1
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Hu S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen X, Tong R. Dielectrophoretic separation and purification: From colloid and biological particles to droplets. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1731:465155. [PMID: 39032216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
It is indispensable to realize the high level of purification and separation, so that objective particles, such as malignant cells, harmful bacteria, and special proteins or biological molecules, could satisfy the high precise measurement in the pharmaceutical analysis, clinical diagnosis, targeted therapy, and food defense. In addition, this could reveal the intrinsic nature and evolution mechanisms of individual biological variations. Consequently, many techniques related to optical tweezers, microfluidics, acoustophoresis, and electrokinetics can be broadly used to achieve micro- and nano-scale particle separations. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been used for various manipulation, concentration, transport, and separation processes of biological particles owing to its early development, mature theory, low cost, and high throughput. Although numerous reviews have discussed the biological applications of DEP techniques, comprehensive descriptions of micro- and nano-scale particle separations feature less frequently in the literature. Therefore, this review summarizes the current state of particle separation attention to relevant technological developments and innovation, including theoretical simulation, microchannel structure, electrode material, pattern and its layout. Moreover, a brief overview of separation applications using DEP in combination with other technologies is also provided. Finally, conclusions, future guidelines, and suggestions for potential promotion are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Hu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China.
| | - Yangcheng Wang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Ruijie Tong
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
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2
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Zavatski S, Martin OJF. Visual and Quantitative Analysis of the Trapping Volume in Dielectrophoresis of Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:10305-10312. [PMID: 39133749 PMCID: PMC11342383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticle manipulation requires careful analysis of the forces at play. Unfortunately, traditional force measurement techniques based on the particle velocity do not provide sufficient resolution, while balancing approaches involving counteracting forces are often cumbersome. Here, we demonstrate that a nanoparticle dielectrophoretic response can be quantitatively studied by a straightforward visual delineation of the dielectrophoretic trapping volume. We reveal this volume by detecting the width of the region depleted of gold nanoparticles by the dielectrophoretic force. Comparison of the measured widths for various nanoparticle sizes with numerical simulations obtained by solving the particle-conservation equation shows excellent agreement, thus providing access to the particle physical properties, such as polarizability and size. These findings can be further extended to investigate various types of nano-objects, including bio- and molecular aggregates, and offer a robust characterization tool that can enhance the control of matter at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei Zavatski
- Nanophotonics and Metrology
Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology
Laboratory (NAM), Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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3
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Morikawa K, Takeuchi T, Kitamori T. Local nano-electrode fabrication utilizing nanofluidic and nano-electrochemical control. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38962855 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Miniaturized systems have attracted much attention with the recent advances in microfluidics and nanofluidics. From the capillary electrophoresis, the development of glass-based microfluidic and nanofluidic technologies has supported advances in microfluidics and nanofluidics. Most microfluidic systems, especially nanofluidic systems, are still simple, such as systems constructed with simple straight nanochannels and bulk-scale electrodes. One of the bottlenecks to the development of more complicated and sophisticated systems is to develop the locally integrated nano-electrodes. However, there are still issues with integrating nano-electrodes into nanofluidic devices because it is difficult to fit the nano-electrode size into a nanofluidic channel at the nanometer level. In this study, we propose a new method for the fabrication of local nano-electrodes in nanofluidic devices with nanofluidic and nano-electrochemistry-based experiments. An electroplating solution was introduced to a nanochannel with control of the flow and the electroplating reaction, by which nano-electrodes were successfully fabricated. In addition, a nanofluidic device was available for nanofluidic experiments with the application of 200 kPa. This method can be applied to any electroplating material such as gold and copper. The local nano-electrode will make a significant contribution to the development of more complicated and sophisticated nanofluidic electrophoresis systems and to local electric detection methods for various nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Ma K, Ramachandran A, Santiago JG. Analytical solutions for viscoelectric effects in electrokinetic nanochannels. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:676-686. [PMID: 38350722 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Understanding electrokinetic transport in nanochannels and nanopores is essential for emerging biological and electrochemical applications. The viscoelectric effect is an important mechanism implicated in the increase of local viscosity due to the polarization of a solvent under a strong electric field. However, most analyses of the viscoelectric effect have been limited to numerical analyses. In this work, we present a set of analytical solutions applicable to the physical description of viscoelectric effects in nanochannel electrokinetic systems. To achieve such closed-form solutions, we employ the Debye-Hückel approximation of small diffuse charge layer potentials compared to the thermal potential. We analyze critical parameters, including electroosmotic flow profiles, electroosmotic mobility, flow rate, and channel conductance. We compare and benchmark our analytical solutions with published predictions from numerical models. Importantly, we leverage these analytical solutions to identify essential thermophysical and nondimensional parameters that govern the behavior of these systems. We identify scaling parameters and relations among surface charge density, ionic strength, and nanochannel height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlin Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramachandran
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Juan G Santiago
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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5
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Sun Y, Jiang R, Hu L, Song Y, Li M. Electrokinetic transport phenomena in nanofluidics and their applications. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1756-1773. [PMID: 37438973 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Much progress has been made in the electrokinetic phenomena inside nanochannels in the last decades. As the dimensions of the nanochannels are compatible to that of the electric double layer (EDL), the electrokinetics inside nanochannels indicate many unexpected behaviors, which show great potential in the fields of material science, biology, and chemistry. This review summarizes the recent development of nanofluidic electrokinetics in both fundamental and applied research. First, the techniques for constructing nanochannels are introduced to give a guideline for choosing the optimal fabrication technique based on the specific feature of the nanochannel. Then, the theories and experimental investigations of the EDL, electroosmotic flow, and electrophoresis of nanoparticles inside the nanochannels are discussed. Furthermore, the applications of nanofluidic electrokinetics in iontronics, sensing, and biomolecule separation fields are summarized. In Section 5, some critical challenges and the perspective on the future development of nanofluidic electrokinetics are briefly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lide Hu
