphous lamellae. The basic components of starch granules are two polyglucans, namely amylose and amylopectin. The molecular structure of amylose is comparatively simple as it consists of glucose residues connected through α-(1,4)-linkages to long chains with a few α-(1,6)-branches. Amylopectin, which is the major component, has the same basic structure, but it has considerably shorter chains and a lot of α-(1,6)-branches. This results in a very complex, three-dimensional structure, the nature of which remains uncertain. Several models of the amylopectin structure have been suggested through the years, and in this review two models are described, namely the “cluster model” and the “building block backbone model”. The structure of the starch granules is discussed in light of both models.
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22
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Crofts N, Sugimoto K, Oitome NF, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Differences in specificity and compensatory functions among three major starch synthases determine the structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:399-417. [PMID: 28466433 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The lengths of amylopectin-branched chains are precise and influence the physicochemical properties of starch, which determine starch functionality. Three major isozymes of starch synthases (SSs), SSI, SSII(a), and SSIII(a), are primarily responsible for amylopectin chain elongation in the storage tissues of plants. To date, the majority of reported rice mutants were generated using japonica cultivars, which have almost inactive SSIIa. Although three SSs share some overlapping chain length preferences, whether they complement each other remains unknown due to the absence of suitable genetic combinations of materials. In this study, rice ss1/SS2a/SS3a and SS1/SS2a/ss3a were newly generated, and the chain length distribution patterns of all the possible combinations of presence and absence of SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa activities were compared. This study demonstrated that SSIIa can complement most SSI functions that use glucan chains with DP 6-7 to generate DP 8-12 chains but cannot fully compensate for the elongation of DP 16-19 chains. This suggests that SSIIa preferentially elongates outer but not inner chains of amylopectin. In addition, the results revealed that neither SSI nor SSIIIa compensate for SSIIa. Neither SSI nor SSIIa compensate for elongation of DP >30 by SSIIIa. SSIIa could not resolve the pleiotropic increase of SSI caused by the absence of SSIIIa; instead, SSIIa further elongated those branches elongated by SSI. These results revealed compensatory differences among three major SS isozymes responsible for lengths of amylopectin branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (N.C.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Sugimoto
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tenno, Katagami City, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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23
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Zhang SR, Yu YL, Xu CS, Jin D, Lee YI. Determination of N -glycans in glycoproteins using chemoenzymatic labeling with Endo-M N175Q. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Gao Y, Liu C, Li Y, Zhang A, Dong G, Xie L, Zhang B, Ruan B, Hong K, Xue D, Zeng D, Guo L, Qian Q, Gao Z. QTL analysis for chalkiness of rice and fine mapping of a candidate gene for qACE9. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:41. [PMID: 27549111 PMCID: PMC4993740 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ideal appearance is of commercial value for rice varieties. Chalkiness is one of the most important appearance quality indicators. Therefore, clarification of the heredity of chalkiness and its molecular mechanisms will contribute to reduction of rice chalkiness. Although a number of QTLs related to chalkiness were mapped, few of them have been cloned so far. RESULTS In this study, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of PA64s and 9311, we identified 19 QTLs associated with chalkiness on chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 7, 9 and 12, which accounted for 5.1 to 30.6 % of phenotypic variations. A novel major QTL qACE9 for the area of chalky endosperm (ACE) was detected in Hainan and Hangzhou, both mapped in the overlapping region on chromosome 9. It was further fine mapped to an interval of 22 kb between two insertion-deletion (InDel) markers IND9-4 and IND9-5 using a BC4F2 population. Gene prediction analysis identified five putative genes, among which only one gene (OsAPS1), whose product involved in starch synthesis, was detected two nucleotide substitutions causing amino acid change between the parents. Significant difference was found in apparent amylose content (AAC) between NILqACE9 and 9311. And starch granules were round and loosely packed in NILqACE9 compared with 9311 by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. CONCLUSIONS OsAPS1 was selected as a novel candidate gene for fine-mapped qACE9. The candidate gene not only plays a critical role during starch synthesis in endosperm, but also determines the area of chalky endosperm in rice. Further cloning of the QTL will facilitate the improvement of quality in hybrid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Chaolei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Anpeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Banpu Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Kai Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Longbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Kaneko K, Sasaki M, Kuribayashi N, Suzuki H, Sasuga Y, Shiraya T, Inomata T, Itoh K, Baslam M, Mitsui T. Proteomic and Glycomic Characterization of Rice Chalky Grains Produced Under Moderate and High-temperature Conditions in Field System. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 27246013 PMCID: PMC4887401 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global climate models predict an increase in global mean temperature and a higher frequency of intense heat spikes during this century. Cereals such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) are more susceptible to heat stress, mainly during the gametogenesis and flowering stages. During periods of high temperatures, grain filling often causes serious damage to the grain quality of rice and, therefore, yield losses. While the genes encoding enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism of chalky grains have been established, a significant knowledge gap exists in the proteomic and glycomic responses to warm temperatures in situ. Here, we studied the translucent and opaque characters of high temperature stressed chalky grains of 2009 and 2010 (ripening temperatures: 24.4 and 28.0 °C, respectively). RESULTS Appearance of chalky grains of both years showed some resemblance, and the high-temperature stress of 2010 remarkably extended the chalking of grain. Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that round-shaped starch granules with numerous small pits were loosely packed in the opaque part of the chalky grains. Proteomic analyzes of rice chalky grains revealed deregulations in the expression of multiple proteins implicated in diverse metabolic and physiological functions, such as protein synthesis, redox homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and starch biosynthesis and degradation. The glycomic profiling has shown slight differences in chain-length distributions of starches in the grains of 2009-to-2010. However, no significant changes were observed in the chain-length distributions between the translucent and opaque parts of perfect and chalky grains in both years. The glucose and soluble starch contents in opaque parts were increased by the high-temperature stress of 2010, though those in perfect grains were not different regardless of the environmental changes of 2009-to-2010. CONCLUSION Together with previous findings on the increased expression of α-amylases in the endosperm, these results suggested that unusual starch degradation rather than starch synthesis is involved in occurring of chalky grains of rice under the high-temperature stress during grain filling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kaneko
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Nanako Kuribayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sasuga
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-218, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiraya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-218, Japan
- Present address: Niigata Crop Research Center, Niigata Agricultural Research Institute, Nagaoka, 940-0826, Japan
| | - Takuya Inomata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kimiko Itoh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan.
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, 950-218, Japan.
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26
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Sawada H, Tsukahara K, Kohno Y, Suzuki K, Nagasawa N, Tamaoki M. Elevated Ozone Deteriorates Grain Quality of Japonica Rice cv. Koshihikari, Even if it Does Not Cause Yield Reduction. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 9:7. [PMID: 26910783 PMCID: PMC4766164 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-016-0079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is becoming clear that ozone affects not only grain yield but also grain quality in rice. However, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for ozone-induced changes in appearance quality or components are poorly understood. We analyzed appearance quality and starch composition in the rice cultivars "Koshihikari" (japonica) and "Kasalath" (indica) grown under elevated ozone conditions. RESULTS Elevated ozone significantly increased the proportion of immature (mainly chalky) kernels in "Koshihikari" but not in "Kasalath". Scanning electron microscopy of transverse sections of kernels showed that endosperm starch granules of "Koshihikari" ripened under elevated ozone were loosely packed with large spaces and contained irregular rounded granules. Amylose content was increased in "Koshihikari" kernels with ozone exposure, but was unchanged in "Kasalath" kernels. Distribution analysis of amylopectin chain length showed that ozone induces a decrease of long-side chains and alterations of short side-chains in "Koshihikari" kernels. Furthermore, Starch Synthase (SS) IIIa transcript levels in "Koshihikari" caryopses were decreased by elevated ozone. CONCLUSIONS The japonica cultivar "Koshihikari" showed significant deterioration in appearance quality of kernels caused by abnormal starch accumulation due to exposure to ozone. The alteration patterns of amylose and amylopectin in ozone-exposed rice kernels are similar to those in rice kernels harvested from SSIIIa-deficient mutants. These findings suggest that the increase of chalky kernels in ozone-treated "Koshihikari" is partly attributable to the repressed expression of SSIIIa involved in amylopectin side-chain elongation with ozone exposure. Elevated ozone reduced appearance quality in "Koshihikari" although it did not impair starch properties contributing to the eating quality of cooked rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Sawada
- />Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
- />JSPS Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, ᅟChiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083 ᅟJapan
| | - Keita Tsukahara
- />Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kohno
- />Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Abiko, Chiba 270-1194 Japan
| | - Keitaro Suzuki
- />NARO Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8518 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nagasawa
- />Department of Agribusiness, Akita Prefectural University, Minami akita-gun, Akita 010-0444 Japan
| | - Masanori Tamaoki
- />Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Onogawa 16-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
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27
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Larson ME, Falconer DJ, Myers AM, Barb AW. Direct Characterization of the Maize Starch Synthase IIa Product Shows Maltodextrin Elongation Occurs at the Non-reducing End. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24951-24960. [PMID: 27733678 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.754705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive description of starch biosynthesis and granule assembly remains undefined despite the central nature of starch as an energy storage molecule in plants and as a fundamental calorie source for many animals. Multiple theories regarding the starch synthase (SS)-catalyzed assembly of (α1-4)-linked d-glucose molecules into maltodextrins generally agree that elongation occurs at the non-reducing terminus based on the degradation of radiolabeled maltodextrins, although recent reports challenge this hypothesis. Surprisingly, a direct analysis of the SS catalytic product has not been reported, to our knowledge. We expressed and characterized recombinant Zea mays SSIIa and prepared pure ADP-[13CU]glucose in a one-pot enzymatic synthesis to address the polarity of maltodextrin chain elongation. We synthesized maltoheptaose (degree of polymerization 7) using ADP-[13CU]glucose, maltohexaose (degree of polymerization 6), and SSIIa. Product analysis by ESI-MS revealed that the [13CU]glucose unit was added to the non-reducing end of the growing chain, and SSIIa demonstrated a >7,850-fold preference for addition to the non-reducing end versus the reducing end. Independent analysis of [13CU]glucose added to maltohexaose by SSIIa using solution NMR spectroscopy confirmed the polarity of maltodextrin chain elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Larson
