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Conrado JAM, Araújo DAG, Petruci JFDS. Combination of headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) with a nickel-embedded paper-based analytical device for cyanide quantification. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1281:341882. [PMID: 38783736 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyanide anion can be found in foodstuffs, tobacco smoke and a variety of types of waters, mainly originating from anthropogenic activities. Due to its highly toxic nature, several agencies have established limits for cyanide levels in water. Additionally, monitoring cyanide levels in biological samples, such as blood and urine, is crucial for obtaining clinical information about the health condition of patients. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of simple, cost-effective, and reliable analytical methods capable of quantifying cyanide at low concentrations. RESULTS This study presents a novel analytical method for the selective and sensitive determination of cyanide based on analyte volatilization, pre-concentration via single-drop microextraction (SDME) using a selective reagent, and colorimetric quantification using a paper-based analytical device. For this, 10 mL of a liquid sample was acidified with phosphoric acid and the generated HCN was collected using a single drop of 3 μL of a palladium dimethylglyoximate solution (Pd (DMG)22-) positioned in the flask headspace using a syringe. The reaction of Pd (DMG)22- leads to the formation of Pd(CN)42- and the demasking of the organic ligand. After 15 min of extraction time, the reagent drop was added to a paper-based analytical device that has been previously impregnated with 3 μL of nickel chloride, resulting in the formation of a red precipitate of nickel (II) dimethylglyoximate. Digital images of the paper-based device were captured and the red channel (R) was used for quantification purposes. Under optimized conditions, the method demonstrates a suitable linear relation (r2 > 0.99) ranging from 26 to 286 μg L-1 and a limit of detection of 5 μg L-1. SIGNIFICANCE As a proof of concept, cyanide levels were quantified in water and urine samples using this method. The proposed approach offers high sensitivity and selectivity while requiring only a small volume of reagents. Furthermore, it exhibits a high degree of portability for in-situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiele A M Conrado
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araújo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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2
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Kannouma RE, Hammad MA, Kamal AH, Mansour FR. Miniaturization of Liquid-Liquid extraction; the barriers and the enablers. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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3
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Jeong S, Noulorsaytour X, Valdez JE, Chung DS. Single bubble in-tube microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:456-463. [PMID: 34661921 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Headspace (HS) extraction is a sample pretreatment technique for volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in a complex matrix. Recently, in-tube microextraction (ITME) coupled with CE using an acceptor plug placed in the capillary inlet was developed as a simple but powerful HS extraction method. Here, we present single bubble (SB) ITME using a bubble hanging to the capillary inlet immersed in a sample donor solution as a HS of submicroliter volume (∼200 nL). The analytes evaporated to the bubble were extracted into the acceptor phase through the capillary opening, then electrophoresis of the enriched extract was carried out. Since the bubble volume was much smaller than a conventional HS volume (∼1 mL), it was filled with the evaporated analytes rapidly and the analytes could be enriched much faster compared to conventional HS-ITME. Owing to the high surface-to-volume ratio of the SB, 5 min SB-ITME yielded the enrichment factor values similar to those of 10 min HS-ITME. When 5 min SB-ITME at room temperature was applied to a tap water sample, the enrichment factors of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP), 2,3,6-TCP, and 2,6-dichlorophenol were 53, 41, and 60, respectively, and the LOQs obtained by monitoring the absorbance at 214 nm were 5.6-8.3 ppb, much lower than 200 ppb, the World Health Organization guideline for the maximum permissible concentration of 2,4,6-TCP in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkyung Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Joseph E Valdez
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Natural Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Nueva Vizcaya State University, Bayombong, Philippines
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Ali I, Suhail M, Alothman ZA, Abdulrahman A, Aboul-Enein HY. Drug analyses in human plasma by chromatography. HANDBOOK OF ANALYTICAL SEPARATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64066-6.00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Malinina Y, Kamentsev MY, Timofeeva II, Moskvin LN, Yakimova NM, Kuchumova ID. Determination of Volatile Low-Molecular-Weight Amines in Water by Capillary Electrophoresis after Headspace Microextraction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819070153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Current direction and advances in analytical sample extraction techniques for drugs with special emphasis on bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2019; 11:313-332. [PMID: 30663327 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical techniques may not be compatible or sufficiently sensitive to the analytes, unless it undergoes a specific sample extraction procedure. Sample extraction can be considered as one of the key steps in analysis. Analysis of a poorly treated sample may produce inferior quality of analytical data. Continuous advancement and development of newer sample extraction techniques such as solid phase microextraction, ultrasound, magnetically and microwave assisted magnetic extraction; electro-membrane extraction and dried blood spotting are to address the shortcomings of the existing techniques and to provide more automation, minimizing preparation time and make them high throughput. This review summarizes the suitability of application of the advanced sample preparation techniques available for chemical and bioanalysis in a comprehensive manner. This review also provides a scientific guidance for selecting the appropriate sample extraction technique based on sample type.