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
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6
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Liu T, He X, Zhao J, Shi L, Zhou T, Wen L. Ion transport properties in the pH-dependent bipolar nanochannels. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1847-1858. [PMID: 37401641 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have made significant strides in understanding the ion transport characteristics of nanochannels, resulting in the development of various materials, modifications, and shapes of nano ion channel membranes. The aim is to create a nanochannel membrane with optimal ion transport properties and high stability by adjusting factors, such as channel size, surface charge, and wettability. However, during the nanochannel film fabrication process, controlling the geometric structures of nanochannels can be challenging. Therefore, exploring the stability of nanochannel performance under different geometric structures has become an essential aspect of nanochannel design. This article focuses on the study of cylindrical nanochannel structures, which are categorized based on the different methods for generating bipolar surface charges on the channel's inner surface, either through pH gradient effects or different material types. Through these two approaches, the study designed and analyzed the stability of ion transport characteristics in two nanochannel models under varying geometric structures. Our findings indicate that nanochannels with bipolar properties generated through pH gradients demonstrate more stable ion selection, whereas nanochannels with bipolar properties generated through different materials show stronger stability in ion rectification. This conclusion provides a theoretical foundation for future nanochannel designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohan He
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Juncheng Zhao
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Liuyong Shi
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Liping Wen
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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7
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Zhang R, Hao L, Cheng K, Xin B, Sun J, Guo J. Research progress of electrically-enhanced membrane bioreactor (EMBR) in pollutants removal and membrane fouling alleviation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138791. [PMID: 37105306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Membrane bioreactor (MBR), as a biological unit for wastewater treatment, has been proven to have the advantages of simple structure and high pollutant removal rate. However, membrane fouling limits its wide application, and it is crucial to adopt effective membrane fouling control methods. As a new type of membrane fouling control technology, electrically-enhanced MBR (EMBR) has attracted more interest recently. It uses the driving force of electric field to make pollutants flocculate or move away from the membrane surface to achieve the purpose of inhibiting membrane fouling. This paper expounds the configuration of EMBR in recent years, including the location of membrane components, the way of electric field application and the selection of electrode and membrane materials, and provides the latest development information in various aspects. The enhanced effect of electric field on the removal of comprehensive and refractory pollutants is outlined in detail. And from the perspective of sludge properties (EPS, SMP, sludge particle size, zeta potential and microbial activity), the influence of electric field on sludge characteristics and the relationship between the changes of sludge properties in EMBR and membrane fouling are discussed. Moreover, the electrochemical mechanisms of electric field alleviating membrane fouling are elucidated from electrophoresis, electrostatic repulsion, electroflocculation, electroosmosis, and electrochemical oxidation, and the regeneration and stability of EMBR are assessed. The existing challenges and future research directions are also proposed. This review could provide theoretical guidance and further studies for subsequent topic, and promoting the wide engineering applications of EMBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, PR China.
| | - Liying Hao
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, PR China.
| | - Kai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, PR China.
| | - Beiyu Xin
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, PR China.
| | - Junqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, PR China.
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, School of Water and Environment Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710054, PR China.
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8
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Rathnayaka C, Amarasekara CA, Akabirov K, Murphy MC, Park S, Witek MA, Soper SA. Nanofluidic devices for the separation of biomolecules. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1683:463539. [PMID: 36223665 PMCID: PMC9795076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30-years, microchip electrophoresis and its applications have expanded due to the benefits it offers. Nanochip electrophoresis, on the other hand, is viewed as an evolving area of electrophoresis because it offers some unique advantages not associated with microchip electrophoresis. These advantages arise from unique phenomena that occur in the nanometer domain not readily apparent in the microscale domain due to scale-dependent effects. Scale-dependent effects associated with nanochip electrophoresis includes high surface area-to-volume ratio, electrical double layer overlap generating parabolic flow even for electrokinetic pumping, concentration polarization, transverse electromigration, surface charge dominating flow, and surface roughness. Nanochip electrophoresis devices consist of channels with dimensions ranging from 1 to 1000 nm including classical (1-100 nm) and extended (100 nm - 1000 nm) nanoscale devices. In this review, we highlight scale-dependent phenomena associated with nanochip electrophoresis and the utilization of those phenomena to provide unique biomolecular separations that are not possible with microchip electrophoresis. We will also review the range of materials used for nanoscale separations and the implication of material choice for the top-down fabrication and operation of these devices. We will also provide application examples of nanochip electrophoresis for biomolecule separations with an emphasis on nano-electrophoresis (nEP) and nano-electrochromatography (nEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurika Rathnayaka
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Charuni A. Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Khurshed Akabirov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Michael C. Murphy
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA,Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70810, USA
| | - Sunggook Park
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA,Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70810, USA
| | - Malgorzata A. Witek
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA,KU Cancer Center and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Corresponding author at: Integrated Science Building, University of Kansas, 1567 Irving Hill Road, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA. (S.A. Soper)
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9