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Daniel J Falconer
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Alan M Myers
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Adam W Barb
- From the Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
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28
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Yang R, Bai J, Fang J, Wang Y, Lee G, Piao Z. A single amino acid mutation of OsSBEIIb contributes to resistant starch accumulation in rice. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:481-489. [PMID: 27795673 PMCID: PMC5010312 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Foods rich in resistant starch can help prevent various diseases, including diabetes, colon cancers, diarrhea, and chronic renal and hepatic diseases. Variations in starch biosynthesis enzymes could contribute to the high content of resistant starch in some cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Our previously published work indicated that the sbe3-rs gene in the rice mutant line, 'Jiangtangdao1' was a putative allele of the rice starch branching enzyme gene SBEIIb (previously known as SBE3); sbe3-rs might control the biosynthesis of the high resistant starch content in the rice line. Biomolecular analysis showed that the activity of SBEs was significantly lower in soluble extracts of immature seeds harvested from 'Jiangtangdao1' 15 days after flowering than in the extracts of the wild-type rice line 'Huaqingdao'. We performed gene complementation assays by introducing the wild-type OsSBEIIb into the sbe3-rs mutant 'Jiangtangdao1'. The genetically complemented lines demonstrated restored seed-related traits. The structures of endosperm amylopectin and the morphological and physicochemical properties of the starch granules in the transformants recovered to wild-type levels. This study provides evidence that sbe3-rs is a novel allele of OsSBEIIb, responsible for biosynthesis of high resistant starch in 'Jiangtangdao1'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Yang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
1000 Jingqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403,
China
| | - Jianjiang Bai
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
1000 Jingqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403,
China
| | - Jun Fang
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
1000 Jingqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403,
China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
1000 Jingqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403,
China
| | - Gangseob Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science (South Korea),
Suwon City,
Korea 441-857
| | - Zhongze Piao
- Crop Breeding and Cultivation Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences,
1000 Jingqi Road, Fengxian District, Shanghai 201403,
China
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29
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Yamazaki T, Katsumi N, Fujita N, Matsumoto K, Okazaki M, Miwa S, Honda Y. Physicochemical Properties of Starches from Different Lotus Cultivars in Japan: Shinashirobana cultivar and Kanasumi-line No. 20. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2016; 63:61-68. [PMID: 34354484 PMCID: PMC8056913 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2016_005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: We investigated the physicochemical properties of starches from rhizomes of two lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) cultivars, Shinashirobana cultivar and Kanasumi-line No. 20, harvested at the same farm in Japan. A rapid visco analyser analysis indicated that pasting temperatures of the starches from Shinashirobana cultivar and Kanasumi-line No. 20 were 62.1 and 66.5 °C, respectively, and the peak viscosities of the starch of both lotuses were similar 244 and 240 RVU, respectively. The starch from the Kanasumi-line No. 20 at 60 °C had low viscosity, 16.2 mPa∙s, but the starch from Shinashirobana cultivar had higher viscosity, 2,720 mPa∙s, at 60 °C. The onset and peak temperatures of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve of the starch from Shinashirobana cultivar were 4–5 °C lower than those of the starch from Kanasumi-line No. 20, although both exhibited similar ΔH values (13.4 and 11.6 J/g). The distribution patterns of the branched chain lengths of amylopectin in the two starches indicated that the rate of low-degree of polymerization (DP 5–12) of all branched chains was higher for the starch from Shinashirobana cultivar than that for the starch from Kanasumi-line No. 20. These results suggest that the increased rate of DP 5−12 in the starch from Shinashirobana cultivar is related to the higher viscosity of the starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yamazaki
- 1 Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Naoya Katsumi
- 1 Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- 2 Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- 1 Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Masanori Okazaki
- 1 Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
| | - Shoji Miwa
- 3 Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center
| | - Yuji Honda
- 1 Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University
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30
