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Luo Y, Cao Z, Liu Y, Zhang R, Yang S, Wang N, Shi Q, Li J, Dong S, Fan C, Zhao J. The emerging landscape of microfluidic applications in DNA data storage. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1981-2004. [PMID: 36946437 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00972b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA has been considered a promising alternative to the current solid-state devices for digital information storage. The past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the field of DNA data storage contributed by researchers from various disciplines. However, the current development status of DNA storage is still far from practical use, mainly due to its high material cost and time consumption for data reading/writing, as well as the lack of a comprehensive, automated, and integrated system. Microfluidics, being capable of handling and processing micro-scale fluid samples in a massively paralleled and highly integrated manner, has gradually been recognized as a promising candidate for addressing the aforementioned issues. In this review, we provide a discussion on recent efforts of applying microfluidics to advance the development of DNA data storage. Moreover, to showcase the tremendous potential that microfluidics can contribute to this field, we will further highlight the recent advancements of applying microfluidics to the key functional modules within the DNA data storage workflow. Finally, we share our perspectives on future directions for how to continue the infusion of microfluidics with DNA data storage and how to advance toward a truly integrated system and reach real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Shijia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingyuan Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Jie Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Shurong Dong
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
- International Joint Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
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2
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Vaghef-Koodehi A, Ernst OD, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Separation of Cells and Microparticles in Insulator-Based Electrokinetic Systems. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1409-1418. [PMID: 36599093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is the first continuous separation of microparticles and cells of similar characteristics employing linear and nonlinear electrokinetic phenomena in an insulator-based electrokinetic (iEK) system. By utilizing devices with insulating features, which distort the electric field distribution, it is possible to combine linear and nonlinear EK phenomena, resulting in highly effective separation schemes that leverage the new advancements in nonlinear electrophoresis. This work combines mathematical modeling and experimentation to separate four distinct binary mixtures of particles and cells. A computational model with COMSOL Multiphysics was used to predict the retention times (tR,p) of the particles and cells in iEK devices. Then, the experimental separations were carried out using the conditions identified with the model, where the experimental retention time (tR,e) of the particles and cells was measured. A total of four distinct separations of binary mixtures were performed by increasing the level of difficulty. For the first separation, two types of polystyrene microparticles, selected to mimic Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, were separated. By leveraging the knowledge gathered from the first separation, a mixture of cells of distinct domains and significant size differences, E. coli and S. cerevisiae, was successfully separated. The third separation also featured cells of different domains but closer in size: Bacillus cereus versus S. cerevisiae. The last separation included cells in the same domain and genus, B. cereus versus Bacillus subtilis. Separation results were evaluated in terms of number of plates (N) and separation resolution (Rs), where Rs values for all separations were above 1.5, illustrating complete separations. Experimental results were in agreement with modeling results in terms of retention times, with deviations in the 6-27% range, while the variation between repetitions was between 2 and 18%, demonstrating good reproducibility. This report is the first prediction of the retention time of cells in iEK systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaleh Vaghef-Koodehi
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York14623, United States
| | - Olivia D Ernst
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York14623, United States
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, New York14623, United States
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3
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Tijunelyte I, Teillet J, Bruand P, Courson R, Lecestre A, Joseph P, Bancaud A. Hybridization-based DNA biosensing with a limit of detection of 4 fM in 30 s using an electrohydrodynamic concentration module fabricated by grayscale lithography. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:044111. [PMID: 35992636 PMCID: PMC9385222 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Speeding up and enhancing the performances of nucleic acid biosensing technologies have remained drivers for innovation. Here, we optimize a fluorimetry-based technology for DNA detection based on the concentration of linear targets paired with probes. The concentration module consists of a microfluidic channel with the shape of a funnel in which we monitor a viscoelastic flow and a counter-electrophoretic force. We report that the technology performs better with a target longer than 100 nucleotides (nt) and a probe shorter than 30 nt. We also prove that the control of the funnel geometry in 2.5D using grayscale lithography enhances sensitivity by 100-fold in comparison to chips obtained by conventional photolithography. With these optimized settings, we demonstrate a limit of detection of 4 fM in 30 s and a detection range of more than five decades. This technology hence provides an excellent balance between sensitivity and time to result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Tijunelyte
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jeffrey Teillet
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Bruand
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Courson
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Pierre Joseph
- CNRS, LAAS, 7 avenue du colonel Roche, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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4
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Lapizco-Encinas BH. The latest advances on nonlinear insulator-based electrokinetic microsystems under direct current and low-frequency alternating current fields: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:885-905. [PMID: 34664103 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03687-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents an overview of the evolution of the field of insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP); in particular, it focuses on insulator-based electrokinetic (iEK) systems stimulated with direct current and low-frequency(< 1 kHz) AC electric fields. The article covers the surge of iDEP as a research field where many different device designs were developed, from microchannels with arrays of insulating posts to devices with curved walls and nano- and micropipettes. All of these systems allowed for the manipulation and separation of a wide array of particles, ranging from macromolecules to microorganisms, including clinical and biomedical applications. Recent experimental reports, supported by important theoretical studies in the field of physics and colloids, brought attention to the effects of electrophoresis of the second kind in these systems. These recent findings suggest that DEP is not the main force behind particle trapping, as it was believed for the last two decades. This new research suggests that particle trapping, under DC and low-frequency AC potentials, mainly results from a balance between electroosmotic and electrophoretic effects (linear and nonlinear); although DEP is present in these systems, it is not a dominant force. Considering these recent studies, it is proposed to rename this field from DC-iDEP to DC-iEK (and low-frequency AC-iDEP to low-frequency AC-iEK). Whereas much research is still needed, this is an exciting time in the field of microscale EK systems, as these new findings seem to explain the challenges with modeling particle migration and trapping in iEK devices, and provide perhaps a better understanding of the mechanisms behind particle trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Institute Hall (Bldg. 73), Room 3103, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623-5604, USA.
