1
|
Gill BD, Indyk HE, Kobayashi T, McGrail IJ, Woollard DC. Comparison of LC-MS/MS and Enzymatic Methods for the Determination of Total Choline and Total Carnitine in Infant Formula and Milk Products. J AOAC Int 2020; 103:1293-1300. [PMID: 33241401 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Choline and l-carnitine are classified as pseudo-vitamins because of their conditionally essential status. As they are involved in multiple physiological metabolic pathways in the human body, they are routinely fortified in infant and adult nutritional formulas. OBJECTIVE The performance of an LC-MS/MS method for the analysis of choline and carnitine, compared with enzymatic methods in routine use for the analysis of total carnitine and total choline, is described. METHOD Powder samples were reconstituted, with release of carnitine and choline facilitated by both acid and alkaline hydrolysis and the extract analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Quantitation was by internal standard technique using deuterium-labeled carnitine and deuterium-labeled choline. RESULTS Method range, specificity, sensitivity, precision, recovery, accuracy, and ruggedness were assessed for milk powders, infant formulas, and soy- and milk-based nutritional products. Spike recoveries of 94.0-108.4% were obtained for both total carnitine and choline, and no statistical bias (α = 0.05) between measured results and certified values (choline: P = 0.36; free carnitine: P = 0.67) was found for NIST 1849a certified reference material (NIST1849a). Precision, as repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD), was 2.0% RSDr for total carnitine and 1.7% RSDr for total choline. Equivalent results for total choline and total carnitine were obtained by LC-MS/MS and enzymatic methods (n = 30). CONCLUSIONS The described LC-MS/MS method is fit for purpose for routine product compliance release testing environments. This validation study has confirmed that alternative enzymatic assays can be used with confidence in laboratories in which LC-MS/MS platforms are unavailable. HIGHLIGHTS An LC-MS/MS method was evaluated and found to be fit-for-purpose for routine product compliance release testing of infant formula. The LC-MS/MS method was compared with enzymatic methods for the analysis of total carnitine and total choline. Alternative enzymatic assays can be used with confidence in laboratories in which LC-MS/MS platforms are unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendon D Gill
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand
| | - Harvey E Indyk
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand
| | - Tadashi Kobayashi
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand
| | - Iain J McGrail
- Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd, P.O. Box 7, Waitoa 3380, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Challenges in Analysis of Hydrophilic Metabolites Using Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-020-00126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
3
|
Kumar R, Sharma A, Singh H, Suating P, Kim HS, Sunwoo K, Shim I, Gibb BC, Kim JS. Revisiting Fluorescent Calixarenes: From Molecular Sensors to Smart Materials. Chem Rev 2019; 119:9657-9721. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hardev Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Paolo Suating
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Hyeong Seok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyoung Sunwoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Inseob Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Bruce C. Gibb
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chalavi S, Fakhari AR, Nojavan S. Development of a modified partial filling method in capillary electrophoresis using two chiral plugs for the simultaneous enantioseparation of chiral drugs: Comparison with mixed chiral selector capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1567:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
5
|
Rocco A, Donati E, Touloupakis E, Aturki Z. Miniaturized separation techniques as analytical methods to ensure quality and safety of dietary supplements. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
6
|
Yang F, Kong N, Conlan XA, Wang H, Barrow CJ, Yan F, Guo J, Yang W. Electrochemical Evidences of Chiral Molecule Recognition Using L/D-Cysteine Modified Gold Electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Isaguirre AC, Acosta G, Cerutti S, Fernandez LP. New flow injection method for quality control of dietary supplements containing l-carnitine using extraction mediated by sodium taurodeoxycholate coacervate coupled to molecular fluorescence. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
8
|