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Kusaykin MI, Silchenko AS, Zakharenko AM, Zvyagintseva TN. Fucoidanases. Glycobiology 2015; 26:3-12. [PMID: 26347522 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the research of fucoidans has steadily increased. The interest in these substances is due to their various biological activities. Despite a wide range of biological activity and the lack of oral toxicity, fucoidans remain relatively unexploited as a source of medicines because of their heterogeneity. Enzymes that degrade polyanionic polysaccharides are widely used for establishing their structures and structure-activity relationships. Sometimes, to obtain preparations of polysaccharides with standard characteristics, for example, medicines and food supplements, enzymatic treatment can be also applied. Only a few sources of enzymes with fucoidanase activity have been described, and only a few studies regarding the isolation and characterization of fucoidanases have been performed. The data on the specificity of fucoidanases: the type of cleaved glycoside bond, the relation between catalytic activity and the degree of substrate sulfation are scarce. The review summarizes achievements in the research of fucoidanases, mechanisms of enzymatic degradation of fucoidans, as well as of structures of sulfated fucooligosaccharides obtained under the action of fucoidanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I Kusaykin
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let, Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
| | - Artem S Silchenko
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let, Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
| | - Alexander M Zakharenko
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let, Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
| | - Tatyana N Zvyagintseva
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let, Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
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31
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Luo J, Ahmed R, Kosar-Hashemi B, Larroque O, Butardo VM, Tanner GJ, Colgrave ML, Upadhyaya NM, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ, Millar A, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Li Z. The different effects of starch synthase IIa mutations or variation on endosperm amylose content of barley, wheat and rice are determined by the distribution of starch synthase I and starch branching enzyme IIb between the starch granule and amyloplast stroma. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:1407-19. [PMID: 25893467 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of starch synthase I and starch branching enzyme IIb between the starch granule and amyloplast stroma plays an important role in determining endosperm amylose content of cereal grains. Starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) catalyses the polymerisation of intermediate length glucan chains of amylopectin in the endosperm of cereals. Mutations of SSIIa genes in barley and wheat and inactive SSIIa variant in rice induce similar effects on the starch structure and the amylose content, but the severity of the phenotypes is different. This study compared the levels of transcripts and partitioning of proteins of starch synthase I (SSI) and starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) inside and outside the starch granules in the developing endosperms of these ssIIa mutants and inactive SSIIa variant. Pleiotropic effects on starch granule-bound proteins suggested that the different effects of SSIIa mutations on endosperm amylose content of barley, wheat and rice are determined by the distribution of SSI and SBEIIb between the starch granule and amyloplast stroma in cereals. Regulation of starch synthesis in ssIIa mutants and inactive SSIIa variant may be at post-translational level or the altered amylopectin structure deprives the affinity of SSI and SBEIIb to amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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32
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Luo J, Jobling SA, Millar A, Morell MK, Li Z. Allelic effects on starch structure and properties of six starch biosynthetic genes in a rice recombinant inbred line population. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:15. [PMID: 25844120 PMCID: PMC4385112 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of six starch biosynthetic genes (Wx, SSI, SSIIa, SBEI, SBEIIa and SBEIIb) in indica and japonica rices opens an opportunity to produce a new variety with more favourable grain starch quality. However, there is limited information about the effects of these six gene allele combinations on starch structure and properties. A recombinant inbred line population from a cross between indica and japonica varieties offers opportunities to combine specific alleles of the six genes. RESULTS The allelic (indica vs japonica) effects of six starch biosynthetic genes on starch structure, functional properties, and abundance of granule bound proteins in rice grains were investigated in a common genetic background using a recombinant inbred line population. The indica Wx (Wxi) allele played a major role while indica SSI (SSIi), japonica SSIIa (SSIIaj) and indica SBEI (SBEIi) alleles had minor roles on the increase of amylose content. SSIIaj and japonica SBEIIb (SBEIIbj) alleles had a major and a minor role on high ratio of ∑DP ≤ 10 to ∑DP ≤ 24 fractions (RCL10/24), respectively. Both major alleles (Wxi and SSIIaj) reduced peak viscosity (PV), onset, peak and end gelatinization temperatures (GTs) of amylopectin, and increased amylose-lipid complex dissociation enthalpy compared with their counterpart-alleles, respectively. SBEIIai and SBEIIbj decreased PV, whereas SSIi and SBEIIbj decreased FV. SBEIi reduced setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy. RCL10/24 of chain length distribution in amylopectin is negatively correlated with PV and BD of paste property and GTs of thermal properties. We also report RILs with superior starch properties combining Wxi, SSIj, SSIIaj, SBEIi and SBEIIbj alleles. Additionally, a clear relation is drawn to starch biosynthetic gene alleles, starch structure, properties, and abundance of granule bound starch biosynthetic enzymes inside starch granules. CONCLUSIONS Rice Wxi and SSIIaj alleles play major roles, while SSIi, SBEIi, SBEIIai and SBEIIbj alleles have minor roles in the determination of starch properties between indica and japonica rice through starch structural modification. The combination of these alleles is a key factor for starch quality improvement in rice breeding programs. RCL10/24 value is critical for starch structure and property determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Luo
- />CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- />College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Stephen A Jobling
- />CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Anthony Millar
- />College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Matthew K Morell
- />CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
- />International Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines
| | - Zhongyi Li