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5
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Perez‐Gonzalez VH. Particle trapping in electrically driven insulator-based microfluidics: Dielectrophoresis and induced-charge electrokinetics. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2445-2464. [PMID: 34081787 PMCID: PMC9291494 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Electrokinetically driven insulator‐based microfluidic devices represent an attractive option to manipulate particle suspensions. These devices can filtrate, concentrate, separate, or characterize micro and nanoparticles of interest. Two decades ago, inspired by electrode‐based dielectrophoresis, the concept of insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) was born. In these microfluidic devices, insulating structures (i.e., posts, membranes, obstacles, or constrictions) built within the channel are used to deform the spatial distribution of an externally generated electric field. As a result, particles suspended in solution experience dielectrophoresis (DEP). Since then, it has been assumed that DEP is responsible for particle trapping in these devices, regardless of the type of voltage being applied to generate the electric field—direct current (DC) or alternating current. Recent findings challenge this assumption by demonstrating particle trapping and even particle flow reversal in devices that prevent DEP from occurring (i.e., unobstructed long straight channels stimulated with a DC voltage and featuring a uniform electric field). The theory introduced to explain those unexpected observations was then applied to conventional “DC‐iDEP” devices, demonstrating better prediction accuracy than that achieved with the conventional DEP‐centered theory. This contribution summarizes contributions made during the last two decades, comparing both theories to explain particle trapping and highlighting challenges to address in the near future.
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6
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Padhy P, Zaman MA, Jensen MA, Hesselink L. Dynamically controlled dielectrophoresis using resonant tuning. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1079-1092. [PMID: 33599974 PMCID: PMC8122061 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electrically polarizable micro- and nanoparticles and droplets can be trapped using the gradient electric field of electrodes. But the spatial profile of the resultant dielectrophoretic force is fixed once the electrode structure is defined. To change the force profile, entire complex lab-on-a-chip systems must be re-fabricated with modified electrode structures. To overcome this problem, we propose an approach for the dynamic control of the spatial profile of the dielectrophoretic force by interfacing the trap electrodes with a resistor and an inductor to form a resonant resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit. Using a dielectrophoretically trapped water droplet suspended in silicone oil, we show that the resonator amplitude, detuning, and linewidth can be continuously varied by changing the supply voltage, supply frequency, and the circuit resistance to obtain the desired trap depth, range, and stiffness. We show that by proper tuning of the resonator, the trap range can be extended without increasing the supply voltage, thus preventing sensitive samples from exposure to high electric fields at the stable trapping position. Such unprecedented dynamic control of dielectrophoretic forces opens avenues for the tunable active manipulation of sensitive biological and biochemical specimen in droplet microfluidic devices used for single-cell and biochemical reaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punnag Padhy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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7
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Determination of the Empirical Electrokinetic Equilibrium Condition of Microorganisms in Microfluidic Devices. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10100148. [PMID: 33086549 PMCID: PMC7603120 DOI: 10.3390/bios10100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increased concern regarding emerging pathogens and antibiotic resistance has drawn interest in the development of rapid and robust microfluidic techniques to analyze microorganisms. The novel parameter known as the electrokinetic equilibrium condition (EEEC) was presented in recent studies, providing an approach to analyze microparticles in microchannels employing unique electrokinetic (EK) signatures. While the EEEC shows great promise, current estimation approaches can be time-consuming or heavily user-dependent for accurate values. The present contribution aims to analyze existing approaches for estimating this parameter and modify the process into an accurate yet simple technique for estimating the EK behavior of microorganisms in insulator-based microfluidic devices. The technique presented here yields the parameter called the empirical electrokinetic equilibrium condition (eEEEC) which works well as a value for initial approximations of trapping conditions in insulator-based EK (iEK) microfluidic systems. A total of six types of microorganisms were analyzed in this study (three bacteria and three bacteriophages). The proposed approach estimated eEEEC values employing images of trapped microorganisms, yielding high reproducibility (SD 5.0–8.8%). Furthermore, stable trapping voltages (sTVs) were estimated from eEEEC values for distinct channel designs to test that this parameter is system-independent and good agreement was obtained when comparing estimated sTVs vs. experimental values (SD 0.3–19.6%). The encouraging results from this work were used to generate an EK library of data, available on our laboratory website. The data in this library can be used to design tailored iEK microfluidic devices for the analysis of microorganisms.
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8
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Detection of cell-free DNA nanoparticles in insulator based dielectrophoresis systems. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461262. [PMID: 32797810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a semi-analytical investigation was performed to study the effect of the geometrical parameters of insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) systems for cell free DNA (cfDNA) trapping. For this purpose, first electrical potential and fluid flow fields were calculated by solving the governing equations including Poisson and Navier-stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions (BCs) and then a Lagrangian approach was utilized to analyze the motion of cfDNA under the most important forces affected on it including Brownian, Drag, electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis (DEP) forces. The effect of the different parameters such as the electrical conductivity of the medium, shape and geometrical parameters of the insulators on the dielectrophoretic behavior of cfDNA was studied and the optimal value of these parameters was presented. Finally, in order to predict the minimum voltage required for cfDNA trapping, artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized and a relation between input and output parameters was introduced.