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Vaidyanathan S, Gamage S, Dathathreya K, Kryk R, Manoharan A, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Choi J, Park D, Park S, Soper SA. Fluidic operation of a polymer-based nanosensor chip for analysing single molecules. FLOW (CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND) 2022; 2:E14. [PMID: 35936867 PMCID: PMC9356744 DOI: 10.1017/flo.2022.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most medical diagnostic tests are expensive, involve slow turnaround times from centralized laboratories and require highly specialized equipment with seasoned technicians to carry out the assay. To facilitate realization of precision medicine at the point of care, we have developed a mixed-scale nanosensor chip featuring high surface area pillar arrays where solid-phase reactions can be performed to detect and identify nucleic acid targets found in diseased patients. Products formed can be identified and detected using a polymer nanofluidic channel. To guide delivery of this platform, we discuss the operation of various components of the device and simulations (COMSOL) used to guide the design by investigating parameters such as pillar array loading, and hydrodynamic and electrokinetic flows. The fabrication of the nanosensor is discussed, which was performed using a silicon (Si) master patterned with a combination of focused ion beam milling and photolithography with deep reactive ion etching. The mixed-scale patterns were transferred into a thermoplastic via thermal nanoimprint lithography, which facilitated fabrication of the nanosensor chip making it appropriate for in vitro diagnostics. The results from COMSOL were experimentally verified for hydrodynamic flow using Rhodamine B as a fluorescent tracer and electrokinetic flow using single fluorescently labelled oligonucleotides (single-stranded DNAs, ssDNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnagowri Vaidyanathan
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Sachindra Gamage
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Kavya Dathathreya
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Renee Kryk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Anishkumar Manoharan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Junseo Choi
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Daniel Park
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Sunggook Park
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Bioengineering Program, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
- Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and KU Cancer Center, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
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10
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Peng R, Pan Y, Liu B, Li Z, Pan P, Zhang S, Qin Z, Wheeler AR, Tang XS, Liu X. Understanding Carbon Nanotube-Based Ionic Diodes: Design and Mechanism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100383. [PMID: 34171160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rectification of ion transport through biological ion channels has attracted much attention and inspired the thriving invention and applications of ionic diodes. However, the development of high-performance ionic diodes is still challenging, and the working mechanisms of ionic diodes constructed by 1D ionic nanochannels have not been fully understood. This work reports the systematic investigation of the design and mechanism of a new type of ionic diode constructed from horizontally aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes decorated at their two entrances. The major design and working parameters of the MWCNT-based ionic diode, including the ion channel size, the driven voltage, the properties of working fluids, and the quantity and length of charge modification, are extensively investigated through numerical simulations and/or experiments. An optimized ionic current rectification (ICR) ratio of 1481.5 is experimentally achieved on the MWCNT-based ionic diode. These results promise potential applications of the MWCNT-based ionic diode in biosensing and biocomputing. As a proof-of-concept, DNA detection and HIV-1 diagnosis is demonstrated on the ionic diode. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the working principle of the MWCNT-based ionic diodes and will allow rational device design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Peng
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, 1 Lingshui Road, Dalian, Liaoning, 116026, China
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yueyue Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Biwu Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Peng Pan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Zhen Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Xiaowu Shirley Tang
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology (WIN), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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11
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Ngom SM, Potier IL, Haghiri-Gosnet AM, Gamby J. Modeling the role played by nanoslit lengths on conductance changes into micro nano microfluidics devices. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Novotný T, Gaš B. Mathematical model of electromigration allowing the deviation from electroneutrality. Electrophoresis 2020; 42:881-889. [PMID: 33242221 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the double layer on the boundary between solid and liquid phases is described by various models, of which the Stern-Gouy-Chapman model is still commonly accepted. Generally, the solid phase is charged, which also causes the distribution of the electric charge in the adjacent diffuse layer in the liquid phase. We propose a new mathematical model of electromigration considering the high deviation from electroneutrality in the diffuse layer of the double layer when the liquid phase is composed of solution of weak multivalent electrolytes of any valence and of any complexity. The mathematical model joins together the Poisson equation, the continuity equation for electric charge, the mass continuity equations, and the modified G-function. The model is able to calculate the volume charge density, electric potential, and concentration profiles of all ionic forms of all electrolytes in the diffuse part of the double layer, which consequently enables to calculate conductivity, pH, and deviation from electroneutrality. The model can easily be implemented into the numerical simulation software such as Comsol. Its outcome is demonstrated by the numerical simulation of the double layer composed of a charged silica surface and an adjacent liquid solution composed of weak multivalent electrolytes. The validity of the model is not limited only to the diffuse part of the double layer but is valid for electromigration of electrolytes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Novotný
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Gaš
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Zhang H, Quan X, Chen S, Yu H, Niu J. Electrokinetic Enhancement of Water Flux and Ion Rejection through Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15433-15441. [PMID: 33196185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is promising for constructing next-generation high-performance membranes for water treatment and desalination. However, GO-based membranes are still subjected to low ion rejection or limited water flux. Herein, the electrokinetic effect is employed as a new strategy for the coenhancement of water flux and ion rejection through an ethylenediamine-polystyrenesulfonate intercalated graphene oxide/carbon nanotube (GO&EDA-PSS/CNT) asymmetric membrane. Benefiting from the external voltage applied across the GO&EDA-PSS layer, the electrokinetically driven water transport velocity is significantly increased from 0 to 23.7 μm s-1 with increasing the voltage from 0 to 3.0 V. As a result, the water flux is improved from 9.1 to 17.4 L m-2 h-1 under a transmembrane pressure of 1 bar. Simultaneously, the rejection rate for NaCl is increased from 52.4% to 78.3%. Numerical analysis reveals that the increased rejection rate is attributed to the electrokinetic enhancements of water transport through the membrane and ion partitioning between the membrane and bulk solution. These results indicate that the assistance of the electrokinetic effect is an effective means to improve membrane filtration performance, which provides a new perspective on the design of advanced membranes for achieving high water flux and rejection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hongtao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education, China), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
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14
