1
|
Fanali S, Chankvetadze B. Some thoughts about enantioseparations in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2420-2437. [PMID: 31081552 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this overview the goal of the authors was to analyze from the historical perspective the reasons of success and failure of chiral capillary electrophoresis. In addition, the current trends are analyzed, unique advantages of capillary electrophoresis are highlighted and some future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Fanali
- School in Natural Science and Engineering, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Espina-Benitez M, Araujo L, Prieto A, Navalón A, Vílchez JL, Valera P, Zambrano A, Dugas V. Development of a New Microextraction Fiber Combined to On-Line Sample Stacking Capillary Electrophoresis UV Detection for Acidic Drugs Determination in Real Water Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14070739. [PMID: 28686186 PMCID: PMC5551177 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method coupling a (off-line) solid-phase microextraction with an on-line capillary electrophoresis (CE) sample enrichment technique was developed for the analysis of ketoprofen, naproxen and clofibric acid from water samples, which are known as contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic environments. New solid-phase microextraction fibers based on physical coupling of chromatographic supports onto epoxy glue coated needle were studied for the off-line preconcentration of these micropollutants. Identification and quantification of such acidic drugs were done by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) using ultraviolet diode array detection (DAD). Further enhancement of concentration sensitivity detection was achieved by on-line CE “acetonitrile stacking” preconcentration technique. Among the eight chromatographic supports investigated, Porapak Q sorbent showed higher extraction and preconcentration capacities. The screening of parameters that influence the microextraction process was carried out using a two-level fractional factorial. Optimization of the most relevant parameters was then done through a surface response three-factor Box-Behnken design. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for the three drugs ranged between 0.96 and 1.27 µg∙L−1 and 2.91 and 3.86 µg∙L−1, respectively. Recovery yields of approximately 95 to 104% were measured. The developed method is simple, precise, accurate, and allows quantification of residues of these micropollutants in Genil River water samples using inexpensive fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Espina-Benitez
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 VILLEURBANNE, France.
| | - Lilia Araujo
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Avismelsi Prieto
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Alberto Navalón
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Luis Vílchez
- Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus of Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Paola Valera
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Ana Zambrano
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zulia, P.O. Box 4011-A-526, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela.
| | - Vincent Dugas
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 VILLEURBANNE, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi Z, Li Q, Xu D, Huai Q, Zhang H. Graphene-based pipette tip solid-phase extraction with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of carbamate pesticide residues in fruit juice. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4391-4397. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Qingru Huai
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bol’shakova DS, Amelin VG. Determination of pesticides in environmental materials and food products by capillary electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934816100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
5
|
Fang R, Yi LX, Shao YX, Zhang L, Chen GH. ON-LINE PRECONCENTRATION IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS FOR ANALYSIS OF AGROCHEMICAL RESIDUES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.794740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rou Fang
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Ling-Xiao Yi
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Yu-Xiu Shao
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Li Zhang
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| | - Guan-Hua Chen
- a College of Food and Bioengineering , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang , China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
In-Capillary Derivatization and Preconcentration for CE of Metal Ions as Their Phenanthroline Complexes. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2586-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Jin B, Xie L, Guo Y, Pang G. Multi-residue detection of pesticides in juice and fruit wine: A review of extraction and detection methods. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Huang HY, Liu WL, Singco B, Hsieh SH, Shih YH. On-line concentration sample stacking coupled with water-in-oil microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7663-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
9
|
Herrera-Herrera AV, Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Afonso MM, Palenzuela JA, Rodríguez-Delgado MÁ. Oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of quinolone antibiotics from water samples using capillary electrophoresis and large volume sample stacking with polarity switching. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5352-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Mercan H, İnam R, Aboul-Enein HY. Square Wave Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Cyromazine Insecticide with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2010.512684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
11
|