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9
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Hill N, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Continuous flow separation of particles with insulator-based dielectrophoresis chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:3891-3902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Ayala-Mar S, Perez-Gonzalez VH, Mata-Gómez MA, Gallo-Villanueva RC, González-Valdez J. Electrokinetically Driven Exosome Separation and Concentration Using Dielectrophoretic-Enhanced PDMS-Based Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14975-14982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ayala-Mar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Mata-Gómez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto C. Gallo-Villanueva
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - José González-Valdez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
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12
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Weirauch L, Lorenz M, Hill N, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Baune M, Pesch GR, Thöming J. Material-selective separation of mixed microparticles via insulator-based dielectrophoresis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064112. [PMID: 31768198 PMCID: PMC6858286 DOI: 10.1063/1.5124110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) has become a powerful tool for biomicrofluidic separation and analysis because it is capable to selectively separate biological particle systems according to properties like size, material, and shape. However, it has rarely been used to solve challenging separation problems involving nonbiological particles, namely, for systems that are prone to particle agglomeration. Here, we demonstrate material-selective separation of nonbiological systems, i.e., polystyrene and gold-coated polystyrene particles of two different sizes, using iDEP at high accuracy. For this purpose, we present a method to generate fluorescent gold-coated particles. We further introduce a method to reduce the static backpressure that builds up between in- and outlet reservoir due to electroosmotic flow. Moreover, we found that particle agglomeration makes their separation impossible when conventional iDEP routines are applied. Therefore, two solutions to reduce particle agglomeration are presented: A combination of AC and DC potentials and adjustment of pH and conductivity of the suspending medium. Both approaches allow separating particles under challenging conditions such as initially low absolute particle zeta potentials and high particle concentrations. Since those conditions can also be present in biological iDEP separation processes, the results are of general value for biological and nonbiological iDEP operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weirauch
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - M Lorenz
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - N Hill
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - B H Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - M Baune
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - G R Pesch
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - J Thöming
- Chemical Process Engineering (CVT), University of Bremen, Leobener Str. 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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13
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Pudasaini S, Perera ATK, Das D, Ng SH, Yang C. Continuous flow microfluidic cell inactivation with the use of insulating micropillars for multiple electroporation zones. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2522-2529. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Pudasaini
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - A T K Perera
- Interdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Dhiman Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - Sum Huan Ng
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech) Singapore
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNanyang Technological University Singapore
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14
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Zhao K, Larasati, Duncker BP, Li D. Continuous Cell Characterization and Separation by Microfluidic Alternating Current Dielectrophoresis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6304-6314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Larasati
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Bernard P. Duncker
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
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15
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Gallo-Villanueva RC, Perez-Gonzalez VH, Cardenas-Benitez B, Jind B, Martinez-Chapa SO, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Joule heating effects in optimized insulator-based dielectrophoretic devices: An interplay between post geometry and temperature rise. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1408-1416. [PMID: 30883810 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is the electrokinetic migration of polarized particles when subjected to a non-uniform electric field generated by the inclusion of insulating structures between two remote electrodes. Electrode spacing is considerable in iDEP systems when compared to electrode-based DEP systems, therefore, iDEP systems require high voltages to achieve efficient particle manipulation. A consequence of this is the temperature increase within the channel due to Joule heating effects, which, in some cases, can be detrimental when manipulating biological samples. This work presents an experimental and modeling study on the increase in temperature inside iDEP devices. For this, we studied seven distinct channel designs that mainly differ from each other in their post array characteristics: post shape, post size and spacing between posts. Experimental results obtained using a custom-built copper Resistance Temperature Detector, based on resistance changes, show that the influence of the insulators produces a difference in temperature rise of approximately 4°C between the designs studied. Furthermore, a 3D COMSOL model is also introduced to evaluate heat generation and dissipation, which is in good agreement with the experiments. The model allowed relating the difference in average temperature for the geometries under study to the electric resistance posed by the post array in each design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto C Gallo-Villanueva
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Victor H Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Braulio Cardenas-Benitez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Binny Jind
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Sergio O Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Nano- Sensors and Devices Research Group, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihyun Kim
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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17
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Hsu CC, Lee YC, Hsieh WH. Exterior-electrode electrically driven microconcentrator. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2460-2470. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-tech Innovations; National Chung Cheng University; Chia-Yi Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Yan-Chang Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-tech Innovations; National Chung Cheng University; Chia-Yi Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hsin Hsieh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-tech Innovations; National Chung Cheng University; Chia-Yi Taiwan Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
The ability to separate analytes with increasingly similar properties drives the field of separation science. One way to achieve such separations is using trapping and streaming dielectrophoresis (DEP), which directly exploits the subtle differences in the electrophysical properties of analytes. The non-uniform fields necessary for DEP can be formed using various insulator shapes in microchannels. Current insulator shapes include triangles, diamonds, circles, and rectangles. However, all of these insulators pose problems for trapping, streaming, and sorting (deflection) as the induced fields/gradients are not behaviorally consistent across the lateral dimension. This leads to analytes experiencing different forces depending on their pathline in the microchannel and result in low resolution separations. Based on an iterative process that explored approximately 40 different insulator shapes, a design was chosen that indicated improved particle streamlines, better trapping efficiency, and consistent electrical environments across the lateral dimension. The design was assessed by simulations where the electric field, gradient of the electric field squared, and the ratio of the two were plotted. The improved design includes a unique new multi-length scale element. The multi-length scale structure streamlines the analyte(s) and improves homogeneity in the lateral dimension, while still achieving high gradients necessary for analyte separation using DEP. The design is calculated to keep analytes on the centerline which should improve resolution, and eliminate extraneous trapping zones. Behaviors consistent with the features of the simulations were observed in proof of principle experiments using representative test probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire V Crowther
- Arizona State University, School of Molecular Sciences, Mail Stop 1604, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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19