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St-Denis T, Yazda K, Capaldi X, Bustamante J, Safari M, Miyahara Y, Zhang Y, Grutter P, Reisner W. An apparatus based on an atomic force microscope for implementing tip-controlled local breakdown. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:123703. [PMID: 31893796 DOI: 10.1063/1.5129665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores are powerful tools for sensing of single biomolecules in solution. Fabrication of solid-state nanopores is still challenging, however; in particular, new methods are needed to facilitate the integration of pores with larger nanofluidic and electronic device architectures. We have developed the tip-controlled local breakdown (TCLB) approach, in which an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip is brought into contact with a silicon nitride membrane that is placed onto an electrolyte reservoir. The application of a voltage bias at the AFM tip induces a dielectric breakdown that leads to the formation of a nanopore at the tip position. In this work, we report on the details of the apparatus used to fabricate nanopores using the TCLB method, and we demonstrate the formation of nanopores with smaller, more controlled diameters using a current limiting circuit that zeroes the voltage upon pore formation. Additionally, we demonstrate the capability of TCLB to fabricate pores aligned to embedded topographical features on the membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T St-Denis
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - K Yazda
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - X Capaldi
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - J Bustamante
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - M Safari
- Norcada, 4548-99 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6E 5H5, Canada
| | - Y Miyahara
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - Y Zhang
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - P Grutter
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
| | - W Reisner
- Physics Department, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2T8, Canada
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15
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Mitra S, Maity S, Sutradhar S, Bandyopadhyay D. Electroosmosis with Augmented Mixing in Rigid to Flexible Microchannels with Surface Patterns. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirsendu Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Surjendu Maity
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Shaon Sutradhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Dipankar Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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16
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Hu X, Lu D. Intensification of chemical separation engineering by nanostructured channels and nanofluidics: From theories to applications. Chin J Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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O'Neil C, Amarasekara CA, Weerakoon-Ratnayake KM, Gross B, Jia Z, Singh V, Park S, Soper SA. Electrokinetic transport properties of deoxynucleotide monophosphates (dNMPs) through thermoplastic nanochannels. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:67-75. [PMID: 29866271 PMCID: PMC6408931 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The electrokinetic behavior of molecules in nanochannels (<100 nm in length) have generated interest due to the unique transport properties observed that are not seen in microscale channels. These nanoscale dependent transport properties include transverse electromigration arising from partial electrical double layer overlap, enhanced solute/wall interactions due to the small channel diameter, and field-dependent intermittent motion produced by surface roughness. In this study, the electrokinetic transport properties of deoxynucleotide monophosphates (dNMPs) were investigated, including the effects of electric field strength, surface effects, and composition of the carrier electrolyte (ionic concentration and pH). The dNMPs were labeled with a fluorescent reporter (ATTO 532) to allow tracking of the electrokinetic transport of the dNMPs through a thermoplastic nanochannel fabricated via nanoimprinting (110 nm × 110 nm, width × depth, and 100 μm in length). We discovered that the transport properties in plastic nanochannels of the dye-labeled dNMPs produced differences in their apparent mobilities that were not seen using microscale columns. We built histograms for each dNMP from their apparent mobilities under different operating conditions and fit the histograms to Gaussian functions from which the separation resolution could be deduced as a metric to gage the ability to identify the molecule based on their apparent mobility. We found that the resolution ranged from 0.73 to 2.13 at pH = 8.3. Changing the carrier electrolyte pH > 10 significantly improved separation resolution (0.80-4.84) and reduced the standard deviation in the Gaussian fit to the apparent mobilities. At low buffer concentrations, decreases in separation resolution and increased standard deviations in Gaussian fits to the apparent mobilities of dNMPs were observed due to the increased thickness of the electric double layer leading to a partial parabolic flow profile. The results secured for the dNMPs in thermoplastic nanochannels revealed a high identification efficiency (>99%) in most cases for the dNMPs due to differences in their apparent mobilities when using nanochannels, which could not be achieved using microscale columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Charuni A Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, USA; NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Kumuditha M Weerakoon-Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, USA; NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Bethany Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, USA; NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Zheng Jia
- NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Varshni Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Sunggook Park
- NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Steven A Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Kansas, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Kansas University Medical Center, USA; NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of BioModular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea.
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18
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Abstract
We probe the diffusioosmotic transport in a charged nanofluidic channel in the presence of an applied tangential salt concentration gradient. Ionic salt gradient driven diffusioosmosis or ionic diffusioosmosis (IDO) is characterized by the generation of an induced tangential electric field and a diffusioosmotic velocity (DOSV) that is a combination of an electroosmotic velocity (EOSV) triggered by this electric field and a chemiosmotic velocity (COSV) triggered by an induced tangential pressure gradient. We explain that unlike the existing theories on IDO, it is more appropriate to apply the zero net current conditions (formulation F2) and not more restrictive zero net local flux conditions (formulation F1) particularly for the case where one considers a nanochannel connected to two reservoirs. We pinpoint limitations in the existing literature in correctly predicting the diffusioosmotic behavior even for the case where formulation F1 is used. We address these limitations and establish that (a) the induced electric field is an interplay of the differences in ionic diffusivity, the EDL-induced imbalance in ion concentrations, and the advection effects, (b) formulation F1 may overpredict or underpredict the electric field and the EOSV leading to an overprediction/underprediction of the DOSV and (c) formulation F2 demonstrates remarkable fluid physics of localized backflows owing to a dominant local influence of the COSV, which is missed by formulation F1. We anticipate that our theory will provide the first rigorous understanding of nanofluidic IDO with applications in multiple areas of low Reynolds number transport such as biofluidics, microfluidic separation, and colloidal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Jing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD-20742, USA.