Sun H, Qin X, Ge X, Wang L. Effective separation and sensitive determination of cyanuric acid, melamine and cyromazine in environmental water by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2011; 32:317-323. [PMID: 21780700 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2010.499543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the simultaneous determination of cyanuric acid (CA), melamine (MM) and cyromazine (CM) in different water samples was developed by using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography diode-array detection (RP-HPLC-DAD). The conditions of HPLC were investigated and optimized. A KROMASIL C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm ID, 5 microm) was used for the RP-HPLC using gradient elution with a mobile phase composed of 0.1 mM KH2PO4-K2HPO4 buffer solution (pH = 7.3) and methanol (75:25, v/v). The conditions for HPLC were investigated and optimized. Under optimal conditions, the linearity was satisfactory in the range of 0.04-10.00 microg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.999, and the method limits of detection (LODs) of the proposed method were 0.02 microg/mL for CA and CM, and 0.01 microg/mL for MM. The recoveries were: 96.0-116.0% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.9-5.7% for CA, 94.3-115.0% with RSDs of 1.5-5.3% for MM, and 91.0-112.0% with RSDs (n = 6) of 1.0-4.9% for CM. The proposed method can permit the detection of CA and CM at levels as low as 0.07 microg/mL and MM at levels as low as 0.03 microg/mL in environmental water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Sun
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding 071002, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar A, Malik AK, Picó Y. Sample preparation methods for the determination of pesticides in foods using CE-UV/MS. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2115-25. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Pressurised liquid extraction and capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits from Valencian markets, Spain. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
On-line combination of single-drop liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction with capillary electrophoresis for sample cleanup and preconcentration: A simple and efficient approach to determining trace analyte in real matrices. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1856-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
See HH, Hauser PC, Ibrahim WAW, Sanagi MM. Rapid and direct determination of glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminophosphonic acid by online preconcentration CE with contactless conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:575-82. [PMID: 20119968 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and direct online preconcentration followed by CE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C(4)D) is evaluated as a new approach for the determination of glyphosate, glufosinate (GLUF), and aminophosphonic acid (AMPA) in drinking water. Two online preconcentration techniques, namely large volume sample stacking without polarity switching and field-enhanced sample injection, coupled with CE-C(4)D were successfully developed and optimized. Under optimized conditions, LODs in the range of 0.01-0.1 microM (1.7-11.1 microg/L) and sensitivity enhancements of 48- to 53-fold were achieved with the large volume sample stacking-CE-C(4)D method. By performing the field-enhanced sample injection-CE-C(4)D procedure, excellent LODs down to 0.0005-0.02 microM (0.1-2.2 microg/L) as well as sensitivity enhancements of up to 245- to 1002-fold were obtained. Both techniques showed satisfactory reproducibility with RSDs of peak height of better than 10%. The newly established approaches were successfully applied to the analysis of glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminophosphonic acid in spiked tap drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Heng See
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wei F, Fan J, Zheng MM, Feng YQ. Combining poly (methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith microextraction and octadecyl phosphonic acid-modified zirconia-coated CEC with field-enhanced sample injection for analysis of antidepressants in human plasma and urine. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:714-23. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
17
|
Souza CF, da Cunha ALMC, Aucélio RQ. Determination of Picoxystrobin and Pyraclostrobin by MEKC with On-Line Analyte Concentration. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
18
|
Kumar A, Malik AK. A Review on the Hyphenation of Solid Phase Microextraction with Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15389580802570192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
19
|
Díaz AN, Bracho V, Algarra M, García Sánchez F. Chemiluminometric Determination of the Pesticide Pirimicarb by a Flow Injection Analysis Assembly. ANAL LETT 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710802463014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Domínguez-Álvarez J, Ruano-Miguel L, Carabias-Martínez R. In-capillary preconcentration of pirimicarb and carbendazim with a monolithic polymeric sorbent prior to separation by CZE. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:4066-77. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
21
|
Puig P, Borrull F, Calull M, Aguilar C. Sorbent preconcentration procedures coupled to capillary electrophoresis for environmental and biological applications. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 616:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
22
|
Simpson SL, Quirino JP, Terabe S. On-line sample preconcentration in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:504-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Revised: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
23
|
A review on development of solid phase microextraction fibers by sol–gel methods and their applications. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 610:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
24
|