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Zhang P, Liu Y. DC biased low-frequency insulating constriction dielectrophoresis for protein biomolecules concentration. Biofabrication 2017; 9:045003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa82d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Viefhues M, Eichhorn R. DNA dielectrophoresis: Theory and applications a review. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:1483-1506. [PMID: 28306161 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis is the migration of an electrically polarizable particle in an inhomogeneous electric field. This migration can be exploited for several applications with (bio)molecules or cells. Dielectrophoresis is a noninvasive technique; therefore, it is very convenient for (selective) manipulation of (bio)molecules or cells. In this review, we will focus on DNA dielectrophoresis as this technique offers several advantages in trapping and immobilization, separation and purification, and analysis of DNA molecules. We present and discuss the underlying theory of the most important forces that have to be considered for applications with dielectrophoresis. Moreover, a review of DNA dielectrophoresis applications is provided to present the state-of-the-art and to offer the reader a perspective of the advances and current limitations of DNA dielectrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Viefhues
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ralf Eichhorn
- Nordita, Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Täuber S, Kunze L, Grauberger O, Grundmann A, Viefhues M. Reaching for the limits in continuous-flow dielectrophoretic DNA analysis. Analyst 2017; 142:4670-4677. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the limits of continuous-flow dielectrophoretic analysis of DNA with regards on the topological conformation and size resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Täuber
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience
- Faculty of Physics
- Bielefeld University
- 33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Lena Kunze
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience
- Faculty of Physics
- Bielefeld University
- 33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Oleg Grauberger
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience
- Faculty of Physics
- Bielefeld University
- 33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Armin Grundmann
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience
- Faculty of Physics
- Bielefeld University
- 33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Martina Viefhues
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience
- Faculty of Physics
- Bielefeld University
- 33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
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22
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Zhao K, Peng R, Li D. Separation of nanoparticles by a nano-orifice based DC-dielectrophoresis method in a pressure-driven flow. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18945-18955. [PMID: 27775139 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06952e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel DC-dielectrophoresis (DEP) method employing a pressure-driven flow for the continuous separation of micro/nano-particles is presented in this paper. To generate the DEP force, a small voltage difference is applied to produce a non-uniformity of the electric field across a microchannel via a larger orifice of several hundred microns on one side of the channel wall and a smaller orifice of several hundred nanometers on the opposite channel wall. The particles experience a DEP force when they move with the flow through the vicinity of the small orifice, where the strongest electrical field gradient exists. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the separation of 1 μm and 3 μm polystyrene particles by size by adjusting the applied electrical potentials. In order to separate smaller nanoparticles, the electrical conductivity of the suspending solution is adjusted so that the polystyrene nanoparticles of a given size experience positive DEP while the polystyrene nanoparticles of another size experience negative DEP. Using this method, the separation of 51 nm and 140 nm nanoparticles and the separation of 140 nm and 500 nm nanoparticles were demonstrated. In comparison with the microfluidic DC-DEP methods reported in the literature which utilize hurdles or obstacles to induce the non-uniformity of an electric field, a pair of asymmetrical orifices on the channel side walls is used in this method to generate a strong electrical field gradient and has advantages such as capability of separating nanoparticles, and locally applied lower electrical voltages to minimize the Joule heating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, CanadaN2L 3G1.
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23
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Páez-Avilés C, Juanola-Feliu E, Punter-Villagrasa J, Del Moral Zamora B, Homs-Corbera A, Colomer-Farrarons J, Miribel-Català PL, Samitier J. Combined Dielectrophoresis and Impedance Systems for Bacteria Analysis in Microfluidic On-Chip Platforms. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E1514. [PMID: 27649201 PMCID: PMC5038787 DOI: 10.3390/s16091514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria concentration and detection is time-consuming in regular microbiology procedures aimed to facilitate the detection and analysis of these cells at very low concentrations. Traditional methods are effective but often require several days to complete. This scenario results in low bioanalytical and diagnostic methodologies with associated increased costs and complexity. In recent years, the exploitation of the intrinsic electrical properties of cells has emerged as an appealing alternative approach for concentrating and detecting bacteria. The combination of dielectrophoresis (DEP) and impedance analysis (IA) in microfluidic on-chip platforms could be key to develop rapid, accurate, portable, simple-to-use and cost-effective microfluidic devices with a promising impact in medicine, public health, agricultural, food control and environmental areas. The present document reviews recent DEP and IA combined approaches and the latest relevant improvements focusing on bacteria concentration and detection, including selectivity, sensitivity, detection time, and conductivity variation enhancements. Furthermore, this review analyses future trends and challenges which need to be addressed in order to successfully commercialize these platforms resulting in an adequate social return of public-funded investments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Páez-Avilés
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Esteve Juanola-Feliu
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaime Punter-Villagrasa
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Del Moral Zamora
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antoni Homs-Corbera
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- IBEC-Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Nanobioengineering Research Group, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN-Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, María de Luna 11, Edificio CEEI, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Jordi Colomer-Farrarons
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pere Lluís Miribel-Català
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Samitier
- Department of Electronics, Bioelectronics and Nanobioengineering Research Group (SIC-BIO), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- IBEC-Institute of Bioengineering of Catalonia, Nanobioengineering Research Group, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER-BBN-Biomedical Research Networking Centre for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, María de Luna 11, Edificio CEEI, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Adekanmbi EO, Srivastava SK. Dielectrophoretic applications for disease diagnostics using lab-on-a-chip platforms. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2148-67. [PMID: 27191245 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis is a powerful technique used to distinguish distinct cellular identities in heterogeneous cell populations and to monitor changes in the cell state without the need for biochemical tags, including live and dead cells. Recent studies in the past decade have indicated that dielectrophoresis can be used to discriminate the disease state of cells by exploring the differences in the dielectric polarizabilities of the cells. Factors controlling the dielectric polarizability are dependent on the conductivity and permittivity of the cell and the suspending medium, the cell morphology, the internal structure, and the electric double layer effects associated with the charges on the cell surface. Diseased cells, such as those associated with malaria, cancer, dengue, anthrax and human African trypanosomiasis, could be spatially trapped by positive dielectrophoresis or spatially separated from other healthy cells by negative dielectrophoretic forces. The aim of this review was to provide a better and deeper understanding on how dielectrophoresis can be utilized to manipulate diseased cells. This review compiles and compares the significant findings obtained by researchers in manipulating abnormal or unhealthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezekiel O Adekanmbi
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, 83844-1021, Idaho, USA.