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19
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Mei L, Zhang H, Meng H, Qian S. Electroosmotic Flow of Viscoelastic Fluid in a Nanoslit. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9040155. [PMID: 30424089 PMCID: PMC6187649 DOI: 10.3390/mi9040155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The electroosmotic flow (EOF) of viscoelastic fluid in a long nanoslit is numerically studied to investigate the rheological property effect of Linear Phan-Thien-Tanner (LPTT) fluid on the fully developed EOF. The non-linear Poisson-Nernst-Planck equations governing the electric potential and the ionic concentration distribution within the channel are adopted to take into account the effect of the electrical double layer (EDL), including the EDL overlap. When the EDL is not overlapped, the velocity profiles for both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids are plug-like and increase sharply near the charged wall. The velocity profile resembles that of pressure-driven flow when the EDL is overlapped. Regardless of the EDL thickness, apparent increase of velocity is obtained for viscoelastic fluid of larger Weissenberg number compared to the Newtonian fluid, indicating the shear thinning behavior of the LPTT fluid. The effect of the Weissenberg number on the velocity distribution is less significant as the degree of EDL overlapping increases, due to the overall decrease of the shear rate. The increase (decrease) of polymer extensibility (viscosity ratio) also enhances the EOF of viscoelastic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanju Mei
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
| | - Hongna Zhang
- Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Hongxia Meng
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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20
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Maheedhara RS, Jing H, Sachar HS, Das S. Highly enhanced liquid flows via thermoosmotic effects in soft and charged nanochannels. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:24300-24316. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a massively augmented thermoosmotic transport in nanochannels grafted with end-charged polyelectrolyte brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haoyuan Jing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
| | | | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Maryland
- College Park
- USA
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21
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Weerakoon-Ratnayake KM, O'Neil CE, Uba FI, Soper SA. Thermoplastic nanofluidic devices for biomedical applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:362-381. [PMID: 28009883 PMCID: PMC5285477 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01173j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics is now moving into a developmental stage where basic discoveries are being transitioned into the commercial sector so that these discoveries can affect, for example, healthcare. Thus, high production rate microfabrication technologies, such as thermal embossing and/or injection molding, are being used to produce low-cost consumables appropriate for commercial applications. Based on recent reports, it is clear that nanofluidics offers some attractive process capabilities that may provide unique venues for biomolecular analyses that cannot be realized at the microscale. Thus, it would be attractive to consider early in the developmental cycle of nanofluidics production pipelines that can generate devices possessing sub-150 nm dimensions in a high production mode and at low-cost to accommodate the commercialization of this exciting technology. Recently, functional sub-150 nm thermoplastic nanofluidic devices have been reported that can provide high process yield rates, which can enable commercial translation of nanofluidics. This review presents an overview of recent advancements in the fabrication, assembly, surface modification and the characterization of thermoplastic nanofluidic devices. Also, several examples in which nanoscale phenomena have been exploited for the analysis of biomolecules are highlighted. Lastly, some general conclusions and future outlooks are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumuditha M Weerakoon-Ratnayake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Colleen E O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA
| | - Franklin I Uba
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Steven A Soper
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA. and Kansas University Medical Center NIH Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA and NIH Biotechnology Resource Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, USA and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, South Korea
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22
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Cen GJ, Chang CC, Wang CY. Optimizing electroosmotic flow in an annulus from Debye Hückel approximation to Poisson–Boltzmann equation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27105g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal EO pumping rates on the plane of zeta potentials with distribution of the inner radius of annular tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan-Jun Cen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- China
- Institute of Applied Mechanics and Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Sciences
| | - Chien-Cheng Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Guangxi University
- Nanning 530004
- China
- Institute of Applied Mechanics and Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Sciences
| | - Chang-Yi Wang
- Departments of Mathematics and Mechanical Engineering
- Michigan State University
- East Lansing
- USA
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23
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Biscombe CJC. Die Entdeckung der elektrokinetischen Phänomene: Was ist wirklich geschehen? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. C. Biscombe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australien
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24
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Biscombe CJC. The Discovery of Electrokinetic Phenomena: Setting the Record Straight. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:8338-8340. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian J. C. Biscombe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
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25
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Abstract
Nanoscale fluid transport through conduits in the 1-100 nm range is termed as nanofluidics. Over the past decade or so, significant scientific and technological advances have occurred in the domain of nanofluidics with a transverse external electrical signal through a dielectric layer permitting control over ionic and fluid flows in these nanoscale conduits. Consequently, this special class of nanofluidic devices is commonly referred to as field effect devices, analogous to the solid-state field effect transistors that form the basis for modern electronics. In this mini-review, we focus on summarizing the recent developments in field effect nanofluidics as a discipline and evaluate both tutorially and critically the scientific and technological advances that have been reported, including a discussion on the future outlook and identifying broad open questions which suggest that there are many breakthroughs still to come in field-effect nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaurya Prakash
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - A T Conlisk
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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26
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Startsev MA, Ostrowski M, Goldys EM, Inglis DW. A mobility shift assay for DNA detection using nanochannel gradient electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:335-341. [PMID: 27515373 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional detection of pathogenic or other biological contamination relies on amplification of DNA using sequence-specific primers. Recent work in nanofluidics has shown very high concentration enhancement of biomolecules with some degree of simultaneous separation. This work demonstrates the combination of these two approaches by selectively concentrating a mobility-shifted hybridization product, potentially enabling rapid detection of rare DNA fragments such as highly specific 16S ribosomal DNA. We have performed conductivity gradient electrofocusing within nanofluidic channels and have shown concentration of hybridized peptide nucleic acids and DNA oligomers. We also show selectivity to single base-pair mismatch on 18-mer oligos. This approach may enable sensitive optical detection of small amounts of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Startsev
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Ostrowski
- Department of Chemistry and Bimolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - David W Inglis
- Department of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Matin M, Ohshima H. Thermal transport characteristics of combined electroosmotic and pressure driven flow in soft nanofluidics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 476:167-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Abstract
The electroosmotic flow (EOF) velocity in single PDMS nanochannels with dimensions as small as 20 nm is investigated systematically by the current slope method in this paper. A novel method for the fabrication of single nanochannels on PDMS surfaces is developed. The effects of channel size, ionic concentration of the electrolyte solution and electric field on the EOF velocity in single nanochannels are investigated. The results show that the EOF velocity in smaller nanochannels with overlapped electric double layers (EDL) is proportional to the applied electric field but is smaller than the EOF velocity in microchannels under the same applied electric field. The EOF velocity in relatively large nanochannels without the overlap of EDLs is independent of the channel size and is the same as that in microchannels under the same applied electric field. Furthermore, in smaller nanochannels with overlapped EDLs, the EOF velocity depends on the ionic concentration and also on the channel size. The experimental results reported in this paper are valuable for the future studies of electrokinetic nanofluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Peng
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaN2L 3G1.
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaN2L 3G1.