Prior A, Sánchez-Hernández L, Sastre-Toraño J, Marina ML, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Enantioselective analysis of proteinogenic amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2410-9. [PMID: 27465690 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acids (AAs) are increasingly being recognized as essential molecules in biological systems. Enantioselective analysis of proteinogenic AAs in biological samples was accomplished by CE-MS employing β-CD as chiral selector and ESI via sheath-liquid (SL) interfacing. Prior to analysis, AAs were fully derivatized with FMOC, improving AA-enantiomer separation and ESI efficiency. In order to optimize the separation and MS detection of FMOC-AAs, the effects of type and concentration of CD in the BGE, the composition of the SL, and MS-interfacing parameters were evaluated. Using a BGE of 10 mM β-CD in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate (pH 8) containing 15% v/v isopropanol, a SL of isopropanol-water-1 M ammonium bicarbonate (50:50:1, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 3 μL/min, and a nebulizer gas pressure of 2 psi, 15 proteinogenic AAs could be detected with enantioresolutions up to 3.5 and detection limits down to 0.9 μM (equivalent to less than 3 pg AA injected). The selectivity of the method was demonstrated by the analysis of spiked cerebrospinal fluid, allowing specific detection of d-AAs. Repeatability and linearity obtained for cerebrospinal fluid were similar to standard solutions, with peak area and migration-time RSDs (n = 5) below 16.2 and 1.6%, respectively, and a linear response (R(2) ≥ 0.977) in the 3-90 μM range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Prior
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Javier Sastre-Toraño
- Division of Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Gerhardus J de Jong
- Division of Biomolecular Analysis, Utrecht University, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pérez-Míguez R, Marina ML, Castro-Puyana M. Enantiomeric separation of non-protein amino acids by electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:409-416. [PMID: 27372417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
New analytical methodologies enabling the enantiomeric separation of a group of non-protein amino acids of interest in the pharmaceutical and food analysis fields were developed in this work using Electrokinetic Chromatography. The use of FMOC as derivatization reagent and the subsequent separation using acidic conditions (formate buffer at pH 2.0) and anionic cyclodextrins as chiral selectors allowed the chiral separation of eight from the ten non-protein amino acids studied. Pyroglutamic acid, norvaline, norleucine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenilalanine, 2-aminoadipic acid, and selenomethionine were enantiomericaly separated using sulfated-α-CD while sulfated-γ-CD enabled the enantiomeric separation of norvaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenilalanine, 2-aminoadipic acid, selenomethionie, citrulline, and pipecolic acid. Moreover, the potential of the developed methodologies was demonstrated in the analysis of citrulline and its enantiomeric impurity in food supplements. For that purpose, experimental and instrumental variables were optimized and the analytical characteristics of the proposed method were evaluated. LODs of 2.1×10-7 and 1.8×10-7M for d- and l-citrulline, respectively, were obtained. d-Cit was not detectable in any of the six food supplement samples analyzed showing that the effect of storage time on the racemization of citrulline was negligible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pérez-Míguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Castro-Puyana
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Domínguez-Vega E, Montealegre C, Marina ML. Analysis of antibiotics by CE and their use as chiral selectors: An update. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:189-211. [PMID: 26471773 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in medicine and as growth-promoting agents has increased the demand for suitable analytical techniques for their analysis. Analytical methods based on CE or miniaturized CE systems have proved over the years their ability for the analysis of antibiotics. Since our last review (Electrophoresis 2014, 35, 28-49) several new CE methodologies have been reported for antibiotic analysis. This review presents an update of the literature published from June 2013 to June 2015 for the analysis of antibiotics by CE. UV continues being the most used detection system for antibiotics analysis by CE. Strategies to improve sensitivity as the use of sensitive detection systems and the application of preconcentration techniques appear to be the major developments. Furthermore, the use of portable and miniaturized devices for antibiotic analysis is presented in detail. Applications of the developed methodologies to the determination of residues of antibiotics in biological, food, and environmental samples are carefully described. Finally, new developments and applications of antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE are also included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Capillary electrophoresis determination of non-protein amino acids as quality markers in foods. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1428:97-114. [PMID: 26233255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-protein amino acids mainly exist in food as products formed during food processing, as metabolic intermediates or as additives to increase nutritional and functional properties of food. This fact makes their analysis and determination an attractive field in food science since they can give interesting information on the quality and safety of foods. This article presents a comprehensive review devoted to describe the latest advances in the development of (achiral and chiral) analytical methodologies by capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of non-protein amino acids in a variety of food samples. Most relevant information related to sample treatment, experimental separation and detection conditions, preconcentration strategies and limits of detection will be provided.