- />CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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33
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Alinat E, Delaunay N, Przybylski C, Daniel R, Archer X, Gareil P. Capillary electrophoresis fingerprinting of 8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate derivatized nitrocellulose after partial acid depolymerization. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1387:134-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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34
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Luo J, Jobling SA, Millar A, Morell MK, Li Z. Allelic effects on starch structure and properties of six starch biosynthetic genes in a rice recombinant inbred line population. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:15. [PMID: 25844120 DOI: 10.1186./s12284-015-0046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic diversity of six starch biosynthetic genes (Wx, SSI, SSIIa, SBEI, SBEIIa and SBEIIb) in indica and japonica rices opens an opportunity to produce a new variety with more favourable grain starch quality. However, there is limited information about the effects of these six gene allele combinations on starch structure and properties. A recombinant inbred line population from a cross between indica and japonica varieties offers opportunities to combine specific alleles of the six genes. RESULTS The allelic (indica vs japonica) effects of six starch biosynthetic genes on starch structure, functional properties, and abundance of granule bound proteins in rice grains were investigated in a common genetic background using a recombinant inbred line population. The indica Wx (Wxi) allele played a major role while indica SSI (SSIi), japonica SSIIa (SSIIaj) and indica SBEI (SBEIi) alleles had minor roles on the increase of amylose content. SSIIaj and japonica SBEIIb (SBEIIbj) alleles had a major and a minor role on high ratio of ∑DP ≤ 10 to ∑DP ≤ 24 fractions (RCL10/24), respectively. Both major alleles (Wxi and SSIIaj) reduced peak viscosity (PV), onset, peak and end gelatinization temperatures (GTs) of amylopectin, and increased amylose-lipid complex dissociation enthalpy compared with their counterpart-alleles, respectively. SBEIIai and SBEIIbj decreased PV, whereas SSIi and SBEIIbj decreased FV. SBEIi reduced setback viscosity and gelatinization enthalpy. RCL10/24 of chain length distribution in amylopectin is negatively correlated with PV and BD of paste property and GTs of thermal properties. We also report RILs with superior starch properties combining Wxi, SSIj, SSIIaj, SBEIi and SBEIIbj alleles. Additionally, a clear relation is drawn to starch biosynthetic gene alleles, starch structure, properties, and abundance of granule bound starch biosynthetic enzymes inside starch granules. CONCLUSIONS Rice Wxi and SSIIaj alleles play major roles, while SSIi, SBEIi, SBEIIai and SBEIIbj alleles have minor roles in the determination of starch properties between indica and japonica rice through starch structural modification. The combination of these alleles is a key factor for starch quality improvement in rice breeding programs. RCL10/24 value is critical for starch structure and property determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia ; College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Stephen A Jobling
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Anthony Millar
- College of Medicine, Biology and Environment, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Matthew K Morell
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia ; International Rice Research Institute, Maligaya, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija Philippines
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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Hayashi M, Kodama M, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Thermal and Pasting Properties, Morphology of Starch Granules, and Crystallinity of Endosperm Starch in the Rice SSI and SSIIIa Double-Mutant. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2015. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2015_007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hayashi
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Momoko Kodama
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
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Exploring extraction/dissolution procedures for analysis of starch chain-length distributions. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 114:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Asai H, Abe N, Matsushima R, Crofts N, Oitome NF, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Deficiencies in both starch synthase IIIa and branching enzyme IIb lead to a significant increase in amylose in SSIIa-inactive japonica rice seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5497-507. [PMID: 25071222 PMCID: PMC4157723 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthase (SS) IIIa has the second highest activity of the total soluble SS activity in developing rice endosperm. Branching enzyme (BE) IIb is the major BE isozyme, and is strongly expressed in developing rice endosperm. A mutant (ss3a/be2b) was generated from wild-type japonica rice which lacks SSIIa activity. The seed weight of ss3a/be2b was 74-94% of that of the wild type, whereas the be2b seed weight was 59-73% of that of the wild type. There were significantly fewer amylopectin short chains [degree of polymerization (DP) ≤13] in ss3a/be2b compared with the wild type. In contrast, the amount of long chains (DP ≥25) connecting clusters of amylopectin in ss3a/be2b was higher than in the wild type and lower than in be2b. The apparent amylose content of ss3a/be2b was 45%, which was >1.5 times greater than that of either ss3a or be2b. Both SSIIIa and BEIIb deficiencies led to higher activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), which partly explains the high amylose content in the ss3a/be2b endosperm. The percentage apparent amylose content of ss3a and ss3a/be2b at 10 days after flowering (DAF) was higher than that of the wild type and be2b. At 20 DAF, amylopectin biosynthesis in be2b and ss3a/be2b was not observed, whereas amylose biosynthesis in these lines was accelerated at 30 DAF. These data suggest that the high amylose content in the ss3a/be2b mutant results from higher amylose biosynthesis at two stages, up to 20 DAF and from 30 DAF to maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Asai
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