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Abstract
Saliva, as the first body fluid encountering with the exogenous materials, has good correlation with blood and plays an important role in bioanalysis. However, saliva has not been studied as much as the other biological fluids mainly due to restricted access to its large volumes. In recent years, there is a growing interest for saliva analysis owing to the emergence of miniaturized sample preparation methods. The purpose of this paper is to review all microextraction methods and their principles of operation. In the following, we examine the methods used to analyze saliva up to now and discuss the potential of the other microextraction methods for saliva analysis to encourage research groups for more focus on this important subject area.
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Zhu Q, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Gong M. Alternate injections coupled with flow-gated capillary electrophoresis for rapid and accurate quantitative analysis of urine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 978:55-60. [PMID: 28595727 PMCID: PMC5522808 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful separation technique with advantages over HPLC in terms of separation efficiency, speed, and cost. However, CE suffers in poor reproducibility in quantitative chemical analysis, which is one of major drawbacks preventing its widespread use in routine analytical laboratories. Here we report a novel strategy to enhance the quantitative capability of flow-gated CE. The platform integrated dual flow branches to respectively supply a sample and its standard additions that were then alternately injected into a single capillary for rapid separations (typically 20-90 s). A micro-fabricated switch was used to enable the alternate injections. It was assumed that the analytical system maintained constant conditions during neighboring injections that served as external self-standards for quantitation. This strategy was expected to reduce uncertainties caused by the fluctuation in capillary conditions and the drift of detection systems. Experimental results demonstrated that the dual-branch flow-gated CE coupled with alternate injections significantly improved the reproducibility with respect to peak height ratios under deliberate variations in injection volumes, separation voltages, optical focusing, and laser power; and thus the interday precision was ensured. To demonstrate its applicability, cyanide and amino acids in human urine were quantified rapidly with the one-point standard addition method after fluorogenic derivatization with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA), and the measurement accuracy was validated by determining the recovery of standard cyanide added to a urinary matrix. This strategy would be valuable to enable the quantitative capability of flow-gated CE in the measurements of a broad range of analytes, especially those lacking suited internal standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Qiyang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States
| | - Maojun Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, United States.