Collapse
|
12
|
Deeb SE, Wätzig H, El-Hady DA, Albishri HM, de Griend CSV, Scriba GKE. Recent advances in capillary electrophoretic migration techniques for pharmaceutical analysis. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:170-89. [PMID: 24395663 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction about 30 years ago, CE techniques have gained a significant impact in pharmaceutical analysis. The present review covers recent advances and applications of CE for the analysis of pharmaceuticals. Both small molecules and biomolecules such as proteins are considered. The applications range from the determination of drug-related substances to the analysis of counterions and the determination of physicochemical parameters. Furthermore, general considerations of CE methods in pharmaceutical analysis are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Drug Analysis and Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Al-Azhar University - Gaza, Gaza, Palestine; Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Puchalska P, Concepción García M, Luisa Marina M. Identification of native angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides in commercial soybean based infant formulas using HPLC-Q-ToF-MS. Food Chem 2014; 157:62-9. [PMID: 24679752 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluates, the presence of native antihypertensive peptides in five soybean-based infant formulas (SBIFs). SBIFs peptide extracts (<10 kDa) and their sub-fractions (5-10 kDa, 3-5 kDa, and <3 kDa) from a variety of samples were obtained by ultrafiltration and ACE inhibitory activity was determined. The highest activities were observed in the smaller (<5 kDa) peptide fractions. A set of peptides present in various SBIFs were studied, and identified using HPLC-Q-ToF-MS. Despite ACE inhibitory activity decreasing after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, it still remained at a high value (IC50 values of 18.2±0.1 and 4.9±0.1 μg/mL). Peptides resisting the action of gastrointestinal enzymes were identified and compared to previously identified peptides, highlighting the presence of peptide RPSYT. This peptide was synthesised, its antihypertensive and antioxidant activity were evaluated, and its resistance to in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and to high processing temperatures were studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Puchalska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Concepción García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sánchez-López E, Montealegre C, Marina ML, Crego AL. Development of chiral methodologies by capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet and mass spectrometry detection for duloxetine analysis in pharmaceutical formulations. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1363:356-62. [PMID: 25085818 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two chiral methodologies were developed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with UV and mass spectrometry (MS) detection to ensure the quality control of the drug duloxetine, commercialized as a pure enantiomer. Both methods were optimized to achieve a high baseline enantioresolution (Rs>2) and an acceptable precision (RSD values <5% for instrumental repeatability and <10% for intermediate precision). In addition to allow the unequivocal identification of duloxetine enantiomers, the CE-MS method improved the sensitivity with respect to the use of CE-UV (LOD 200 ng/mL by CE-UV and 20 ng/mL by CE-MS) enabling to detect 0.02% of duloxetine enantiomeric impurity. This is the lowest LOD value ever reported for this drug, being this work the first one enabling to accomplish with the ICH guidelines requirements. The developed methods were validated and applied for the first time to the analysis of four pharmaceutical formulations. The content of R-duloxetine in all these samples was below the detection limit and the amount of S-duloxetine was in good agreement with the labeled content, obtaining results by the two methods that did not differ significantly (p-values >0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Montealegre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio L Crego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Puchalska P, Marina ML, García MC. Isolation and identification of antioxidant peptides from commercial soybean-based infant formulas. Food Chem 2014; 148:147-54. [PMID: 24262539 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Soybean-based infant formulas (SBIFs) based on soybean protein isolate (90% of proteins) are an interesting alternative to cow's milk infant formulas. Different works have demonstrated the presence of bioactive peptides in different soybean-based foodstuffs. The aim of this work was the evaluation, for the first time, of antioxidant peptides in five different commercially available SBIFs. Ultrafiltration through 10 kDa molecular weight cut-off filters was the most suitable extraction method. Despite peptide concentrations ranging between 1.19 and 2.27 mg/mL, similar antioxidant capacities were detected in all SBIF extracts. Extracts were further fractionated according to their molecular weight by ultrafiltration, and fractions from 5 to 10 kDa, 3 to 5 kDa, and below 3 kDa were obtained. The most active fraction was further fractionated by off-gel isoelectrofocusing and reversed-phase chromatography. Antioxidant fractions were also submitted to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GI) with pepsin and pancreatin to evaluate their antioxidant capacity after digestion. Peptides were identified by HPLC-ESI-Q-ToF-MS/MS. At least 120 peptides were identified in every antioxidant fraction, with 42 peptides common to all SBIFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Puchalska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sánchez-Hernández L, Domínguez-Vega E, Montealegre C, Castro-Puyana M, Marina ML, Crego AL. Potential of vancomycin for the enantiomeric resolution of FMOC-amino acids by capillary electrophoresis-ion-trap-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1244-50. [PMID: 24338646 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the