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Abe N, Asai H, Yago H, Oitome NF, Itoh R, Crofts N, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Relationships between starch synthase I and branching enzyme isozymes determined using double mutant rice lines. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:80. [PMID: 24670252 PMCID: PMC3976638 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is the most important carbohydrate in plant storage tissues. Multiple isozymes in at least four enzyme classes are involved in starch biosynthesis. Some of these isozymes are thought to interact and form complexes for efficient starch biosynthesis. Of these enzyme classes, starch synthases (SSs) and branching enzymes (BEs) play particularly central roles. RESULTS We generated double mutant lines (ss1/be1 and ss1L/be2b) between SSI (the largest component of total soluble SS activity) and BEI or BEIIb (major BEs in developing rice endosperm) to explore the relationships among these isozymes. The seed weight of ss1/be1 was comparable to that of wild type, although most ss1/be2b seeds were sterile and no double recessive plants were obtained. The seed weight of the double recessive mutant line ss1L/be2b, derived from the leaky ss1 mutant (ss1L) and be2b, was higher than that of the single be2b mutant. Analyses of the chain-length distribution of amylopectin in ss1/be1 endosperm revealed additive effects of SSI and BEI on amylopectin structure. Chain-length analysis indicated that the BEIIb deficiency significantly reduced the ratio of short chains in amylopectin of ss1L/be2b. The amylose content of endosperm starch of ss1/be1 and ss1L/be2b was almost the same as that of wild type, whereas the endosperm starch of be2b contained more amylose than did that of wild type. SSI, BEI, and BEIIb deficiency also affected the extent of binding of other isozymes to starch granules. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the chain-length distribution in amylopectin of the double mutant lines showed that SSI and BEI or BEIIb primarily function independently, and branching by BEIIb is followed by SSI chain elongation. The increased amylose content in be2b was because of reduced amylopectin biosynthesis; however, the lower SSI activity in this background may have enhanced amylopectin biosynthesis as a result of a correction of imbalance between the branching and elongation found in the single mutant. The fact that a deficiency of SSI, BEI, or BEIIb affected the affinity of other starch biosynthetic isozymes for the starch granule implies that there is a close interaction among SSI, BEI and BEIIb during amylopectin biosynthesis in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hiroki Asai
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Hikari Yago
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Rumiko Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan
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Izumi Y, Aikawa S, Matsuda F, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Aqueous size-exclusion chromatographic method for the quantification of cyanobacterial native glycogen. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 930:90-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Higgins JE, Kosar-Hashemi B, Li Z, Howitt CA, Larroque O, Flanagan B, Morell MK, Rahman S. Characterization of starch phosphorylases in barley grains. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:2137-2145. [PMID: 23288583 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is synthesized in both leaves and storage tissues of plants. The role of starch syntheses and branching enzymes is well understood; however, the role of starch phosphorylase is not clear. RESULTS A gene encoding Pho1 from barley was characterized and starch phosphorylases from both developing and germinating grain were characterized and purified. Two activities were detected: one with a molecular mass of 110 kDa and the other of 95 kDa. It was demonstrated through the use of antisera that the 110 kDa activity was located in the amyloplast and could correspond to the polypeptide encoded by the Pho1 gene cloned. The 95 kDa activity was localized to the cytoplasm, most strongly expressed in germinating grain, and was classified as a Pho2-type sequence. Using RNAi technology to reduce the content of Pho1 in the grain to less than 30% of wild type did not lead to any visible phenotype, and no dramatic alterations in the structure of the starch were observed. CONCLUSION Two starch phosphorylase activities were identified and characterized in barley grains, and shown to be present during starch synthesis. However, their role in starch synthesis still remains to be elucidated.
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Li E, Hasjim J, Singh V, Tizzotti M, Godwin ID, Gilbert RG. Insights into Sorghum Starch Biosynthesis from Structure Changes Induced by Different Growth Temperatures. Cereal Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-09-12-0113-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enpeng Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jovin Hasjim
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Vijaya Singh
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Morgan Tizzotti
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ian D. Godwin
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430030
- The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Corresponding author. Phone: +61 7 3365 4809. Fax: +61 7 3365 1188. E-mail:
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42
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Wu AC, Witt T, Gilbert RG. Characterization Methods for Starch-Based Materials: State of the Art and Perspectives. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Improving starch-containing materials, whether food, animal feed, high-tech biomaterials, or engineering plastics, is best done by understanding how biosynthetic processes and any subsequent processing control starch structure, and how this structure controls functional properties. Starch structural characterization is central to this. This review examines how information on the three basic levels of the complex multi-scale structure of starch – individual chains, the branching structure of isolated molecules, and the way these molecules form various crystalline and amorphous arrangements – can be obtained from experiment. The techniques include fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, multiple-detector size-exclusion chromatography, and various scattering techniques (light, X-ray, and neutron). Some examples are also given to show how these data provide mechanistic insight into how biosynthetic processes control the structure and how the various structural levels control functional properties.
