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Kauppila TJ, Syage JA, Benter T. Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:423-449. [PMID: 25988849 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina J Kauppila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Finland
| | - Jack A Syage
- Morpho Detection, 1251 E. Dyer Rd., Santa Ana, CA 92705, USA
| | - Thorsten Benter
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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2
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Hecht ES, Oberg AL, Muddiman DC. Optimizing Mass Spectrometry Analyses: A Tailored Review on the Utility of Design of Experiments. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:767-85. [PMID: 26951559 PMCID: PMC4841694 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a tool that can analyze nearly all classes of molecules, with its scope rapidly expanding in the areas of post-translational modifications, MS instrumentation, and many others. Yet integration of novel analyte preparatory and purification methods with existing or novel mass spectrometers can introduce new challenges for MS sensitivity. The mechanisms that govern detection by MS are particularly complex and interdependent, including ionization efficiency, ion suppression, and transmission. Performance of both off-line and MS methods can be optimized separately or, when appropriate, simultaneously through statistical designs, broadly referred to as "design of experiments" (DOE). The following review provides a tutorial-like guide into the selection of DOE for MS experiments, the practices for modeling and optimization of response variables, and the available software tools that support DOE implementation in any laboratory. This review comes 3 years after the latest DOE review (Hibbert DB, 2012), which provided a comprehensive overview on the types of designs available and their statistical construction. Since that time, new classes of DOE, such as the definitive screening design, have emerged and new calls have been made for mass spectrometrists to adopt the practice. Rather than exhaustively cover all possible designs, we have highlighted the three most practical DOE classes available to mass spectrometrists. This review further differentiates itself by providing expert recommendations for experimental setup and defining DOE entirely in the context of three case-studies that highlight the utility of different designs to achieve different goals. A step-by-step tutorial is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Hecht
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Ann L Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- W. M. Keck FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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3
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Use of response surface methodology to optimize the simultaneous separation of eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by capillary zone electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:181-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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He J, Shamsi SA. Application of polymeric surfactants in chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CMEKC) and CMEKC coupled to mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 970:319-348. [PMID: 23283788 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-263-6_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The use of amino acid-based polymeric surfactants (a.k.a. molecular micelles) in chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CMEKC) has been shown to be a successful separation mode for capillary electrophoresis (CE). In this mode, chiral compounds can be enantioseparated with high efficiency, high chiral selectivity, and versatility. This chapter describes the state-of-the art studies published in the past 5 years in CMEKC using polymeric surfactants. Recent trends in the compatibility of chiral polymeric surfactants with mass spectrometric (MS) detection suggest that this type of chiral selector may be the most promising ones for chiral CE-MS applications. The synthesis of new anionic and cationic MS-compatible polymeric surfactants and their utility in CMEKC and CMEKC-MS are demonstrated. Examples of how to run a typical CMEKC-MS experiment using univariate and multivariate optimization of CMEKC and MS parameters are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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5
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Chang C, Xu G, Bai Y, Zhang C, Li X, Li M, Liu Y, Liu H. Online Coupling of Capillary Electrophoresis with Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303450v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuilan Chang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Gege Xu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengsen Zhang
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Li
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National
Laboratory for Molecular Sciences,
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of
Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interfaces: Fundamental concepts and technical developments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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7
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Yu L, Chu K, Ye H, Liu X, Yu L, Xu X, Chen G. Recent advances in microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Bonvin G, Veuthey JL, Rudaz S, Schappler J. Evaluation of a sheathless nanospray interface based on a porous tip sprayer for CE-ESI-MS coupling. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:552-62. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Chemometrics optimization of six antihistamines separations by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection. Talanta 2012; 88:265-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Ionization techniques in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: principles, design, and application. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1096-1120. [PMID: 21462232 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A major step forward in the development and application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) was its coupling to ESI-MS, first reported in 1987. More than two decades later, ESI has remained the principal ionization technique in CE-MS, but a number of other ionization techniques have also been implemented. In this review the state-of-the-art in the employment of soft ionization techniques for CE-MS is presented. First the fundamentals and general challenges of hyphenating conventional CE and microchip electrophoresis with MS are outlined. After elaborating on the characteristics and role of ESI, emphasis is put on alternative ionization techniques including sonic spray ionization (SSI), thermospray ionization (TSI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and continuous-flow fast atom bombardment (CF-FAB). The principle of each ionization technique is outlined and the experimental set-ups of the CE-MS couplings are described. The strengths and limitations of each ionization technique with respect to CE-MS are discussed and the applicability of the various systems is illustrated by a number of typical examples.