antibiotic vancomycin (VC) as chiral selector for the enantiomeric separation of amino acids by CE-ESI-MS/MS² was investigated for the first time in this work. Derivatization of amino acids with FMOC-Cl was carried out to enable their interaction with VC as well as the formation of precursor ions with larger m/z which were employed in MS² experiments. The partial filling of a coated capillary was employed to avoid the loss in MS sensitivity originated by the introduction of VC in the ionization source. Under optimized conditions, the simultaneous enantiomeric separation and unequivocal identification of 17 amino acids (two of them being nonprotein amino acids) took place in about 20 min with LODs in the micromolar range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Biology, Environmental Sciences and Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Analytical approaches to determination of carnitine in biological materials, foods and dietary supplements. Food Chem 2014; 142:220-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
18
|
Wuethrich A, Haddad PR, Quirino JP. Chiral capillary electromigration techniques-mass spectrometry-hope and promise. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:2-11. [PMID: 24265218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods for chiral compounds require a separation step prior to mass spectrometric detection. CE can separate enantiomers by the use of a chiral selector and can be hyphenated with MS. The chiral selector can be either embedded inside the capillary (electrochromatography) or added into the background solution (EKC). This review describes the fundamentals and highlights the recent developments (September 2009-May 2013) of chiral CEC and EKC with detection using MS. There were 20 research and more than 30 review papers during this period. The research efforts were driven by fundamental studies, such as the development of novel chiral selectors in electrochromatography and of advanced partial filling techniques in EKC in order to optimise separation. Other developments were in application studies, such as in food analytics and metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Wuethrich
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sánchez-Hernández L, Serra NS, Marina ML, Crego AL. Enantiomeric separation of free L- and D-amino acids in hydrolyzed protein fertilizers by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5022-5030. [PMID: 23646823 DOI: 10.1021/jf4013345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry (CE-MS(2)) methods were optimized in this work using cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors in order to determine the degree of racemization of the free amino acids contained in different hydrolyzed protein fertilizers used as plant biostimulants. The methodologies developed were characterized by the specificity of MS(2) experiments enabling the identification of all protein amino acids, except for cysteine. The enantiomeric separation of up to 14 amino acids was achieved with resolutions above 1.0 and limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.8 μM. The methods were applied to the analysis of complex samples such as hydrolyzed protein fertilizers to evaluate the presence of d-amino acids after different kinds of hydrolysis treatments. The results corroborated the absence or almost negligible presence of enantiomeric conversions of the L-amino acids into D-amino acids in the case of fertilizers obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as the high racemization rate for those obtained through a chemical hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Carretera Madrid-Barcelona, Km 33,600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a powerful analytical tool, especially in the case of chiral separations, due to the fact that it combines the high efficiency, short analysis time, and versatility of the CE with the sensitivity, selectivity, and the capacity for the identification of unknown chiral compounds offered by MS detection. This chapter describes three methodologies enabling the chiral separation of cationic and anionic compounds using different strategies, illustrating the most employed approaches used in chiral CE-MS. The first methodology uses the partial filling technique for the enantioseparation of a cationic compound using a neutral cyclodextrin. Secondly, the enantioseparation of a cationic compound using low concentrations of a neutral cyclodextrin under acidic conditions is described. Finally, a methodology for the chiral separation of an anionic compound employing low concentrations of a native cyclodextrin under basic conditions is illustrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Mao X, Tian D, Li H. p-Sulfonated calix[6]arene modified graphene as a ‘turn on’ fluorescent probe for l-carnitine in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4851-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31551c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Sánchez-Hernández L, Marina ML, Crego AL. A capillary electrophoresis–tandem mass spectrometry methodology for the determination of non-protein amino acids in vegetable oils as novel markers for the detection of adulterations in olive oils. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:4944-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
25
|
Sánchez-Hernández L, Castro-Puyana M, Luisa Marina M, Crego AL. Determination of betaines in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry - application to the detection of olive oil adulteration with seed oils. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1394-401. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
26
|
Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Recent advances in CE-MS: Synergy of wet chemistry and instrumentation innovations. Electrophoresis 2010; 32:43-51. [PMID: 21171112 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CE with MS detection is a hyphenated technique which greatly improves the ability of CE to deal with real samples, especially with those coming from biology and medicine, where the target analytes are present as trace amounts in very complex matrices. CE-MS is now almost a routine technique performed on commercially available instruments. It faces currently a tremendous development of the technique itself as well as of its wide application area. Great interest in CE-MS is reflected in the scientific literature by many original research articles and also by numerous reviews. The review presented here has a general scope and belongs to a series of regularly published reviews on the topic. It covers the literature from the last 2 years, since January 2008 till June 2010. It brings a critical selection of related literature sorted into groups reflecting the main topics of actual scientific interest: (i) innovations in CE-ESI-MS, (ii) use of alternative interfaces, and (iii) ways to enhance sensitivity. Special attention is paid to novel electrolyte systems amenable to CE-MS including nonvolatile BGEs, to advanced CE separation principles such as MEKC, MEEKC, chiral CE, and to the use of preconcentration techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Pantůčková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fundamental aspects of chiral electromigration techniques and application in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 55:688-701. [PMID: 21131154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electromigration techniques are often considered ideal methods for the analysis of chiral compounds due to the high resolution power and flexibility of the technique. Therefore, especially capillary electrophoresis using a chiral selector in the background electrolyte, also termed electrokinetic chromatography, has found widespread acceptance in analytical enantioseparations of drug compounds in pharmaceuticals and biological media. Moreover, mechanistic studies on analyte complexation by the chiral selectors have continuously been conducted in an effort to rationalize enantioseparation phenomena. These studies combined capillary electrophoresis with spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance and/or molecular modeling. The present review focuses on recent examples of mechanistic aspects of capillary electromigration enantioseparations and summarizes recent applications of chiral pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis published between January 2009 and August 2010.
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
This review article addresses the developments and applications of capillary electromigration methods coupled on-line with MS for chiral analysis. The multiple enantiomeric applications of this hyphenated technology are covered including chiral analysis of drugs, food compounds, pesticides, natural metabolites, etc. in different matrices such as plasma, urine, medicines, foods, etc. This work intends to provide an updated overview (including works published till September 2009) on the principal chiral applications carried out by CZE-MS, CEC-MS and MEKC-MS, discussing their main advantages and drawbacks in all their different areas of application as well as their foreseeable development in the not too distant future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Herrero M, Simó C, García-Cañas V, Fanali S, Cifuentes A. Chiral capillary electrophoresis in food analysis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2106-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
Determination of l- and d-carnitine in dietary food supplements using capillary electrophoresis–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
31
|
Somsen GW, Mol R, de Jong GJ. On-line coupling of electrokinetic chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:3978-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
32
|
Sánchez-Hernández L, García-Ruiz C, Crego AL, Marina ML. Sensitive determination of D-carnitine as enantiomeric impurity of levo-carnitine in pharmaceutical formulations by capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1217-23. [PMID: 20392588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the determination of l- and d-carnitine in pharmaceutical formulations. A simple sample treatment procedure consisting of the use of a dilution or an extraction step with water was employed prior to derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC). The method was validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity, with a LOD of 10ngmL(-1) for each enantiomer, which was enough to detect enantiomeric impurities up to 0.002% of d-carnitine with respect to the main enantiomer (l-carnitine). Eleven pharmaceutical formulations were analyzed including ampoules, oral solutions, sachets, and tablets. Results showed contents for carnitine comprised between 77 and 101% with respect to the labeled ones in the case of those formulations marketed with the racemate, and from 97 to 102% in those cases where the single enantiomer (l-carnitine) was employed as active ingredient. Percentages for the enantiomeric impurity (d-carnitine) ranging from 0.6 to 1.3% were obtained exceeding the limits established for impurities in drug products. These results corroborate the need of validated analytical methodologies enabling the quality control of pharmaceutical formulations containing carnitine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-Hernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Alcalá. Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33.600, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sánchez-Hernández L, GarcÃa-Ruiz C, Luisa Marina M, Luis Crego A. Recent approaches for enhancing sensitivity in enantioseparations by CE. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:28-43. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
34
|
Klampfl CW. CE with MS detection: A rapidly developing hyphenated technique. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S83-91. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
35
|
Domínguez-Vega E, Sánchez-Hernández L, García-Ruiz C, Crego AL, Marina ML. Development of a CE-ESI-ITMS method for the enantiomeric determination of the non-protein amino acid ornithine. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1724-33. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|