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29
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Dielectric properties of a single nanochannel investigated by high-frequency impedance spectroscopy. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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30
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Weerakoon-Ratnayake KM, Uba FI, Oliver-Calixte NJ, Soper SA. Electrophoretic Separation of Single Particles Using Nanoscale Thermoplastic Columns. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3569-77. [PMID: 26963496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenomena associated with microscale electrophoresis separations cannot, in many cases, be applied to the nanoscale. Thus, understanding the electrophoretic characteristics associated with the nanoscale will help formulate relevant strategies that can optimize the performance of separations carried out on columns with at least one dimension below 150 nm. Electric double layer (EDL) overlap, diffusion, and adsorption/desorption properties and/or dielectrophoretic effects giving rise to stick/slip motion are some of the processes that can play a role in determining the efficiency of nanoscale electrophoretic separations. We investigated the performance characteristics of electrophoretic separations carried out in nanoslits fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, devices. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as the model system with tracking of their transport via dark field microscopy and localized surface plasmon resonance. AgNPs capped with citrate groups and the negatively charged PMMA walls (induced by O2 plasma modification of the nanoslit walls) enabled separations that were not apparent when these particles were electrophoresed in microscale columns. The separation of AgNPs based on their size without the need for buffer additives using PMMA nanoslit devices is demonstrated herein. Operational parameters such as the electric field strength, nanoslit dimensions, and buffer composition were evaluated as to their effects on the electrophoretic performance, both in terms of efficiency (plate numbers) and resolution. Electrophoretic separations performed at high electric field strengths (>200 V/cm) resulted in higher plate numbers compared to lower fields due to the absence of stick/slip motion at the higher electric field strengths. Indeed, 60 nm AgNPs could be separated from 100 nm particles in free solution using nanoscale electrophoresis with 100 μm long columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumuditha M Weerakoon-Ratnayake
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70803, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Franklin I Uba
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nyoté J Oliver-Calixte
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70803, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Steven A Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Lousiana 70803, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Center of Biomodular Multiscale Systems for Precision Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology , Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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31
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ONeil CE, Jackson JM, Shim SH, Soper SA. Interrogating Surface Functional Group Heterogeneity of Activated Thermoplastics Using Super-Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3686-96. [PMID: 26927303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for characterizing surfaces utilizing super-resolution fluorescence microscopy with subdiffraction limit spatial resolution. Thermoplastic surfaces were activated by UV/O3 or O2 plasma treatment under various conditions to generate pendant surface-confined carboxylic acids (-COOH). These surface functional groups were then labeled with a photoswitchable dye and interrogated using single-molecule, localization-based, super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to elucidate the surface heterogeneity of these functional groups across the activated surface. Data indicated nonuniform distributions of these functional groups for both COC and PMMA thermoplastics with the degree of heterogeneity being dose dependent. In addition, COC demonstrated relative higher surface density of functional groups compared to PMMA for both UV/O3 and O2 plasma treatment. The spatial distribution of -COOH groups secured from super-resolution imaging were used to simulate nonuniform patterns of electroosmotic flow in thermoplastic nanochannels. Simulations were compared to single-particle tracking of fluorescent nanoparticles within thermoplastic nanoslits to demonstrate the effects of surface functional group heterogeneity on the electrokinetic transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sang-Hee Shim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Steven A Soper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan, South Korea
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Matin MH, Khan WA. Electrokinetic effects on pressure driven flow of viscoelastic fluids in nanofluidic channels with Navier slip condition. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chen G, Das S. Scaling Laws and Ionic Current Inversion in Polyelectrolyte-Grafted Nanochannels. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12714-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b07167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Matin MH, Ohshima H. Combined electroosmotically and pressure driven flow in soft nanofluidics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 460:361-9. [PMID: 26385594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study is devoted to the analysis of mixed electroosmotic and pressure driven flows through a soft charged nanochannel considering boundary slip and constant charge density on the walls of the slit channel. The sources of the fluid flow are the pressure gradient along the channel axis and the electrokinetic effects that trigger an electroosmotic flow under the influence of a uniformly applied electric field. The polyelectrolyte layer (PEL) is denoted as a fixed charge layer (FCL) and the electrolyte ions can be present both inside and outside the PEL i.e., the PEL-electrolyte interface acts as a semi-penetrable membrane. The Poisson-Boltzmann equation is solved assuming the Debye-Hückel linearization for the low electric potential to provide us with analytical closed form solutions for the conservation equations. The conservation equations are solved to obtain the electric potential and velocity distributions in terms of governing dimensionless parameters. The results for the dimensionless electric potential, the dimensionless velocity and Poiseuille number are presented graphically and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Habibi Matin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and CFD Research Centre, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Hiroyuki Ohshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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35
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Haywood D, Harms ZD, Jacobson SC. Electroosmotic flow in nanofluidic channels. Anal Chem 2014; 86:11174-80. [PMID: 25365680 PMCID: PMC4238593 DOI: 10.1021/ac502596m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the measurement of electroosmotic mobilities in nanofluidic channels with rectangular cross sections and compare our results with theory. Nanofluidic channels were milled directly into borosilicate glass between two closely spaced microchannels with a focused ion beam instrument, and the nanochannels had half-depths (h) of 27, 54, and 108 nm and the same half-width of 265 nm. We measured electroosmotic mobilities in NaCl solutions from 0.1 to 500 mM that have Debye lengths (κ(-1)) from 30 to 0.4 nm, respectively. The experimental electroosmotic mobilities compare quantitatively to mobilities calculated from a nonlinear solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for channels with a parallel-plate geometry. For the calculations, ζ-potentials measured in a microchannel with a half-depth of 2.5 μm are used and range from -6 to -73 mV for 500 to 0.1 mM NaCl, respectively. For κh > 50, the Smoluchowski equation accurately predicts electroosmotic mobilities in the nanochannels. However, for κh < 10, the electrical double layer extends into the nanochannels, and due to confinement within the channels, the average electroosmotic mobilities decrease. At κh ≈ 4, the electroosmotic mobilities in the 27, 54, and 108 nm channels exhibit maxima, and at 0.1 mM NaCl, the electroosmotic mobility in the 27 nm channel (κh = 1) is 5-fold lower than the electroosmotic mobility in the 2.5 μm channel (κh = 100).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
G. Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Zachary D. Harms
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - Stephen C. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