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25
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Mata-Gomez MA, Perez-Gonzalez VH, Gallo-Villanueva RC, Gonzalez-Valdez J, Rito-Palomares M, Martinez-Chapa SO. Modelling of electrokinetic phenomena for capture of PEGylated ribonuclease A in a microdevice with insulating structures. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:033106. [PMID: 27375815 PMCID: PMC4912556 DOI: 10.1063/1.4954197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of PEGylated proteins results in a mixture of protein-polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugates and the unreacted native protein. From a ribonuclease A (RNase A) PEGylation reaction, mono-PEGylated RNase A (mono-PEG RNase A) has proven therapeutic effects against cancer, reason for which there is an interest in isolating it from the rest of the reaction products. Experimental trapping of PEGylated RNase A inside an electrokinetically driven microfluidic device has been previously demonstrated. Now, from a theoretical point of view, we have studied the electrokinetic phenomena involved in the dielectrophoretic streaming of the native RNase A protein and the trapping of the mono-PEG RNase A inside a microfluidic channel. To accomplish this, we used two 3D computational models, a sphere and an ellipse, adapted to each protein. The effect of temperature on parameters related to trapping was also studied. A temperature increase showed to rise the electric and thermal conductivities of the suspending solution, hindering dielectrophoretic trapping. In contrast, the dynamic viscosity of the suspending solution decreased as the temperature rose, favoring the dielectrophoretic manipulation of the proteins. Also, our models were able to predict the magnitude and direction of the velocity of both proteins indicating trapping for the PEGylated conjugate or no trapping for the native protein. In addition, a parametric sweep study revealed the effect of the protein zeta potential on the electrokinetic response of the protein. We believe this work will serve as a tool to improve the design of electrokinetically driven microfluidic channels for the separation and recovery of PEGylated proteins in one single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Mata-Gomez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Victor H Perez-Gonzalez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto C Gallo-Villanueva
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Valdez
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Sergio O Martinez-Chapa
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey , Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
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26
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Saucedo-Espinosa MA, Rauch MM, LaLonde A, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Polarization behavior of polystyrene particles under direct current and low-frequency (<1 kHz) electric fields in dielectrophoretic systems. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:635-44. [PMID: 26531799 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The relative polarization behavior of micron and submicron polystyrene particles was investigated under direct current and very low frequency (<1 kHz) alternating current electric fields. Relative polarization of particles with respect to the suspending medium is expressed in terms of the Clausius-Mossotti factor, a parameter of crucial importance in dielectrophoretic-based operations. Particle relative polarization was studied by employing insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) devices. The effects of particle size, medium conductivity, and frequency (10-1000 Hz) of the applied electric potential on particle response were assessed through experiments and mathematical modeling with COMSOL Multiphysics(®). Particles of different sizes (100-1000 nm diameters) were introduced into iDEP devices fabricated from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and their dielectrophoretic responses under direct and alternating current electric fields were recorded and analyzed in the form of images and videos. The results illustrated that particle polarizability and dielectrophoretic response depend greatly on particle size and the frequency of the electric field. Small particles tend to exhibit positive DEP at higher frequencies (200-1000 Hz), while large particles exhibit negative DEP at lower frequencies (20-200 Hz). These differences in relative polarization can be used for the design of iDEP-based separations and analysis of particle mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mallory M Rauch
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alexandra LaLonde
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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27
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Saucedo-Espinosa MA, LaLonde A, Gencoglu A, Romero-Creel MF, Dolas JR, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Dielectrophoretic manipulation of particle mixtures employing asymmetric insulating posts. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:282-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario A. Saucedo-Espinosa
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
| | - Alexandra LaLonde
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
| | - Aytug Gencoglu
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
| | - Maria F. Romero-Creel
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
| | - Jay R. Dolas
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Biomedical Engineering Department; Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
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28
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Gan L, Camacho-Alanis F, Ros A. Polarizability of Six-Helix Bundle and Triangle DNA Origami and Their Escape Characteristics from a Dielectrophoretic Trap. Anal Chem 2015; 87:12059-64. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gan
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural
Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Fernanda Camacho-Alanis
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural
Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural
Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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29
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Mata-Gómez MA, Gallo-Villanueva RC, González-Valdez J, Martínez-Chapa SO, Rito-Palomares M. Dielectrophoretic behavior of PEGylated RNase A inside a microchannel with diamond-shaped insulating posts. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:519-28. [PMID: 26530024 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ribonuclease A (RNase A) has proven potential as a therapeutic agent, especially in its PEGylated form. Grafting of PEG molecules to this protein yields mono-PEGylated (mono-PEG) and di-PEGylated (di-PEG) RNase A conjugates, and the unreacted protein. Mono-PEG RNase A is of great interest. The use of electrokinetic forces in microdevices represents a novel alternative to chromatographic methods to separate this specie. This work describes the dielectrophoretic behavior of the main protein products of the RNase A PEGylation inside a microchannel with insulators under direct current electric fields. This approach represents the first step in route to design micro-bioprocesses to separate PEGylated RNase A from unreacted native protein. The three proteins exhibited different dielectrophoretic behaviors. All of them experienced a marked streaming pattern at 3000 V consistent with positive dielectrophoresis. Native protein was not captured at any of the conditions tested, while mono-PEG RNase A and di-PEG RNase A were captured presumably due to positive dielectrophoresis at 4000 and 2500 V, respectively. Concentration of mono-PEG RNase A with a maximal enrichment efficiency of ≈9.6 times the feed concentration was achieved in few seconds. These findings open the possibility of designing novel devices for rapid separation, concentration, and recovery of PEGylated RNase A in a one-step operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Mata-Gómez
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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30
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Saucedo-Espinosa M, Lapizco-Encinas B. Design of insulator-based dielectrophoretic devices: Effect of insulator posts characteristics. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1422:325-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Jia Y, Ren Y, Jiang H. Continuous dielectrophoretic particle separation using a microfluidic device with 3D electrodes and vaulted obstacles. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1744-53. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yankai Jia