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MESH Headings
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Equipment Design/instrumentation
- Equipment Design/methods
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/analysis
- Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, PO Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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11
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Dejaegher B, Vander Heyden Y. Experimental designs and their recent advances in set-up, data interpretation, and analytical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:141-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Nussbaumer S, Fleury-Souverain S, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Bonnabry P. Quality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin by micellar and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC, MEEKC). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:253-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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He J, Shamsi SA. Chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization of benzoin derivatives using mixed molecular micelles. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1164-75. [PMID: 21500208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we report, for the first time, the successful on-line coupling of chiral MEKC (CMEKC) to atmospheric pressure photoionization MS (APPI-MS). Four structurally similar neutral test solutes (e.g. benzoin (BNZ) derivatives) were successfully ionized by APPI-MS. The mass spectra in the positive ion mode showed that the protonated molecular ions of BNZs are not the most abundant fragment ions. Simultaneous enantioseparation by CMEKC and on-line APPI-MS detection of four photoinitiators, hydrobenzoin, BNZ, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, were achieved using an optimized molar ratio of mixed molecular micelle of two polymeric chiral surfactants (polysodium N-undecenoxy carbonyl-L-leucinate and polysodium N-undecenoyl-L,L-leucylvalinate). The CMEKC conditions, such as voltage, chiral polymeric surfactant concentration, buffer pH, and BGE concentration, were optimized using a multivariate central composite design (CCD). The sheath liquid composition (involving %v/v methanol, dopant concentration, electrolyte additive concentration, and flow rate) and spray chamber parameters (drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, and vaporizer temperature) were also optimized with CCD. Models built based on the CCD results and response surface method were used to analyze the interactions between factors and their effects on the responses. The final overall optimum conditions for CMEKC-APPI-MS were also predicted and found in agreement with the experimentally optimized parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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14
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Debrus B, Broséus J, Guillarme D, Lebrun P, Hubert P, Veuthey JL, Esseiva P, Rudaz S. Innovative methodology to transfer conventional GC-MS heroin profiling to UHPLC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2719-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Gu C, Shamsi SA. CEC-atmospheric pressure ionization MS of pesticides using a surfactant-bound monolithic column. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1162-1174. [PMID: 20349511 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant bound poly (11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column was simply prepared by in situ co-polymerization of 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate with 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol and water as porogens in 100 microm id fused-silica capillary in one step. This column was used in CEC-atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)-MS system for separation and detection of N-methylcarbamates pesticides. Numerous parameters are optimized for CEC-APPI-MS. After evaluation of the mobile phase composition, sheath liquid composition and the monolithic capillary outlet position, a fractional factorial design was selected as a screening procedure to identify factors of ionization source parameters, such as sheath liquid flow rate, drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, nebulizing gas pressure, vaporizer temperature and capillary voltage, which significantly influence APPI-MS sensitivity. A face-centered central composite design was further utilized to optimize the most significant parameters and predict the best sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, S/Ns around 78 were achieved for an injection of 100 ng/mL of each pesticide. Finally, this CEC-APPI-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of nine N-methylcarbamates in spiked apple juice sample after solid phase extraction with recoveries in the range of 65-109%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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16
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Somsen GW, Mol R, de Jong GJ. On-line coupling of electrokinetic chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3978-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Axén J, Malmström D, Axelsson BO, Petersson P, Sjöberg PJR. Efforts to improve detection sensitivity for capillary electrophoresis coupled to atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1260-1264. [PMID: 20391596 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization performs best with volatile buffers. However, generally the best separation performance for capillary electrophoresis (CE) is achieved with non-volatile buffers. Hyphenation of CE with mass spectrometry (MS) utilizing atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) enables use of a wider range of separation buffers without compromising detection sensitivity. As APPI is considered to be mass flow sensitive, the use of a larger inner diameter separation capillary (75 microm) allows larger volumes to be injected, without decreased separation performance, thus providing improved sensitivity (approx. a factor of 10), compared to the use of a 25 microm capillary. However, nebulizing gas flow and position of capillary tip in the sprayer have to be carefully optimized to prevent excessive band broadening. Further improvement in sensitivity (approx. a factor of 2) was obtained by decreasing the distance between the sprayer and ionization region, indicating that a specially designed CE/APPI-MS interface for low flow rates will be favourable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Axén
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 599, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Henchoz Y, Romand S, Schappler J, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL, Carrupt PA. High-throughput log P determination by MEEKC coupled with UV and MS detections. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:952-64. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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He J, Shamsi SA. Multivariate approach for the enantioselective analysis in MEKC-MS: II. Optimization of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine in positive ion mode. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1916-26. [PMID: 19479771 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomeric separation and detection of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine (BNA) has been successfully optimized by MEKC-ESI-MS using a polymeric surfactant polysodium N-undecenoxycarbonyl-L-leucinate (poly-L-SUCL) as a pseudostationary phase. In the first step, MEKC conditions were optimized by a five-factor three-level central composite design (CCD) of experiment. All five MEKC factors (buffer pH, percentage of ACN in the running buffer, concentration of surfactant, concentration of ammonium acetate (NH4OAc), and voltage) were found significant to the responses (measured as the chiral resolution and analysis time). The interactions between MEKC factors were further evaluated using a quadratic model equation which allowed the generation of 3-D response surface image to reach the optimum conditions. To obtain the best S/N, sheath liquid composition and spray chamber parameters were successfully optimized using the same strategy. Baseline enantiomeric resolution in less than 20 min and optimum MS signal of BNA enantiomers (S/N = 45 at 0.4 mg/mL) were ultimately achieved at the optimized conditions. The adequacy of the model was validated by experimental runs at the optimal predicted conditions. The predicted results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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20