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36
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Slouka Z, Senapati S, Chang HC. Microfluidic systems with ion-selective membranes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:317-35. [PMID: 24818814 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
When integrated into microfluidic chips, ion-selective nanoporous polymer and solid-state membranes can be used for on-chip pumping, pH actuation, analyte concentration, molecular separation, reactive mixing, and molecular sensing. They offer numerous functionalities and are hence superior to paper-based devices for point-of-care biochips, with only slightly more investment in fabrication and material costs required. In this review, we first discuss the fundamentals of several nonequilibrium ion current phenomena associated with ion-selective membranes, many of them revealed by studies with fabricated single nanochannels/nanopores. We then focus on how the plethora of phenomena has been applied for transport, separation, concentration, and detection of biomolecules on biochips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Slouka
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556; , ,
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Louër AC, Plecis A, Pallandre A, Galas JC, Estevez-Torres A, Haghiri-Gosnet AM. Pressure-assisted selective preconcentration in a straight nanochannel. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7948-56. [PMID: 23875641 DOI: 10.1021/ac4016159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the preconcentration profiles of a fluorescein and bovine serum albumin derivatized with this fluorescent tag in a microfluidic chip bearing a nanoslit. A new preconcentration method in which a hydrodynamic pressure is added to both electroosmotic and electrophoretic contributions is proposed to monitor the location of the preconcentration frontline. A simple predictive model of this pressure-assisted electropreconcentration is proposed for the evolution of the flow profile along this micro/nano/microfluidic structure. We show with a small analyte such as fluorescein that the additional hydrostatic pressure mode enables to stabilize the concentration polarization (CP) effect, resulting in better control of the cathodic focusing (CF) peak. For BSA (bovine serum albumin), we exhibit that the variation of the hydrodynamic pressure can have an even more drastic effect on the preconcentration. We show that, depending on this hydrodynamic pressure, the preconcentration can be chosen, either in the cathodic side or in the anodic one. For the first time, we prove here that both anodic focusing (AF) and cathodic focusing (CF) regimes can be reached in the same structures. These results also open new routes for the detection and the quantification of low abundance biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Louër
- Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures, CNRS-UPR 20, 91460 Marcoussis, France.
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Chakraborty J, Dey R, Chakraborty S. Consistent accounting of steric effects for prediction of streaming potential in narrow confinements. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:061504. [PMID: 23367955 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.061504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The traditional modeling framework for determining streaming potential, when taking into consideration finite size effects, suffers from an oversight in that while the model incorporates the size effects in the ion distribution profiles, it neglects these very same effects in the flux contributions, even though diffusivities are intrinsically linked with ionic friction, which again depends on the size of the ions. This oversight may lead to inconsistent quantitative estimates through ad hoc consideration of diffusivity values, apparently independent of the specific size of the ions, which nevertheless determines the ionic profiles. We remedy this theoretical inconsistency by expressing the diffusivity in terms of the ionic radius and investigate the consequences of such a description of the diffusivity-dependent flux, consistent with the ionic distribution profiles, on streaming potential mediated flow predictions. Additionally, we consider the effects of "charge induced thickening" so that both viscosity and diffusivity are expressed as spatially varying functions. As an unintuitive implication, we also show that calculation of nonzero values of streaming potential under the purview of classical Boltzmann distributions, which consider ions to be pointlike charges, is itself a theoretical inconsistency. We believe that the simple framework presented in this paper will pave the way for more sophisticated modeling efforts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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39
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de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Merkoçi A. Nanochannels preparation and application in biosensing. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7556-83. [PMID: 22880686 DOI: 10.1021/nn301368z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Selective transport in nanochannels (protein-based ion channels) is already used in living systems for electrical signaling in nerves and muscles, and this natural behavior is being approached for the application of biomimetic nanochannels in biosensors. On the basis of this principle, single nanochannels and nanochannel arrays seem to bring new advantages for biosensor development and applications. The purpose of this review is to provide a general comprehensive and critical overview on the latest trends in the development of nanochannel-based biosensing systems. A detailed description and discussion of representative and recent works covering the main nanochannel fabrication techniques, nanoporous material characterizations, and especially their application in both electrochemical and optical sensing systems is given. The state-of-the-art of the developed technology may open the way to new advances in the integration of nanochannels with (bio)molecules and synthetic receptors for the development of novel biodetection systems that can be extended to many other applications with interest for clinical analysis, safety, and security as well as environmental and other industrial studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, CIN2, ICN-CSIC, Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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40
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Xia D, Yan J, Hou S. Fabrication of nanofluidic biochips with nanochannels for applications in DNA analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2787-801. [PMID: 22778064 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, great progress has been made in the fabrication of nanochannels. Nanofluidic biochips based on nanochannel structures allow biomolecule transport, bioseparation, and biodetection. The domain applications of nanofluidic biochips with nanochannels are DNA stretching and separation. In this Review, the general fabrication methods for nanochannel structures and their applications in DNA analysis are discussed. These representative fabrication approaches include conventional photolithography, interference lithography, electron-beam lithography, nanoimprint lithography and polymer nanochannels. Other nanofabrication methods used to fabricate unique nanochannels, including sub-10-nm nanochannels, single nanochannels, and vertical nanochannels, are also mentioned. These nanofabrication methods provide an effective way to form nanoscale channel structures for nanofluidics and biosensor devices for DNA separation, detection, and sensing. The broad applications of nanochannels and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Xia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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41
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Shi D, Chen J, Riaz S, Zhou W, Han X. Controlled nanostructuring of multiphase core-shell nanowires by a template-assisted electrodeposition approach. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:305601. [PMID: 22751156 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/30/305601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase core-shell nanowires have been fabricated by controlling the ion transport processes of the microfluids in the nanochannels of the template. Both forced convection and pulsed potential induced migration can be applied to tune the morphologies of the nanostructures obtained by manipulating the ion transport during electrodeposition. The morphology and content of the core-shell structure were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), respectively. The magnetic properties were analyzed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis. A magnetically hard core and soft shell constitutes the multiphase composite nanostructure. The unique magnetic hysteresis curve indicates the decoupled magnetic reversal processes of the two components. Our work provides deeper insights into the formation mechanisms of a new core-shell nanostructure, which may have potential applications in novel spintronics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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42