Macià A, Borrull F, Calull M, Benavente F, Hernández E, Sanz-Nebot V, Barbosa J, Aguilar C. Sensitivity enhancement for the analysis of naproxen in tap water by solid-phase extraction coupled in-line to capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:872-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
25
|
Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Multiple pesticide analysis in wine by MEKC combined with solid-phase microextraction and sample stacking. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:4072-81. [PMID: 17957661 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new method for the determination in white wines of 12 pesticides widely used in vine cultivars (namely, carbendazim, pirimicarb, metalaxyl, pyrimethanil, procymidone, nuarimol, azoxystrobin, tebufenozide, fenarimol, benalaxyl, penconazole, and tetradifon) using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and MEKC with diode-array detection (DAD) was developed. The MEKC buffer consisted of 100 mM sodium tetraborate and 30 mM SDS at pH 8.5 with 6% v/v 1-propanol. Reversed-electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) was applied as on-line preconcentration strategy. In order to carry out an effective and sensitive determination of these pesticides in wine samples, an off-line SPME procedure was optimized by means of an experimental design. After studying the extraction performance of different SPME coatings, PDMS/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fibers were found the most appropriate for the extraction of most of these pesticides. Carbendazim and metalaxyl could not be extracted from wine samples. Calibration curves for extracted standards and fortified white wines were studied in order to determine the presence of a matrix effect. The combination of both preconcentration procedures (SPME and REPSM) allowed the determination of ten of these pesticides in white wines at concentrations between 0.054 and 0.113 mg/L. (i.e., levels well below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed for these compounds in wine grapes). Ten homemade wines were they analyzed with the optimized method demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M Ravelo-Pérez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Pesticide analysis in tomatoes by solid-phase microextraction and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:151-4. [PMID: 18280487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of a group of seven pesticides (i.e. six fungicides: pyrimethanil, procymidone, nuarimol, fenarimol, benalaxyl and penconazole and one insecticide: pirimicarb) in tomato samples by micellar electrokinetic chromatography is investigated. For this purpose, reversed electrode polarity stacking mode and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) have been used as on-line and off-line preconcentration procedures, respectively. Tomato samples were first homogenized and extracted with acetone. After suitable evaporation and reconstitution of the extract in water, a SPME procedure using poly(dimethylsiloxane)/divinylbenzene fibers was used. Due to the strong influence of the sample matrix in the extraction, a matrix matched calibration of spiked tomato samples was developed. The method was found to be linear between 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg. Limits of detection achieved are below the maximum residue limits established by the European Union and Spain legislation as well as by the Codex Alimentarius (except for penconazole). The potential of the method was demonstrated by analyzing 12 tomato samples (of ecological and non-ecological production) taken from regional cultivars. No residues of the selected pesticides were detected in any of the samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M Ravelo-Pérez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boyce MC. Determination of additives and organic contaminants in food by CE and CEC. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4046-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
28
|
Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Cifuentes A, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. MEKC combined with SPE and sample stacking for multiple analysis of pesticides in water samples at the ng/L level. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1805-14. [PMID: 17476718 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new multiresidue analytical method based on MEKC with UV detection combined with SPE as off-line preconcentration strategy, and reversed-electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) as on-line stacking procedure, has been developed for the monitoring of 12 pesticides (carbendazim, pirimicarb, metalaxyl, pyrimethanil, procymidone, nuarimol, azoxystrobin, tebufenozide, fenarimol, benalaxyl, penconazole, and tetradifon) that are currently being used in the Canary Islands (Spain). The optimized MEKC buffer, consisting of 100 mM sodium tetraborate and 30 mM SDS at pH 8.5 with 6% v/v 1-propanol, provided baseline resolution of the 12 pesticides in less than 20 min. The developed method was applied to the analysis of mineral, stagnant, and tap water samples. The proposed SPE-REPSM-MEKC-UV method showed high extraction efficiencies with detection limits (LODs) at the low ng/L level providing LOD values down to 64 ng/L for these real samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia M Ravelo-Pérez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chankvetadze B. Enantioseparations by using capillary electrophoretic techniques. The story of 20 and a few more years. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1168:45-70; discussion 44. [PMID: 17765908 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides the author's insight on the past, present and future of performing enantioseparations using capillary electrophoretic (CE) techniques. These techniques are discussed from the historical point of view, as well as based on their potential as the separation techniques of today and the future. The overview covers mechanistic as well as practical aspects of CE techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences and Molecular Recognition and Separation Science Laboratory, Tbilisi State University, Chavchavadze Ave. 1, 0128 Tbilisi, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li Z, Kozlowski BM, Chang EP. Analysis of aldehydes in excipients used in liquid/semi-solid formulations by gas chromatography–negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1160:299-305. [PMID: 17586516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2007] [Revised: 05/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of low-molecular-weight aldehyde levels in excipients used in liquid/semi-solid based capsule (LFC) dosage forms plays a critical role in the development of these pharmaceutical products. A simple, sensitive and specific method based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) utilizing an Rtx-5MS capillary column was developed and validated for the detection and quantification of C1-C8 aliphatic aldehydes in LFC excipients at sub-microg/g levels. The proposed procedure is based on the derivatization of aldehydes in 10:1 (v/v) acetonitrile:water with O-2,3,4,5,6-(pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride (PFBHA), followed by direct GC analysis of aldehyde-PFBHA-oxime derivatives with negative chemical ionization (NCI) MS detection. The method developed was successfully applied to the analysis of short chain aldehydes in 30 typical LFC excipients. An example case study on the formation and growth of aldehydes in these excipients under accelerated storage conditions is also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Picó Y, Kozmutza C. Evaluation of pesticide residue in grape juices and the effect of natural antioxidants on their degradation rate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1805-14. [PMID: 17641884 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 06/10/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various studies have been drawn toward the beneficial properties of fruit juices because they have several components, such as phenols, vitamins, and flavonoids, with antioxidant effects. However, fruit juices can also contain residues of pesticides used as standard pest control methods in crops. Many of these pesticides are degraded through oxidative mechanisms, and their persistence in juices can be enhanced by antioxidants. This study covers the degradation of four pesticides, aldicarb, demeton-S-methyl, fenamiphos, and methiocarb, to their respective sulfoxide and sulfone in grape juices, water (pH 3.5) and water (pH 3.5) with quercetin (one of the most important flavonoids of grape) added in an attempt to establish whether the presence of antioxidants can affect the degradation rate of pesticides. For this purpose, a multiresidue method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed for the simultaneous determination of these pesticides and their metabolites in commercial juices. The extraction procedure was carried out in C(18) columns. The subsequent elution of pesticides was performed with dichloromethane prior to the determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), using two precursor-product ion transitions. Average recoveries for all the pesticides studied were higher than 80%, with relative standard deviations lower than 15% in the concentration range 0.005-0.05 microg/mL, and the quantification limits achieved ranged from 0.1 to 4.6 microg/L. The results demonstrated that degradation was slower in fruit juices and aqueous solutions with quercetin than in water. Several commercial grape juices were also analyzed to establish the levels of these pesticides. Methiocarb, fenamiphos, and demeton-S-methyl were found at low levels in some samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Juan-García A, Font G, Picó Y. On-line preconcentration strategies for analyzing pesticides in fruits and vegetables by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1153:104-13. [PMID: 17306816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2006] [Revised: 12/24/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Five pesticides (fludioxonil, procymidone, pyriproxyfen, dinoseb and carbendazim) were separated in reversed migration micellar electrokinetic chromatography (RM-MEKC) using 20 mmol l(-1) phosphate buffer at pH 2.3, containing 25 mmol l(-1) sodium dodecylsulfate and 10% methanol. Three on-line concentration strategies, sweeping (SW), normal stacking with reversed migration and a water plug (SRW) and stacking with reverse migration and removal of sample matrix using polarity switching (SRMM), were compared. About 10-, 30- and 50-fold increases in detection sensitivity, compared with standard hydrodynamic injection (5 s at 0.5 psi), were observed with SW, SRW and SRMM, respectively. Limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.002 to 0.03 microg ml(-1) using only the on-line preconcentration procedures without any off-line concentration of the extract. A solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure, for previous isolation and concentration of the analytes, was used in combination with any of the proposed on-line preconcentration strategies, which achieves the determination of pesticides at limits of quantification (LOQs) lower than 0.01 mg kg(-1). The recoveries obtained by SPE in samples spiked at 0.01 mg kg(-1) were between 70 and 100%, with RSDs between 10 and 18% using SRMM. Samples of fruits and vegetables were taken from the market, extracted by the proposed procedure and analyzed with RM-MEKC with the on-line strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Juan-García