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, Bristow T, Harrison MW, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Drug impurity profiling by capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry using various ionization techniques. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2878-2884. [PMID: 19670338 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) is predominantly carried out using electrospray ionization (ESI). Recently, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) have become available for CE/MS. With the VUV lamp turned off, the APPI source may also be used for CE/MS by thermospray ionization (TSI). In the present study the suitability of ESI, APCI, APPI and TSI for drug impurity profiling by CE/MS in the positive ion mode is evaluated. The drugs carbachol, lidocaine and proguanil and their potential impurities were used as test compounds, representing different molecular polarities. A background electrolyte of 100 mM acetic acid (pH 4.5) provided baseline separation of nearly all impurities from the respective drugs. APPI yielded both even- and odd-electron ions, whereas the other ionization techniques produced even-electron ions only. In-source fragmentation was more pronounced with APCI and APPI than with ESI and TSI, which was most obvious for proguanil and its impurities. In general, ESI and TSI appeared the most efficient ionization techniques for impurities that are charged in solution achieving detection limits of 100 ng/mL (full-scan mode). APPI and APCI showed a lower efficiency, but allowed ionization of low and high polarity analytes, although quaternary ammonium compounds (e.g. carbachol) could not be detected. Largely neutral compounds, such as the lidocaine impurity 2,6-dimethylaniline, could not be detected by TSI, and yielded similar detection limits (500 ng/mL) for ESI, APPI and APCI. In many cases, impurity detection at the 0.1% (w/w) level was possible when 1 mg/mL of parent drug was injected with at least one of the CE/MS systems. Overall, the tested CE/MS systems provide complementary information as illustrated by the detection and identification of an unknown impurity in carbachol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Capillary electrophoresis-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry using an orthogonal interface: set-up and system parameters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2009; 20:1311-1318. [PMID: 19349196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) as an alternative ionization technique for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) was investigated using a grounded sheath-flow CE-MS sprayer and an orthogonal APCI source. Infusion experiments indicated that highest analyte signals were achieved when the sprayer tip was in close vicinity of the vaporizer entrance. The APCI-MS set-up enabled detection of basic, neutral, and acidic compounds, whereas apolar and ionic compounds could not be detected. In the positive ion mode, analytes could be detected in the entire transfer voltage range (0-5 kV), whereas highest signal intensities were observed when the corona discharge current was between 1000 and 2000 nA. In the negative ion mode, the transfer voltage typically was 500 V and the optimum corona discharge current was 6000 nA. Analyte signals were raised with increasing nebulizing gas pressure, but the pressure was limited to 25 psi to avoid siphoning and current drops. Signal intensities appeared to be optimal and constant over a wide range of sheath liquid flow rate (5-25 microL/min) and vaporizer temperature (200-350 degrees C). APCI-MS signals were unaffected by the composition of the background electrolyte (BGE), even when it contained sodium phosphate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Consequently, BGE composition, sheath-liquid flow rate, and vaporizer temperature can be optimized with respect to the CE separation without affecting the APCI-MS response. The analysis of a mixture of basic compounds and a steroid using volatile and nonvolatile BGEs further demonstrates the feasibility of CE-APCI-MS. Detection limits (S/N = 3) were 1.6-10 microM injected concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hommerson
- Department of Biomedical Analysis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Mokaddem M, Gareil P, Belgaied JE, Varenne A. New insight into suction and dilution effects in CE coupled to MSviaan ESI interface. II - Dilution effect. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1692-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Li FA, Huang JL, Shen SY, Wang CW, Her GR. Development of a Liquid-Junction/Low-Flow Interface for Phosphate Buffer Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2810-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802491y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-An Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Li Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Yu Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guor-Rong Her
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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24
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Cai SS, Syage JA, Hanold KA, Balogh MP. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography−Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for High-Sensitivity and High-Throughput Analysis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 16 Priority Pollutants Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2123-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Suan Cai
- Syagen Technology, Incorporated, 1411 Warner Avenue, Tustin, California 92780, and Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757
| | - Jack A. Syage
- Syagen Technology, Incorporated, 1411 Warner Avenue, Tustin, California 92780, and Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757
| | - Karl A. Hanold
- Syagen Technology, Incorporated, 1411 Warner Avenue, Tustin, California 92780, and Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757
| | - Michael P. Balogh
- Syagen Technology, Incorporated, 1411 Warner Avenue, Tustin, California 92780, and Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757
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Henchoz Y, Bard B, Guillarme D, Carrupt PA, Veuthey JL, Martel S. Analytical tools for the physicochemical profiling of drug candidates to predict absorption/distribution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:707-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Effect of eluent on the ionization process in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:685-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hommerson P, Khan AM, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Comparison of electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure photoionization for coupling of micellar electrokinetic chromatography with ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schappler J, Guillarme D, Rudaz S, Veuthey JL. Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography hyphenated to atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:11-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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