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
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32
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Dey R, Shaik VA, Chakraborty D, Ghosal S, Chakraborty S. AC Electric Field-Induced Trapping of Microparticles in Pinched Microconfinements. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5952-5961. [PMID: 25954982 DOI: 10.1021/la504795m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The trapping of charged microparticles under confinement in a converging-diverging microchannel, under a symmetric AC field of tunable frequency, is studied. We show that at low frequencies, the trapping characteristics stem from the competing effects of positive dielectrophoresis and the linear electrokinetic phenomena of electroosmosis and electrophoresis. It is found, somewhat unexpectedly, that electroosmosis and electrophoresis significantly affect the concentration profile of the trapped analyte, even for a symmetric AC field. However, at intermediate frequencies, the microparticle trapping mechanism is predominantly a consequence of positive dielectrophoresis. We substantiate our experimental results for the microparticle concentration distribution, along the converging-diverging microchannel, with a detailed theoretical analysis that takes into account all of the relevant frequency-dependent electrokinetic phenomena. This study should be useful in understanding the response of biological components such as cells to applied AC fields. Moreover, it will have potential applications in the design of efficient point-of-care diagnostic devices for detecting biomarkers and also possibly in some recent strategies in cancer therapy using AC fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranabir Dey
- †Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Vaseem Akram Shaik
- †Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Debapriya Chakraborty
- †Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Suman Chakraborty
- †Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur-721302, West Bengal, India
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33
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Screen-printed microfluidic dielectrophoresis chip for cell separation. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 63:371-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Zhou Y, Sheng H, Harrison DJ. Mechanism of DNA trapping in nanoporous structures during asymmetric pulsed-field electrophoresis. Analyst 2014; 139:6044-51. [PMID: 25271806 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01364f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the trapping mechanism of individual DNA molecules in ordered nanoporous structures generated by crystalline particle arrays. Two requisites for trapping are revealed by the dynamics of single trapped DNA, fully-stretched U/J shapes and hernia formation. The experimental results show there is a stronger possibility for hernias to lead the reorientation upon switching directions of the voltage at high field strengths, where trapping occurs. Fully stretched DNA has longer unhooking times than expected by a classic rope-on-pulley model. We propose a dielectrophoretic (DEP) force reduces the mobility of segments at the apex of the U or J, where field gradients are highest, based on simulations and observations of the trapping force dependence on field strength. A modified model for unhooking time is obtained after the DEP force is introduced. The new model explains the unhooking time data by predicting an infinite trapping time when the ratio of arm length differences (of the U or J) to molecule length Δx/L < β, where β is a DEP parameter that is found to strongly increase with electric field. The DNA polarizability calculated with the DEP model and experimental value of β is of the same magnitude of reported value. The results indicate the tension at the apex of U/J shape DNA is the primary reason for DNA trapping during pulsed field separation, instead of hernias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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35
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Cheri MS, Latifi H, Khashei H, Seresht MJ. Focusing and continuous separation of microparticles by insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) in stair-shaped microchannel. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3523-32. [PMID: 25256784 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Focusing and separation of microparticles in a complex mixture have had wide applications in chemistry, biology, medicine, etc. This work presents a numerical and experimental investigation on focusing and continuous separation of microparticles in a geometrically optimized arrangement of steps in the form of a staircase using insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) mechanism. First, a detailed finite element analysis was performed on important parameters in the focusing and separation of microparticles, such as geometry of stair-shaped microchannel, total voltage, and voltage difference applied to reservoirs. The optimum parameters obtained from numerical analysis were used for experimental work. Theoretically, predicted microparticle trajectories are in good agreement with experimentally observed ones. Experimental and numerical results show that the performance of focusing of microparticles enhances with growth of the total voltage (in a constant voltage difference) and decreases with voltage difference. The fabricated iDEP microchip enhances the performance of focusing and separation of microparticles due to its stair-shaped microchannel and therefore operates at low DC total applied voltages of 90-110 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sadegh Cheri
- Laser and Plasma Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Salamanzadeh A, Davalos RV. Electrokinetics and Rare-Cell Detection. MICROFLUIDICS IN DETECTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737609-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip devices perform functions which are not feasible or difficult to achieve with macroscale devices. Importantly, isolating and enriching rare cells is key in health and environmental applications, such as detecting circulating tumor cells from body fluid biopsies, or pathogens from water. Within a microdevice, the dominant mechanical force on a suspended particle is the drag force as it flows through the fluid. Electrokinetic forces such as dielectrophoresis - the motion of a particle due to its polarization in the presence of a non-uniform electric field - may also be applied to manipulate particles. For instance, separation of particles can be achieved using a combination of drag and dielectrophoretic forces to precisely manipulate a particle. Understanding the interaction of electrokinetic forces, particles, and fluid flow is critical for engineering novel microsystems used for cell sorting. Determining this interaction is even more complicated when dealing with bioparticles, especially cells, due to their intrinsic complex biological properties which influence their electrical and mechanical behaviors. In order to design novel and more practical microdevices for medical, biological, and chemical applications, it is essential to have a comprehensive understanding of the mechanics of particle-fluid interaction and the dynamics of particle movement. This chapter will describe the role of electrokinetic techniques in rare cell detection and the behavior of electrokinetic microsystems.
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Dielectrophoresis for bioparticle manipulation. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:18281-309. [PMID: 25310652 PMCID: PMC4227216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151018281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As an ideal method to manipulate biological particles, the dielectrophoresis (DEP) technique has been widely used in clinical diagnosis, disease treatment, drug development, immunoassays, cell sorting, etc. This review summarizes the research in the field of bioparticle manipulation based on DEP techniques. Firstly, the basic principle of DEP and its classical theories are introduced in brief; Secondly, a detailed introduction on the DEP technique used for bioparticle manipulation is presented, in which the applications are classified into five fields: capturing bioparticles to specific regions, focusing bioparticles in the sample, characterizing biomolecular interaction and detecting microorganism, pairing cells for electrofusion and separating different kinds of bioparticles; Thirdly, the effect of DEP on bioparticle viability is analyzed; Finally, the DEP techniques are summarized and future trends in bioparticle manipulation are suggested.