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Jaszczak E, Polkowska Ż, Narkowicz S, Namieśnik J. Cyanides in the environment-analysis-problems and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:15929-15948. [PMID: 28512706 PMCID: PMC5506515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide toxicity and their environmental impact are well known. Nevertheless, they are still used in the mining, galvanic and chemical industries. As a result of industrial activities, cyanides are released in various forms to all elements of the environment. In a natural environment, cyanide exists as cyanogenic glycosides in plants seeds. Too much consumption can cause unpleasant side effects. However, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is the most common source of cyanide. Live organisms have the ability to convert cyanide into less toxic compounds excreted with physiological fluids. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of knowledge on the behaviour of cyanide in the environment and its impact on the health and human life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jaszczak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Narkowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza Str 11/12, Wrzeszcz, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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Milanowski M, Pomastowski P, Ligor T, Buszewski B. Saliva – Volatile Biomarkers and Profiles. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:251-266. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1266925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Milanowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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11
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Variations in headspace microextraction procedures and current applications in bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2235-40. [PMID: 26340716 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In sample preparation, analytes are extracted from the sample and concentrated in a solvent compatible with analytical instrumentation. Some drawbacks are usually associated with the procedures traditionally used, namely the amounts of organic solvents that need to be properly discarded and the presence of several interferences which may impair analyte identification and quantitation. Headspace microextraction procedures have appeared as a promising solution to overcome these problems. On the one hand, being microextraction techniques, the amount of solvent and sample is reduced; on the other hand, since it is the headspace above the specimen which is sampled rather than the sample itself, analytical interferences are minimized, prolonging the lifetime of the devices and analytical instrumentation.
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12
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A direct and rapid method to determine cyanide in urine by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1414:158-62. [PMID: 26342870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyanides are poisonous chemicals that widely exist in nature and industrial processes as well as accidental fires. Rapid and accurate determination of cyanide exposure would facilitate forensic investigation, medical diagnosis, and chronic cyanide monitoring. Here, a rapid and direct method was developed for the determination of cyanide ions in urinary samples. This technique was based on an integrated capillary electrophoresis system coupled with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection. Cyanide ions were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and a primary amine (glycine) for LIF detection. Three separate reagents, NDA, glycine, and cyanide sample, were mixed online, which secured uniform conditions between samples for cyanide derivatization and reduced the risk of precipitation formation of mixtures. Conditions were optimized; the derivatization was completed in 2-4min, and the separation was observed in 25s. The limit of detection (LOD) was 4.0nM at 3-fold signal-to-noise ratio for standard cyanide in buffer. The cyanide levels in urine samples from smokers and non-smokers were determined by using the method of standard addition, which demonstrated significant difference of cyanide levels in urinary samples from the two groups of people. The developed method was rapid and accurate, and is anticipated to be applicable to cyanide detection in waste water with appropriate modification.
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13
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Cengiz MF, Durak MZ, Nilufer S, Bilgin AK. Ion Chromatographic Determination of Free Cyanide in Different Classes of Bottled Natural Mineral Water Consumed in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2014.885044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Özcan HM, Aydin T. A new PANI biosensor based on catalase for cyanide determination. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:664-71. [DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.978979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Ultra-sensitive determination of cyanide in surface water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:168-73. [PMID: 25441894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (GC-MS/MS) method has been established for the determination of cyanide in surface water. This method is based on the derivatization of cyanide with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol in surface water. The following optimum reaction conditions were established: reagent dosage, 0.7 g L(-1) of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol; pH 6; reaction carried out for 20 min at 60°C. The organic derivative was extracted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate, and then measured by using GC-MS/MS. Under the established conditions, the detection and quantification limits were 0.02 μg L(-1) and 0.07 μg L(-1) in 10-mL of surface water, respectively. The calibration curve had a linear relationship relationship with y=0.7140x+0.1997 and r(2)=0.9963 (for a working range of 0.07-10 μg L(-1)) and the accuracy was in a range of 98-102%; the precision of the assay was less than 7% in surface water. The common ions Cl(-), F(-), Br(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), PO4(3-), K(+), Na(+), NH4(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(4+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Fe(2+) and sea water did not interfere in cyanide detection, even when present in 1000-fold excess over the species. Cyanide was detected in a concentration range of 0.07-0.11 μg L(-1) in 6 of 10 surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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Chen W, Metsälä M, Vaittinen O, Halonen L. Hydrogen cyanide in the headspace of oral fluid and in mouth-exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2014; 8:027108. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/2/027108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Novel and simple headspace in-tube microextraction coupled with capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1346:117-22. [PMID: 24811149 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In liquid phase microextraction, high enrichment factors can be obtained using an acceptor phase of small volume. By hanging an acceptor drop at the separation capillary tip, single drop microextraction (SDME) can be in-line coupled with capillary electrophoresis (CE). The small surface-to-volume ratio of the drop enables high enrichment factors to be obtained in a short time. One practical issue in SDME is how to keep the drop attached to the capillary stable. Here, we present novel but extremely simple in-tube microextraction (ITME) using the liquid inside the capillary as an acceptor phase, without forming a drop at the capillary tip. As a first example, ITME has been combined with headspace (HS) extraction. Simply by placing a capillary filled with a basic run buffer in the HS above an acidic donor solution, volatile acidic analytes were extracted into the acceptor phase in the capillary. After extraction, electrophoresis of the extracts in the capillary was carried out. Owing to the robust nature of the acceptor phase, the extraction temperature and time ranges of HS-ITME can be extended significantly, compared to HS-SDME. The enrichment factors for chlorophenols in a standard solution were up to 1100 under an optimal HS-ITME condition of 80°C for 15min and the limits of detections (LODs) obtained by monitoring the absorbance at 214nm were about 4nM. The whole procedures of HS-ITME-CE were carried out automatically using built-in programs of a commercial CE instrument.
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Kocúrová L, Balogh IS, Andruch V. A glance at achievements in the coupling of headspace and direct immersion single-drop microextraction with chromatographic techniques. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3758-68. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Kocúrová
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice; Slovak Republic
| | - Ioseph S. Balogh
- Department of Chemistry; College of Nyíregyháza; Nyíregyháza Hungary
| | - Vasil Andruch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice; Slovak Republic
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AL-Kateb H, de Lacy Costello B, Ratcliffe N. An investigation of volatile organic compounds from the saliva of healthy individuals using headspace-trap/GC-MS. J Breath Res 2013; 7:036004. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/3/036004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Minematsu S, Wu XZ. Direct sampling in air of capillary electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2013; 29:373-5. [PMID: 23474729 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.29.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is usually off-line combined with an adsorption/desorption method to analyze gaseous or atmospheric samples. Here, we demonstrated direct sampling in the air of CE. The inlet end of a fused silica capillary filled with a pH 7.2 phosphate buffer was placed in the air for absorbing gaseous or volatile components, while the outlet end was immersed into a buffer vial at the low electric potential side. After a certain period of time, the inlet end was immersed into another buffer vial at the high electric potential side; CE was carried out by applying a high electric voltage of 20 kV. An UV-absorbance detector (wavelength, 254 nm) was used in CE. Evaporated vanillin in air was used as model gaseous sample. Experimental factors, such as a height difference between the inlet end and the outlet buffer, were investigated in detail. Fast detection of evaporated vanillin in indoor air was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saaya Minematsu
- Department of Life, Environment and Materials Science, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Higashi, Fukuoka, Japan