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Fujita N, Hanashiro I, Suzuki S, Higuchi T, Toyosawa Y, Utsumi Y, Itoh R, Aihara S, Nakamura Y. Elongated phytoglycogen chain length in transgenic rice endosperm expressing active starch synthase IIa affects the altered solubility and crystallinity of the storage α-glucan. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5859-72. [PMID: 23048127 PMCID: PMC3467298 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the solubility, crystallinity, and length of the unit chains of plant storage α-glucan was investigated by manipulating the chain length of α-glucans accumulated in a rice mutant. Transgenic lines were produced by introducing a cDNA for starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) from an indica cultivar (SSIIa (I), coding for active SSIIa) into an isoamylase1 (ISA1)-deficient mutant (isa1) that was derived from a japonica cultivar (bearing inactive SSIIa proteins). The water-soluble fraction accounted for >95% of the total α-glucan in the isa1 mutant, whereas it was only 35-70% in the transgenic SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines. Thus, the α-glucans from the SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines were fractionated into soluble and insoluble fractions prior to the following characterizations. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a weak B-type crystallinity for the α-glucans of the insoluble fraction, while no crystallinity was confirmed for α-glucans in isa1. Concerning the degree of polymerization (DP) ≤30, the chain lengths of these α-glucans differed significantly in the order of SSIIa (I)/isa1 insoluble > SSIIa (I)/isa1 soluble > α-glucans in isa1. The amount of long chains with DP ≥33 was higher in the insoluble fraction α-glucans than in the other two α-glucans. No difference was observed in the chain length distributions of the β-amylase limit dextrins among these α-glucans. These results suggest that in the SSIIa (I)/isa1 transgenic lines, the unit chains of α-glucans were elongated by SSIIa(I), whereas the expression of SSIIa(I) did not affect the branch positions. Thus, the observed insolubility and crystallinity of the insoluble fraction can be attributed to the elongated length of the outer chains due to SSIIa(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195 Japan.
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Crofts N, Abe K, Aihara S, Itoh R, Nakamura Y, Itoh K, Fujita N. Lack of starch synthase IIIa and high expression of granule-bound starch synthase I synergistically increase the apparent amylose content in rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 193-194:62-69. [PMID: 22794919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice endosperm starch is composed of 0-30% linear amylose, which is entirely synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI: encoded by Waxy, Wx). The remainder consists of branched amylopectin and is elongated by multiple starch synthases (SS) including SSI, IIa and IIIa. Typical japonica rice lacks active SSIIa and contains a low expressing Wx(b) causing a low amylose content (ca. 20%). WAB2-3 (SS3a/Wx(a)) lines generated by the introduction of a dominant indica Wx(a) into a japonica waxy mutant (SS3a/wx) exhibit elevated GBSSI and amylose content (ca. 25%). The japonica ss3a mutant (ss3a/Wx(b)) shows a high amylose content (ca. 30%), decreased long chains of amylopectin and increased GBSSI levels. To investigate the functional relationship between the ss3a and Wx(a) genes, the ss3a/Wx(a) line was generated by crossing ss3a/Wx(b) with SS3a/Wx(a), and the starch properties of this line were examined. The results show that the apparent amylose content of the ss3a/Wx(a) line was increased (41.3%) compared to the parental lines. However, the GBSSI quantity did not increase compared to the SS3a/Wx(a) line. The amylopectin branch structures were similar to the ss3a/Wx(b) mutant. Therefore, Wx(a) and ss3a synergistically increase the apparent amylose content in rice endosperm, and the possible reasons for this increase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Satomi Aihara
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Rumiko Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan. i---love--
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Itoh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research Institute, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
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Han X, Wang Y, Liu X, Jiang L, Ren Y, Liu F, Peng C, Li J, Jin X, Wu F, Wang J, Guo X, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Wan J. The failure to express a protein disulphide isomerase-like protein results in a floury endosperm and an endoplasmic reticulum stress response in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:121-30. [PMID: 21984651 PMCID: PMC3245461 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The rice somaclonal mutant T3612 produces small grains with a floury endosperm, caused by the loose packing of starch granules. The positional cloning of the mutation revealed a deletion in a gene encoding a protein disulphide isomerase-like enzyme (PDIL1-1). In the wild type, PDIL1-1 was expressed throughout the plant, but most intensely in the developing grain. In T3612, its expression was abolished, resulting in a decrease in the activity of plastidial phosphorylase and pullulanase, and an increase in that of soluble starch synthase I and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. The amylopectin in the T3612 endosperm showed an increase in chains with a degree of polymerization 8-13 compared with the wild type. The expression in the mutant's endosperm of certain endoplasmic reticulum stress-responsive genes was noticeably elevated. PDIL1-1 appears to play an important role in starch synthesis. Its absence is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in the endosperm, which is likely to underlie the formation of the floury endosperm in the T3612 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ximing Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Butardo VM, Fitzgerald MA, Bird AR, Gidley MJ, Flanagan BM, Larroque O, Resurreccion AP, Laidlaw HKC, Jobling SA, Morell MK, Rahman S. Impact of down-regulation of starch branching enzyme IIb in rice by artificial microRNA- and hairpin RNA-mediated RNA silencing. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4927-41. [PMID: 21791436 PMCID: PMC3193005 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of starch branching IIb (SBEIIb) in rice is traditionally associated with elevated apparent amylose content, increased peak gelatinization temperature, and a decreased proportion of short amylopectin branches. To elucidate further the structural and functional role of this enzyme, the phenotypic effects of down-regulating SBEIIb expression in rice endosperm were characterized by artificial microRNA (amiRNA) and hairpin RNA (hp-RNA) gene silencing. The results showed that RNA silencing of SBEIIb expression in rice grains did not affect the expression of other major isoforms of starch branching enzymes or starch synthases. Structural analyses of debranched starch showed that the doubling of apparent amylose content was not due to an increase in the relative proportion of amylose chains but instead was due to significantly elevated levels of long amylopectin and intermediate chains. Rices altered by the amiRNA technique produced a more extreme starch phenotype than those modified using the hp-RNA technique, with a greater increase in the proportion of long amylopectin and intermediate chains. The more pronounced starch structural modifications produced in the amiRNA lines led to more severe alterations in starch granule morphology and crystallinity as well as digestibility of freshly cooked grains. The potential role of attenuating SBEIIb expression in generating starch with elevated levels of resistant starch and lower glycaemic index is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito M. Butardo
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa A. Fitzgerald
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Anthony R. Bird
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Bernadine M. Flanagan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adoracion P. Resurreccion
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Hunter K. C. Laidlaw
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen A. Jobling
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew K. Morell
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- CSIRO Food Futures Flagship, GPO Box 93, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, ACT 2601, Australia
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Fujita N, Satoh R, Hayashi A, Kodama M, Itoh R, Aihara S, Nakamura Y. Starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm requires the presence of either starch synthase I or IIIa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:4819-31. [PMID: 21730357 PMCID: PMC3192996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Starch synthase (SS) I and IIIa are the first and second largest components of total soluble SS activity, respectively, in developing japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm. To elucidate the distinct and overlapping functions of these enzymes, double mutants were created by crossing the ss1 null mutant with the ss3a null mutant. In the F(2) generation, two opaque seed types were found to have either the ss1ss1/SS3ass3a or the SS1ss1/ss3ass3a genotype. Phenotypic analyses revealed lower SS activity in the endosperm of these lines than in those of the parent mutant lines since these seeds had different copies of SSI and SSIIIa genes in a heterozygous state. The endosperm of the two types of opaque seeds contained the unique starch with modified fine structure, round-shaped starch granules, high amylose content, and specific physicochemical properties. The seed weight was ∼90% of that of the wild type. The amount of granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) and the activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) were higher than in the wild type and parent mutant lines. The double-recessive homozygous mutant prepared from both ss1 and ss3a null mutants was considered sterile, while the mutant produced by the leaky ss1 mutant×ss3a null mutant cross was fertile. This present study strongly suggests that at least SSI or SSIIIa is required for starch biosynthesis in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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48
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Quantitative, small-scale, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis implemented on a capillary electrophoresis-based DNA sequence analyzer. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:104-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Zhang G, Cheng Z, Zhang X, Guo X, Su N, Jiang L, Mao L, Wan J. Double repression of soluble starch synthase genes SSIIa and SSIIIa in rice (Oryza sativa L.) uncovers interactive effects on the physicochemical properties of starch. Genome 2011; 54:448-59. [PMID: 21595523 DOI: 10.1139/g11-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soluble starch synthases (SSs) are major enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis in developing rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperm. Despite extensive studies of SSs in various plant species including rice, the functional modes of action among multiple SS genes are still not clear. Here, we generated transgenic RNA interference (RNAi) repressed lines for seven of the eight members of the rice SS gene family and studied their effects on starch synthesis and grain formation. Consistent with their expression domains, RNAi repression of genes that encode isozymes SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa had strong effects on grain development, whereas no obvious phenotypic changes were observed in transgenic plants with the other SS genes being RNAi repressed, indicating functional redundancies among the genes. To study the potential functional interactions of SS genes, we generated SSIIa/SSIIIa double repression lines whose kernels displayed a chalky kernel appearance and had increased amylose levels, increased pasting temperatures, and decreased viscosities. The double mutation also reduced short (degree of polymerization (DP) 5-6) and long (DP 12-23) amylopectin chain contents in the grain and increased the medium long types (DP 7-11). The nonadditive nature of the double mutation line suggests that SSIIa and SSIIIa interact with each other during starch synthesis. Such interaction may be physical via starch phophorylase as indicated by our pair-wise yeast two-hybrid assays on major starch synthesis enzymes. Collectively, the data showed that SSIIa and SSIIIa play distinctive, but partially overlapping, roles during rice grain starch synthesis. The possibility of extensive redundancy or complementarity among SS isozymes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science and the National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Harvey DJ. Derivatization of carbohydrates for analysis by chromatography; electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1196-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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