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LaLonde A, Romero-Creel MF, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Assessment of cell viability after manipulation with insulator-based dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:1479-84. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra LaLonde
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department; Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
| | - Maria F. Romero-Creel
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department; Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Department; Rochester Institute of Technology; Rochester NY USA
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Nakano A, Luo J, Ros A. Temporal and spatial temperature measurement in insulator-based dielectrophoretic devices. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6516-24. [PMID: 24889741 PMCID: PMC4082381 DOI: 10.1021/ac501083h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulator-based dielectrophoresis is a relatively new analytical technique with a large potential for a number of applications, such as sorting, separation, purification, fractionation, and preconcentration. The application of insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) for biological samples, however, requires the precise control of the microenvironment with temporal and spatial resolution. Temperature variations during an iDEP experiment are a critical aspect in iDEP since Joule heating could lead to various detrimental effects hampering reproducibility. Additionally, Joule heating can potentially induce thermal flow and more importantly can degrade biomolecules and other biological species. Here, we investigate temperature variations in iDEP devices experimentally employing the thermosensitive dye Rhodamin B (RhB) and compare the measured results with numerical simulations. We performed the temperature measurement experiments at a relevant buffer conductivity range commonly used for iDEP applications under applied electric potentials. To this aim, we employed an in-channel measurement method and an alternative method employing a thin film located slightly below the iDEP channel. We found that the temperature does not deviate significantly from room temperature at 100 μS/cm up to 3000 V applied such as in protein iDEP experiments. At a conductivity of 300 μS/cm, such as previously used for mitochondria iDEP experiments at 3000 V, the temperature never exceeds 34 °C. This observation suggests that temperature effects for iDEP of proteins and mitochondria under these conditions are marginal. However, at larger conductivities (1 mS/cm) and only at 3000 V applied, temperature increases were significant, reaching a regime in which degradation is likely to occur. Moreover, the thin layer method resulted in lower temperature enhancement which was also confirmed with numerical simulations. We thus conclude that the thin film method is preferable providing closer agreement with numerical simulations and further since it does not depend on the iDEP channel material. Overall, our study provides a thorough comparison of two experimental techniques for direct temperature measurement, which can be adapted to a variety of iDEP applications in the future. The good agreement between simulation and experiment will also allow one to assess temperature variations for iDEP devices prior to experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Nakano
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jinghui Luo
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Moncada-Hernandez H, Nagler E, Minerick AR. Theoretical and experimental examination of particle-particle interaction effects on induced dipole moments and dielectrophoretic responses of multiple particle chains. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:1803-13. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hector Moncada-Hernandez
- Biointeractive Systems and BioMEMS; Tecnológico de Monterrey; Campus Monterrey; Monterrey N.L. México
| | - Eliot Nagler
- MD-ERL; Michigan Technological University; Houghton MI USA
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LaLonde A, Gencoglu A, Romero-Creel MF, Koppula KS, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Effect of insulating posts geometry on particle manipulation in insulator based dielectrophoretic devices. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1344:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gallo-Villanueva RC, Sano MB, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Davalos RV. Joule heating effects on particle immobilization in insulator-based dielectrophoretic devices. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:352-61. [PMID: 24002905 PMCID: PMC4114348 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the temperature effects due to Joule heating obtained by application of a direct current electric potential were investigated for a microchannel with cylindrical insulating posts employed for insulator-based dielectrophoresis. The conductivity of the suspending medium, the local electric field, and the gradient of the squared electric field, which directly affect the magnitude of the dielectrophoretic force exerted on particles, were computationally simulated employing COMSOL Multiphysics. It was observed that a temperature gradient is formed along the microchannel, which redistributes the conductivity of the suspending medium leading to an increase of the dielectrophoretic force toward the inlet of the channel while decreasing toward the outlet. Experimental results are in good agreement with simulations on the particle-trapping zones anticipated. This study demonstrates the importance of considering Joule heating effects when designing insulator-based dielectrophoresis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B. Sano
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech
– Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory and Department of Chemical and
Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech
– Wake Forest University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Perez-Gonzalez VH, Ho V, Kulinsky L, Madou M, Martinez-Chapa SO. PPyDEP: a new approach to microparticle manipulation employing polymer-based electrodes. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:4642-4652. [PMID: 24121252 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50893e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel approach to 3-dimensional (3D) electrode fabrication, based on electrodeposited polypyrrole (PPy), for dielectrophoresis (DEP) is described. 3D PPy electrodes with post and cage geometries were grown over planar interdigitated electrodes. Computational modelling and experimental work were carried out to assess the performance of the proposed electrode geometries. It was found that these new electrode geometries enhanced the dielectrophoretic trapping efficiency for polystyrene beads by exhibiting larger variations of the electric field and by affecting a larger volume of the fluid sample than planar electrodes. Applications of this work include, but are not limited to, environmental monitoring, food safety control, clinical analysis, and clean energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Perez-Gonzalez
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico.