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Park ST, Kim J, Choi K, Lee HR, Chung DS. Headspace-single drop microextraction with a commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2961-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Tai Park
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Hye Ryeo Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Doo Soo Chung
- Department of Chemistry; Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
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Kohler I, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Microextraction techniques combined with capillary electrophoresis in bioanalysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:125-41. [PMID: 22965532 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, many environmentally sustainable sample-preparation techniques have been proposed, with the objective of reducing the use of toxic organic solvents or substituting these with environmentally friendly alternatives. Microextraction techniques (MEs), in which only a small amount of organic solvent is used, have several advantages, including reduced sample volume, analysis time, and operating costs. Thus, MEs are well adapted in bioanalysis, in which sample preparation is mandatory because of the complexity of a sample that is available in small quantities (mL or even μL only). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful and efficient separation technique in which no organic solvents are required for analysis. Combination of CE with MEs is regarded as a very attractive environmentally sustainable analytical tool, and numerous applications have been reported over the last few decades for bioanalysis of low-molecular-weight compounds or for peptide analysis. In this paper we review the use of MEs combined with CE in bioanalysis. The review is divided into two sections: liquid and solid-based MEs. A brief practical and theoretical description of each ME is given, and the techniques are illustrated by relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Kohler
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Bd d'Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Bakar NBA, Makahleh A, Saad B. In-vial liquid–liquid microextraction-capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of phenolic acids in vegetable oils. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 742:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Single-drop microextraction as a powerful pretreatment tool for capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 739:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Abstract
The last two decades have provided analysts with more sensitive technology, enabling scientists from all analytical fields to see what they were not able to see just a few years ago. This increased sensitivity has allowed drug detection at very low concentrations and testing in unconventional samples (e.g., hair, oral fluid and sweat), where despite having low analyte concentrations has also led to a reduction in sample size. Along with this reduction, and as a result of the use of excessive amounts of potentially toxic organic solvents (with the subsequent environmental pollution and costs associated with their proper disposal), there has been a growing tendency to use miniaturized sampling techniques. Those sampling procedures allow reducing organic solvent consumption to a minimum and at the same time provide a rapid, simple and cost-effective approach. In addition, it is possible to get at least some degree of automation when using these techniques, which will enhance sample throughput. Those miniaturized sample preparation techniques may be roughly categorized in solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction, depending on the nature of the analyte. This paper reviews recently published literature on the use of microextraction sampling procedures, with a special focus on the field of forensic toxicology.
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Ma J, Dasgupta PK, Zelder FH, Boss GR. Cobinamide chemistries for photometric cyanide determination. A merging zone liquid core waveguide cyanide analyzer using cyanoaquacobinamide. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 736:78-84. [PMID: 22769008 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diaquacobinamide (H(2)O)(2)Cbi(2+) or its conjugate base hydroxyaquacobinamide (OH(H(2)O)Cbi(+))) can bind up to two cyanide ions, making dicyanocobinamide. This transition is accompanied by a significant change in color, previously exploited for cyanide determination. The reagent OH(H(2)O)Cbi(+) is used in excess; when trace amounts of cyanide are added, CN(H(2)O)Cbi(+) should be formed. But the spectral absorption of CN(H(2)O)Cbi(+) is virtually the same as that of OH(H(2)O)Cbi(+). It has been inexplicable how trace amounts of cyanide are sensitively measured by this reaction. It is shown here that even with excess OH(H(2)O)Cbi(+), (CN)(2)Cbi is formed first due to kinetic reasons; this only slowly forms CN(H(2)O)Cbi(+). This understanding implies that CN(H(2)O)Cbi(+) will itself be a better reagent. We describe a single valve merging zone flow analyzer that allows both sample and reagent economy. With a 50 cm liquid core waveguide (LCW) flow cell and an inexpensive fiber optic-charge coupled device array spectrometer, a S/N=3 limit of detection of 8 nM, a linear dynamic range to 6 μM, and excellent precision (RSD 0.49% and 1.07% at 50 and 100 nM, respectively, n=5 each) are formed. At 1% carryover, sample throughput is 40 h(-1). The setup is readily used to measure thiocyanate with different reagents. We demonstrate applicability to real samples by analyzing human saliva samples and hydrolyzed extracts of apple seeds, peach pits, and almonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA