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Yaroshchuk AE. Transport properties of long straight nano-channels in electrolyte solutions: a systematic approach. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 168:278-91. [PMID: 21496786 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The principle of local thermodynamic equilibrium is systematically employed for obtaining various transport properties of long straight nano-channels. The concept of virtual solution is used to describe situations of non-negligible overlap of diffuse parts of electric double layers (EDLs) in nano-channels. Generic expressions for a variety of transport properties of long straight nano-channels are obtained in terms of quasi-equilibrium distribution coefficients of ions and functionals of quasi-equilibrium distribution of electrostatic potential. Further, the Poisson-Boltzmann approach is used to specify these expressions for long straight slit-like nano-channels. In the approximation of non-overlapped diffuse parts of double electric layers in nano-channels, simple analytical expressions are obtained for the apparent electrophoretic mobilities of (trace) analytes of arbitrary charge as well as for the salt reflection coefficient (osmotic pressure), salt diffusion permeability and electro-viscosity (electrokinetic energy conversion). The approximate solutions are compared with the results of rigorous solution of non-linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and the accuracy of approximation is shown to be typically excellent when the nano-channel half-height exceeds ca.3 Debye screening lengths. Due to non-negligible electrostatic adsorption of ions by nano-channels, the apparent electrophoretic mobilities of counter-ionic analytes in nano-channels are smaller than in micro-channels whereas those of co-ionic analytes are larger. This dependence on the charge is useful for the separation of analytes of close electrophoretic mobilities. The osmotic pressure is shown to be positive, negative or pass through maxima as a function of applied salt-concentration difference within a fairly narrow range of ratios of nano-channel height to the Debye screening length. The diffusion permeability of charged nano-channels to single salts is demonstrated (for the first time) to be typically larger than that of neutral nano-channels of the same dimensions due to electrical facilitation of salt diffusion.
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Chantiwas R, Park S, Soper SA, Kim BC, Takayama S, Sunkara V, Hwang H, Cho YK. Flexible fabrication and applications of polymer nanochannels and nanoslits. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3677-702. [PMID: 21442106 PMCID: PMC4773912 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00138d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluidic devices that employ nanoscale structures (<100 nm in one or two dimensions, slits or channels, respectively) are generating great interest due to the unique properties afforded by this size domain compared to their micro-scale counterparts. Examples of interesting nanoscale phenomena include the ability to preconcentrate ionic species at extremely high levels due to ion selective migration, unique molecular separation modalities, confined environments to allow biopolymer stretching and elongation and solid-phase bioreactions that are not constrained by mass transport artifacts. Indeed, many examples in the literature have demonstrated these unique opportunities, although predominately using glass, fused silica or silicon as the substrate material. Polymer microfluidics has established itself as an alternative to glass, fused silica, or silicon-based fluidic devices. The primary advantages arising from the use of polymers are the diverse fabrication protocols that can be used to produce the desired structures, the extensive array of physiochemical properties associated with different polymeric materials, and the simple and robust modification strategies that can be employed to alter the substrate's surface chemistry. However, while the strengths of polymer microfluidics is currently being realized, the evolution of polymer-based nanofluidics has only recently been reported. In this critical review, the opportunities afforded by polymer-based nanofluidics will be discussed using both elastomeric and thermoplastic materials. In particular, various fabrication modalities will be discussed along with the nanometre size domains that they can achieve for both elastomer and thermoplastic materials. Different polymer substrates that can be used for nanofluidics will be presented along with comparisons to inorganic nanodevices and the consequences of material differences on the fabrication and operation of nanofluidic devices (257 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattikan Chantiwas
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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44
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Movahed S, Li D. Electrokinetic transport through nanochannels. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1259-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Zhang H, Hassanali AA, Shin YK, Knight C, Singer SJ. The water–amorphous silica interface: Analysis of the Stern layer and surface conduction. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3510536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Challenges in the use of 1D nanostructures for on-chip biosensing and diagnostics: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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47
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Gong W, Xue J, Zhuang Q, Wu X, Xu S. Fabrication of nanochannels with water-dissolvable nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:195302. [PMID: 20400822 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/19/195302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We report here a template method for the fabrication of nanochannels with water-dissolvable NaNH(4)Mo(3)O(10).H(2)O nanowires as the sacrificial material. By using these nanowires, which have diameters ranging from 20 to 150 nm and lengths up to a hundred microns, we have demonstrated that it is possible to obtain nanochannels with the desired shape of cross section, and desired types of channel material, such as metals and oxides. This technique shows a good potential for the development of various microfluidic and nanofluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Gong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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48
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Piruska A, Gong M, Sweedler JV, Bohn PW. Nanofluidics in chemical analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1060-72. [DOI: 10.1039/b900409m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Sparreboom W, van den Berg A, Eijkel JCT. Principles and applications of nanofluidic transport. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 4:713-20. [PMID: 19898499 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolution from microfluidic to nanofluidic systems has been accompanied by the emergence of new fluid phenomena and the potential for new nanofluidic devices. This review provides an introduction to the theory of nanofluidic transport, focusing on the various forces that influence the movement of both solvents and solutes through nanochannels, and reviews the applications of nanofluidic devices in separation science and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sparreboom
- BIOS/Lab on a Chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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50
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Abstract
Dispersion or spreading of analyte bands is a barrier to achieving high resolution in microfluidic separations. The role of dispersion in separations is reviewed with emphasis on metrics, sources and common principles of analysis. Three sources of dispersion (a) inhomogeneous flow fields, (b) solute wall interactions and (c) force fields normal to channel walls are studied in detail. Microfluidic and nanofluidic applications to capillary electrophoresis, chromatography and field-flow fractionation, that are subject to one or more of these three physical processes under standard, unintentional or novel operating conditions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Datta
- 201, W 19th Avenue, Mechanical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sandip Ghosal
- 2145 Sheridan Road, Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3111, USA
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