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Molina-Mayo C, Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel TM, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Determination of pesticides in wine using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with UV detection and sample stacking. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1150:348-55. [PMID: 16828783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the analysis of a group of four fungicides (pyrimethanil, nuarimol, procymidone and cyprodinil) and one insecticide (pirimicarb) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with UV detection using the on-line preconcentration strategy called reversed electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) is proposed. After optimisation, an adequate separation electrolyte for the separation and stacking of these pesticides was obtained which consisted of 100 mM borate, 60 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), at pH 9.0 and 2% 2-propanol. The use of this running buffer together with the REPSM preconcentration method provided limits of detection (LODs) between 38.3 and 241 microg/L. In order to apply the developed methodology for the analysis of these pesticides in wine samples, several off-line preconcentration strategies (mainly, solid-phase extraction, SPE, and solid-phase microextraction, SPME) were tested. Although the use of a SPE procedure, optimized in this work for water samples, using Oasis HLB cartridges, provided mean recovery values between 79 and 100% for spiked water samples, it could not be applied to the extraction of these pesticides from wine samples due to high interference from the sample matrix. However, the use of a SPME procedure using polydimethylsiloxane/divynilbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fibers allowed the selective extraction of four of the five pesticides which could be perfectly determined. The final combination of the off-line SPME and on-line REPSM preconcentration strategies allowed obtaining LODs between 17.6 and 32.3 microg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Molina-Mayo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Santos B, Simonet BM, Ríos A, Valcárcel M. On-line coupling of solid-phase microextraction to commercial CE-MS equipment. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:1312-8. [PMID: 17377942 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new interface for the on-line coupling of a fiber for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with a CE system with an electrospray interface for MS detection. The on-line interface was a modification of a split-flow interface typically used for coupling flow systems to CE. The modification consists of an additional channel closed with a septum that permits the introduction of the fiber in the interface, right at the inlet region of the separation capillary. The interface was designed to be used with commercial fibers. Although commercial fibers can be used directly, we recommend cutting the stationary phase and using fibers with a 2-mm stationary phase. The system was tested for the analysis of tetracycline antibiotic residues, viz., tetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline in soils. The overall accuracy was assessed by regression analysis of spiked samples, showing successful results at a 95% confidence level. The reproducibility, expressed as RSD, was 5.3% and the LOD of tetracycline antibiotics in soil ranged from 2.9 to 3.2 microg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bricio Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Picó Y, Fernández M, Ruiz MJ, Font G. Current trends in solid-phase-based extraction techniques for the determination of pesticides in food and environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:117-31. [PMID: 17175029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedures for pesticide residues in food and environment are reviewed and discussed. The use of these procedures, which include several approaches such as: matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD), solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), represents an opportunity to reduce analysis time, solvent consumption, and overall cost. SPE techniques differ from solvent extraction depending on the interactions between a sorbent and the pesticide. This interaction may be specific for a particular pesticide, as in the interaction with an immunosorbent, or non-specific, as in the way a number of different pesticides are adsorbed on apolar or polar materials. A variety of applications were classified according to the method applied: conventional SPE, SPME, hollow-fiber micro-extraction (HFME), MSPD and SBSE. Emphasis is placed on the multiresidue analysis of liquid and solid samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Picó
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmácia, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang LH, Zhang CJ, Chen X, Feng YQ, Wu XZ. In-capillary solid-phase extraction-capillary electrophoresis for the determination of chlorophenols in water. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3224-32. [PMID: 16865667 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel CE method combined with SPE in a single capillary was developed for analysis of chlorophenols in water. A frit of 0.5 mm was first made by a sol-gel method, followed by packing a SPE sorbent in the inlet end of the capillary. Two phenol derivatives, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, were used as the model compounds. By loading sample solutions into the capillary, the two chlorophenols were extracted into the sorbent. They were desorbed by injecting only about 4 nL of methanol. Finally, the analytes were separated by conventional CE. The technique provided a concentration enhancement factor of over 4000-fold for both chlorophenols. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol were determined to be 0.1 ng/mL and 0.07 ng/mL, respectively. For replicate analyses of 5 ng/mL of 2,4-dichlorophenol, within-day and between-day RSDs of migration time, peak height and peak area were in the range of 1.8-2.0%, 4.0-4.4% and 4.1-4.6%, respectively. The method shows wide linear range, acceptable reproducibility and excellent sensitivity, and it was applied to the analyses of spiked river water samples. The capillary packed with the SPE sorbents can be used for more than 400 runs without performance deterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Hong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ravelo-Pérez LM, Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Pesticides analysis by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:2557-77. [PMID: 17313096 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, a wide range of pesticides are used in agricultural production, and their monitoring in samples of environmental and alimentary interest is of extreme importance to ensure, among others, the safety of consumption of foods. The aim of this work is to provide updated information about the major developments in CE and HPLC in pesticide analysis, covering relevant publications between 2004 and early 2006. The use of different sample pretreatment steps to provide a suitable extraction of these compounds from the different matrices as well as to increase the sensitivity of the determination is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia María Ravelo-Pérez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Basheer C, Wang H, Jayaraman A, Valiyaveettil S, Lee HK. Polymer-coated hollow fiber microextraction combined with on-column stacking in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1128:267-72. [PMID: 16824535 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel microextraction method termed polymer-coated hollow fiber microextraction (PC-HFME) was developed in combination with capillary electrophoresis (CE). Polar dihydroxylated polymethylmethacrylate polymer was coated onto a porous propylene hollow fiber membrane and used as an adsorbent and that was placed in a stirred aqueous sample solution. Tumbling of the extraction device within the sample solution facilitated extraction. The amino alcohols (2-amino-1-phenylethanol, norephedrine, alprenolol and atenolol which are beta-blocker drugs), were used as model compounds to investigate the extraction performance. No organic solvent was used in this procedure. The extract was then further concentrated through on-column stacking (normal stacking mode) during CE analysis. The detection limits ranged from 0.9 to 7 ng ml(-1). Relative standard deviations (n=6) ranged from 4 to 6%. The extraction of the amino alcohols in spiked wastewater effluent (representing a complex matrix) was evaluated using the developed procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanbasha Basheer
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wei F, Zhang M, Feng YQ. Application of poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith microextraction coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis to the determination of opiates in human urine. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1939-48. [PMID: 16619301 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A novel poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (MAA-EGDMA) monolith microextraction method coupled with CZE was proposed for rapidly determining a mixture of opiates comprising heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine, papaverine, and narcotine in human urine. The extraction device contained a regular plastic syringe, the poly(MAA-EGDMA) monolithic capillary tube (530 microm id x 3 cm) and a plastic pinhead, which connected the monolithic capillary tube and the syringe without leakage. In the polymer monolith microextraction, the sample solution was ejected via the monolithic capillary tube by a programmable syringe pump, followed by desorption with an aliquot of appropriate solution, which was collected into a vial for the subsequent analysis by CZE. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid) and 20% methanol v/v with temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 25 kV, respectively. By applying electrokinetic injection with field-enhanced sample stacking, detection limits of 6.6-19.5 ng/mL were achieved. Excellent method of reproducibility was found over a linear range of 80-2000 ng/mL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Celo V. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:304-22. [PMID: 16315167 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the CE and CEC separation, detection, and sample preparation methodologies applied to the determination of a variety of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance have been overviewed. The reviewed literature has illustrated the wide range of CE applications, indicating the continuing interest in CE and CEC in the environmental field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhou X, Li X, Zeng Z. Solid-phase microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis for the determination of propranolol enantiomers in urine using a sol–gel derived calix[4]arene fiber. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1104:359-65. [PMID: 16384573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A new type of diglycidyloxy-calix[4]arene coated fiber made by sol-gel method was initially prepared for capillary electrophoresis (CE) sample pretreatment. By using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with a novel back-extraction facility coupled off-line to capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), the simultaneous determination of propranolol enantiomers in human urine was achieved. The clean up effect and preconcentration effect were realized for the first time without derivatization during the SPME process in terms of these strong polarity and thermal stable compounds. Ultrasonic back-extraction and field amplified sample injection (FASI) technologies were employed. Extraction and back-extraction parameters were optimized. Preconcentration of the sample by calix[4]arene fiber based SPME and FASI increased the sensitivity, yielding a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01microg/ml by CZE-diode array detection (DAD). Method repeatability (RSD<6.5%) and fiber reusability (>150 extraction procedures) were observed over a linear range (0.05-10microg/ml) in urine samples. Based on the superior thermal stability, high alkali- and solvent-resistant ability, marvelous repeatability and long lifetime of the novel fiber, this SPME-FASI-CZE procedure could meet the demand of minimum required performance limit (MRPL) set by the World Anti-doping Agency (WADA) for the detection of propranolol in urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:283-303. [PMID: 16307427 