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Männel-Croisé C, Zelder F. Complex samples cyanide detection with immobilized corrinoids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:725-729. [PMID: 22211318 DOI: 10.1021/am201357u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric solid phase with spatially separated extraction and detection zones as a rapid, effective and economic method for the optical detection of cyanide in complex samples is described. The system is seven times more sensitive for the optical detection of cyanide than the same class of chemical sensors used under homogeneous conditions. The application of the method in the detection of (i) endogenous cyanide in colored plant samples and of (ii) hydrogen cyanide in tobacco smoke is shown. The optical detection of multiple anions within a single sample has been demonstrated in principle for the detection of both CN(-) and SCN(-). Immobilized aquacyano-corrinoids and immobilized vitamin B12 are applied as chemical sensors, and cyanide is qualitatively identified by the violet color (λ(max) = 583 nm) of the corresponding dicyano-complex. Quantitative determinations with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRUV-vis) are possible in the linear range up to 0.2 mg/L with a LOD of 1 μg/L. Alkyl-modified silica particles are employed for immobilization of the indicator on the surface of the solid phase (detection zone), and for removal of colored hydrophobic interferents (extraction zone).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Männel-Croisé
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Ma J, Ohira SI, Mishra SK, Puanngam M, Dasgupta PK, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Blackledge W, Boss GR. Rapid point of care analyzer for the measurement of cyanide in blood. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4319-24. [PMID: 21553921 PMCID: PMC3105183 DOI: 10.1021/ac200768t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive optical analyzer for the rapid determination of cyanide in blood in point of care applications is described. HCN is liberated by the addition of 20% H(3)PO(4) and is absorbed by a paper filter impregnated with borate-buffered (pH 9.0) hydroxoaquocobinamide (hereinafter called cobinamide). Cobinamide on the filter changes color from orange (λ(max) = 510 nm) to violet (λ(max) = 583 nm) upon reaction with cyanide. This color change is monitored in the transmission mode by a light emitting diode (LED) with a 583 nm emission maximum and a photodiode detector. The observed rate of color change increases 10 times when the cobinamide solution for filter impregnation is prepared in borate-buffer rather than in water. The use of a second LED emitting at 653 nm and alternate pulsing of the LEDs improves the limit of detection by 4 times to ~0.5 μM for a 1 mL blood sample. Blood cyanide levels of imminent concern (≥10 μM) can be accurately measured in ~2 min. The response is proportional to the mass of cyanide in the sample: smaller sample volumes can be successfully used with proportionate change in the concentration LODs. Bubbling air through the blood-acid mixture was found effective for mixing of the acid with the sample and the liberation of HCN. A small amount of ethanol added to the top of the blood was found to be the most effective means to prevent frothing during aeration. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for repetitive determination of blood samples containing 9 μM CN was 1.09% (n = 5). The technique was compared blind with a standard microdiffusion-spectrophotometric method used for the determination of cyanide in rabbit blood. The results showed good correlation (slope 1.05, r(2) 0.9257); independent calibration standards were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Santosh K. Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Mahitti Puanngam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX 76019-0065
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Orange, CA 92868
| | - Matthew Brenner
- UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Orange, CA 92868
| | - William Blackledge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
| | - Gerry R. Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0652
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Abstract
Bioanalysis usually requires a preparation procedure for sample cleanup or preconcentration. Conventional sample preparation techniques are often time consuming and labor intensive. Among recent progress in sample preparation, single drop microextraction (SDME) is one of the most efficient techniques providing both sample cleanup and preconcentration capabilities. In SDME, analytes are extracted from a sample solution into an acceptor drop and the drop is introduced to subsequent analysis. Since the volume of the acceptor drop is 1–10 µl or less, the consumption of solvents can be minimized and the preconcentration effect is enhanced. In this review, the basic principles of two-phase and three-phase SDME are described briefly and then recently developed modes of SDME, coupling with analytical instruments, and methods to enhance the drop stability are discussed. Recent applications of SDME to biological samples, including urine, blood and saliva, for the analysis of drugs, metal ions and biomarkers are reviewed.
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Liu J, Jiang M, Li G, Xu L, Xie M. Miniaturized salting-out liquid–liquid extraction of sulfonamides from different matrices. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 679:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 09/04/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu L, Basheer C, Lee HK. Solvent-bar microextraction of herbicides combined with non-aqueous field-amplified sample injection capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6036-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang Q, Qiu H, Li J, Liu X, Jiang S. On-line coupling of ionic liquid-based single-drop microextraction with capillary electrophoresis for sensitive detection of phenols. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5434-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ma J, Dasgupta PK. Recent developments in cyanide detection: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 673:117-25. [PMID: 20599024 PMCID: PMC2911244 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The extreme toxicity of cyanide and environmental concerns from its continued industrial use continue to generate interest in facile and sensitive methods for cyanide detection. In recent years, there is also additional recognition of HCN toxicity from smoke inhalation and potential use of cyanide as a weapon of terrorism. This review summarizes the literature since 2005 on cyanide measurement in different matrices ranging from drinking water and wastewater, to cigarette smoke and exhaled breath to biological fluids like blood, urine and saliva. The dramatic increase in the number of publications on cyanide measurement is indicative of the great interest in this field not only from analytical chemists, but also researchers from diverse environmental, medical, forensic and clinical arena. The recent methods cover both established and emerging analytical disciplines and include naked eye visual detection, spectrophotometry/colorimetry, capillary electrophoresis with optical absorbance detection, fluorometry, chemiluminescence, near-infrared cavity ring down spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry, electrochemical methods (potentiometry/amperometry/ion chromatography-pulsed amperometry), mass spectrometry (selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry), gas chromatography (nitrogen phosphorus detector, electron capture detector) and quartz crystal mass monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
| | - Purnendu K. Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0065, United States
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Jain A, Pillai AKKV, Sharma N, Verma KK. Headspace single-drop microextraction and cuvetteless microspectrophotometry for the selective determination of free and total cyanide involving reaction with ninhydrin. Talanta 2010; 82:758-65. [PMID: 20602966 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Headspace single-drop microextraction has been used for the determination of cyanide with ninhydrin in combination with fibre-optic-based cuvetteless microspectrophotometry which accommodates sample volume of 1 microL placed between the two ends of optical fibres, and has been found to avoid salient drawbacks of batch methods. This method involved hydrocyanic acid formation in a closed vial, and simultaneous extraction and reaction with 2 microL drop of ninhydrin in carbonate medium suspended at the tip of a microsyringe needle held in the headspace of the acidified sample solution. The method was linear in range 0.025-0.5 mg L(-1) of cyanide. The headspace reaction was free from the interference of substances, e.g., thiocyanate, hydrazine sulphate, hydroxylammonium chloride and ascorbic acid. Sulphide was masked by cadmium sulphate, nitrite by sulphamic acid, sulphite by N-ethylmaleimide, and halogens by ascorbic acid. The limit of detection was found to be 4.3 microg L(-1) of cyanide which was comparable to existing most sensitive methods for cyanide. However, the present method is far more simple. The method was applied to acid-labile and metal cyanides complexes by treatment with sulphide when metal sulphides were precipitated setting cyanide ion free, and to iron(II) and (III) cyanide complexes by their decomposition with mercury(II), the mercury(II) cyanide formed was then determined. These pre-treatment methods avoided cumbersome pre-separation of cyanide by methods such as distillation or gas diffusion. The overall recovery of cyanide in diverse samples was 97% with RSD of 3.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Rani Durgavati University, Pachpedi, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
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35
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Logue BA, Hinkens DM, Baskin SI, Rockwood GA. The Analysis of Cyanide and its Breakdown Products in Biological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340903535315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Jeannot MA, Przyjazny A, Kokosa JM. Single drop microextraction--development, applications and future trends. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1217:2326-36. [PMID: 19932482 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single drop microextraction (SDME) has emerged over the last 10-15 years as one of the simplest and most easily implemented forms of micro-scale sample cleanup and preconcentration. In the most common arrangement, an ordinary chromatography syringe is used to suspend microliter quantities of extracting solvent either directly immersed in the sample, or in the headspace above the sample. The same syringe is then used to introduce the solvent and extracted analytes into the chromatography system for identification and/or quantitation. This review article summarizes the historical development and various modes of the technique, some theoretical and practical aspects, recent trends and selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Jeannot
- Department of Chemistry, St. Cloud State University, 366 Wick Science Building, 720 4th Ave. S., St. Cloud, MN 56301-4498, USA.