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the latest developments in the application of capillary electromigration methods for the analysis of foods and food components. Nowadays, methods based on CE techniques are becoming widely used in food analytical and research laboratories. This review covers the application of CE to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, DNAs, carbohydrates, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, toxins, pesticides, vitamins, additives, small organic and inorganic ions, chiral compounds, and other compounds in foods, as well as to investigate food interactions and food processing. The use of microchips as well as other foreseen trends in CE analysis of foods is discussed. Papers that were published during the period June 2002-June 2005 are included following the previous review by Frazier and Papadopoulou (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4095-4105).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cifuentes
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hernández-Borges J, García-Montelongo FJ, Cifuentes A, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Analysis of triazolopyrimidine herbicides in soils using field-enhanced sample injection-coelectroosmotic capillary electrophoresis combined with solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1100:236-42. [PMID: 16212970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 09/15/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a combined methodology using off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE), on-line field-enhanced sample injection (FESI) and coelectroosmotic capillary electrophoresis with UV detection (CE-UV) is developed for the trace analysis of five triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide pesticides (i.e., flumetsulam, florasulam, cloransulam-methyl, diclosulam and metosulam). An adequate background electrolyte (BGE) was obtained for the separation of these pesticides using hexadimethrine bromide (HDB) as electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifier. This BGE consisted of 0.00042% HDB, 11 mM formic acid, 16 mM ammonium carbonate and 2.5 mM alpha-CD solution at pH 7.6. The use of this running buffer together with the FESI preconcentration method provided limits of detection (LODs) in the low microg/L range (i.e., between 13.0 and 31.5 microg/L). The optimized FESI-CE-UV method was combined with off-line SPE using C(18) cartridges and applied to the determination of the selected group of pesticides in soil samples. Recovery percentages ranged between 50 and 84% in these samples with LODs between 18 and 34 microg/kg. This work shows the great possibilities of the combined use of SPE-FESI-CE-UV to improve CE sensitivity allowing the achievement of LODs similar to other analytical techniques as GC or HPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Borges
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hernández-Borges J, Rodríguez-Delgado MA, García-Montelongo FJ, Cifuentes A. Chiral analysis of pollutants and their metabolites by capillary electromigration methods. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3799-813. [PMID: 16217833 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chiral separation of enantiomers is one of the most challenging tasks for any analytical technique including CE. Since the first report in 1985 showing the great possibilities of CE for the separation of chiral compounds, the amount of publications concerning this topic has quickly increased. Although chiral electromigration methods have mainly been used for enantioseparation of drugs and pharmaceuticals, they have also been applied to analyze chiral pollutants. This article intends to provide an updated overview, including works published till January 2005, on the principal applications of CE to the chiral analysis of pollutants and their metabolites, with special emphasis on articles published in the last 10 years. The main advantages and drawbacks regarding the use of CE for chiral separation of pollutants are addressed including some discussion on the foreseen trends of electromigration procedures applied to chiral analysis of contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Borges
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hernández-Borges J, Borges-Miquel T, González-Hernández G, Rodríguez-Delgado MA. Rapid Separation of Antioxidants in Food Samples by Coelectroosmotic CE. Chromatographia 2005. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-005-0622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
46
|
Hernández-Borges J, Rodriguez-Delgado MA, García-Montelongo FJ, Cifuentes A. Analysis of pesticides in soy milk combining solid-phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:948-56. [PMID: 16013821 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the determination of a group of triazolopyrimidine sulfoanilide herbicides (cloransulam-methyl, metosulam, flumetsulam, florasulam, and diclosulam) in soy milk by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is presented. The main electrospray interface (ESI) parameters (nebulizer pressure, dry gas flow rate, dry gas temperature, and composition of the sheath liquid) are optimized using a central composite design. To increase the sensitivity of the CE-MS method, an off-line sample preconcentration procedure based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) is combined with an on-line stacking procedure (i.e. normal stacking mode, NSM). Samples could be injected for up to 100 s, providing limits of detection (LODs) down to 74 microg/L, i.e., at the low ppb level, with relative standard deviation values (RSD,%) between 3.8% and 6.4% for peak areas on the same day, and between 6.5% and 8.1% on three different days. The usefulness of the optimized SPE-NSM-CE-MS procedure is demonstrated through the sensitive quantification of the selected pesticides in soy milk samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Hernández-Borges
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez s/n, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|