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Simultaneous derivatization and extraction of free cyanide in biological samples with home-made hollow fiber-protected headspace liquid-phase microextraction followed by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3645-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Liang G, Choi K, Chung DS. Double sample preconcentration by in‐line coupled large volume single drop microextraction and sweeping in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1953-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Chemical reactions in liquid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:701-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Selective determination of cyanides by gas diffusion-stopped flow-sequential injection analysis and an on-line standard addition approach. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 632:93-100. [PMID: 19100887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.10.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective sequential injection (SI) method for the automated determination of weak-acid-dissociable cyanides is reported. The analytical procedure is based on the on-line reaction of the analyte with ninhydrin in carbonate medium to form a coloured product (lambda(max)=510 nm). Cyanides are removed from sample matrix by acidification through a gas-diffusion step incorporated in the SI manifold. The effect of instrumental and chemical variables was studied. By adopting an on-line standard addition protocol, the sensitivity of the proposed method was enhanced drastically, without affecting the determination range. The assay was validated in terms of linearity (up to 200 microg L(-1)), limit of detection (c(L)=2.5 microg L(-1)), limit of quantitation (c(Q)=7.5 microg L(-1)), precision (s(r)<2.5% at 100 microg L(-1)) and selectivity. High tolerance against critical species such as sulfides and thiocyanates was achieved. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing tap and mineral water samples at levels below the limits established by international E.U. and U.S. organizations. The percent recoveries were satisfactory in all cases, ranging between 94.2 and 103.6%.
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41
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Determination of cyanide and volatile alkylnitriles in whole blood by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 870:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Timerbaev AR. Inorganic analysis of biological fluids using capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2012-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Chen Y, Guo Z, Wang X, Qiu C. Sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:191-219. [PMID: 17991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A panorama of sample preparation methods has been composed from 481 references, with a highlight of some promising methods fast developed during recent years and a somewhat brief introduction on most of the well-developed methods. All the samples were commonly referred to molecular composition, being extendable to particles including cells but not to organs, tissues and larger bodies. Some criteria to evaluate or validate a sample preparation method were proposed for reference. Strategy for integration of several methods to prepare complicated protein samples for proteomic studies was illustrated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China.
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44
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Jermak S, Pranaityte B, Padarauskas A. Ligand displacement, headspace single-drop microextraction, and capillary electrophoresis for the determination of weak acid dissociable cyanide. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:123-7. [PMID: 17382334 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new method involving ligand displacement, headspace single-drop microextraction (SDME) with in-drop derivatization and capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed for the determination of weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide. WAD metal-cyanide complexes (Ag(CN)(2)(-), Cd(CN)(4)(2-), Cu(CN)(3)(2-), Hg(CN)(2), Hg(CN)(4)(2-), Ni(CN)(4)(2-) and Zn(CN)(4)(2-)) are decomposed with ligand-displacing reagent and the released hydrogen cyanide is extracted from neutral solution (pH 6.5) with an aqueous microdrop (5 microl) containing Ni(II)-NH(3) as derivatization agent. The hydrogen cyanide extracted reacts with Ni(2+) to form a stable and highly UV absorbing tetracyanonickelate anion which is then determined by CE. Among the three different ligand-displacing reagents (i.e., ethylenediamine, dithizone and polyethileneimine) studied none of the reagents used alone releases cyanide completely from all WAD cyanide complexes. Complete recoveries were obtained by the extraction of WAD cyanide from 0.4 mol l(-1) ethylenediamine chloride buffer (pH 6.5) containing 0.001% (wt) dithizone. Proposed system was applied to determine WAD cyanide in industrial wastewater and river waters samples with spiked recoveries in the range of 95.8-104.7%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Jermak
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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