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Gencoglu A, Olney D, LaLonde A, Koppula KS, Lapizco-Encinas BH. Dynamic microparticle manipulation with an electroosmotic flow gradient in low-frequency alternating current dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 35:362-73. [PMID: 24166858 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of low-frequency AC insulator-based DEP (iDEP) was explored for the separation of polystyrene microparticles and yeast cells. An EOF gradient was generated by employing an asymmetrical, 20 Hz AC electrical signal in an iDEP device consisting of a microchannel with diamond-shaped insulating posts. Two types of samples were analyzed, the first sample contained three types of polystyrene particles with different diameters (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μm) and the second sample contained two types of polystyrene particles (1.0 and 2 μm) and yeast cells (6.3 μm). This particular scheme uses a tapered AC signal that allows for all particles to be trapped and concentrated at the insulating post array, as the signal becomes asymmetrical (more positive), particles are selectively released. The smallest particles in each sample were released first, since they require greater dielectrophoretic forces to remain trapped. The largest particles in each sample were released last, when the applied signal became cyclical. A dielectropherogram, which is analogous to a chromatogram, was obtained for each sample, demonstrating successful separation of the particles by showing "peaks" of the released particles. These separations were achieved at lower applied potentials than those reported in previous studies that used solely direct current electrical voltages. Additionally, mathematical modeling with COMSOL Multiphysics was carried out to estimate the magnitude of the dielectrophoretic and EOF forces acting on the particles considering the low-frequency, asymmetrical AC signal used in the experiments. The results demonstrated the potential of low-frequency AC-iDEP systems for handling and separating complex mixtures of microparticles and biological cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aytug Gencoglu
- Microscale Bioseparations Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Elvington ES, Salmanzadeh A, Stremler MA, Davalos RV. Label-free isolation and enrichment of cells through contactless dielectrophoresis. J Vis Exp 2013. [PMID: 24056267 PMCID: PMC3857390 DOI: 10.3791/50634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the phenomenon by which polarized particles in a non-uniform electric field undergo translational motion, and can be used to direct the motion of microparticles in a surface marker-independent manner. Traditionally, DEP devices include planar metallic electrodes patterned in the sample channel. This approach can be expensive and requires a specialized cleanroom environment. Recently, a contact-free approach called contactless dielectrophoresis (cDEP) has been developed. This method utilizes the classic principle of DEP while avoiding direct contact between electrodes and sample by patterning fluidic electrodes and a sample channel from a single polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, and has application as a rapid microfluidic strategy designed to sort and enrich microparticles. Unique to this method is that the electric field is generated via fluidic electrode channels containing a highly conductive fluid, which are separated from the sample channel by a thin insulating barrier. Because metal electrodes do not directly contact the sample, electrolysis, electrode delamination, and sample contamination are avoided. Additionally, this enables an inexpensive and simple fabrication process. cDEP is thus well-suited for manipulating sensitive biological particles. The dielectrophoretic force acting upon the particles depends not only upon spatial gradients of the electric field generated by customizable design of the device geometry, but the intrinsic biophysical properties of the cell. As such, cDEP is a label-free technique that avoids depending upon surface-expressed molecular biomarkers that may be variably expressed within a population, while still allowing characterization, enrichment, and sorting of bioparticles. Here, we demonstrate the basics of fabrication and experimentation using cDEP. We explain the simple preparation of a cDEP chip using soft lithography techniques. We discuss the experimental procedure for characterizing crossover frequency of a particle or cell, the frequency at which the dielectrophoretic force is zero. Finally, we demonstrate the use of this technique for sorting a mixture of ovarian cancer cells and fluorescing microspheres (beads).
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Viefhues M, Wegener S, Rischmüller A, Schleef M, Anselmetti D. Dielectrophoresis based continuous-flow nano sorter: fast quality control of gene vaccines. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3111-3118. [PMID: 23760065 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50475a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a prototype nanofluidic device, developed for the continuous-flow dielectrophoretic (DEP) fractionation, purification, and quality control of sample suspensions for gene vaccine production. The device consists of a cross injector, two operation regions, and separate outlets where the analytes are collected. In each DEP operation region, an inhomogeneous electric field is generated at a channel spanning insulating ridge. The samples are driven by ac and dc voltages that generate a dielectrophoretic potential at the ridge as well as (linear) electrokinetics. Since the DEP potential differs at the two ridges, probes of three and more species can be iteratively fully fractionated. We demonstrate the fast and efficient separation of parental plasmid, miniplasmid, and minicircle DNA, where the latter is applicable as a gene vaccine. Since the present technique is virtually label-free, it offers a fast purification and in-process quality control with low consumption, in parallel, for the production of gene vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Viefhues
- Experimental Biophysics and Applied Nanoscience, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Yafouz B, Kadri NA, Ibrahim F. Microarray dot electrodes utilizing dielectrophoresis for cell characterization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 13:9029-46. [PMID: 23857266 PMCID: PMC3758635 DOI: 10.3390/s130709029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
During the last three decades; dielectrophoresis (DEP) has become a vital tool for cell manipulation and characterization due to its non-invasiveness. It is very useful in the trend towards point-of-care systems. Currently, most efforts are focused on using DEP in biomedical applications, such as the spatial manipulation of cells, the selective separation or enrichment of target cells, high-throughput molecular screening, biosensors and immunoassays. A significant amount of research on DEP has produced a wide range of microelectrode configurations. In this paper; we describe the microarray dot electrode, a promising electrode geometry to characterize and manipulate cells via DEP. The advantages offered by this type of microelectrode are also reviewed. The protocol for fabricating planar microelectrodes using photolithography is documented to demonstrate the fast and cost-effective fabrication process. Additionally; different state-of-the-art Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) devices that have been proposed for DEP applications in the literature are reviewed. We also present our recently designed LOC device, which uses an improved microarray dot electrode configuration to address the challenges facing other devices. This type of LOC system has the capability to boost the implementation of DEP technology in practical settings such as clinical cell sorting, infection diagnosis, and enrichment of particle populations for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Yafouz
- Medical Informatics and Biological Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MIMEMS) Specialized Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (B.Y.); (F.I.)
| | - Nahrizul Adib Kadri
- Medical Informatics and Biological Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MIMEMS) Specialized Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (B.Y.); (F.I.)
| | - Fatimah Ibrahim
- Medical Informatics and Biological Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MIMEMS) Specialized Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; E-Mails: (B.Y.); (F.I.)
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Ivory CF, Srivastava SK. Direct current dielectrophoretic simulation of proteins using an array of circular insulating posts. Electrophoresis 2013; 32:2323-30. [PMID: 23361922 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model for the manipulation of proteins using insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) and direct current (DC) electric fields. Simulations via COMSOL v4.1 Multiphysics software are implemented to study the response of moderately sized proteins on a lab-on-a-chip platform. The geometry of the device is incorporated in a model that solves current and mass conservation equations within an array of circular insulating silicon posts embedded in a channel. Both micro- and nano-scale geometries are utilized to investigate the protein concentration distributions in the iDEP device. Our results indicate that the trapping of proteins is independent of the scale with respect to the geometry of a device as long as the applied electric field remains constant. DC voltage dependency on concentration distributions has also been explored in both micro- and nano-scale device geometries. To achieve DEP trapping of the proteins, nano-scale geometry is a better selection, as the voltage necessary to generate the required electric field (2.5 MV/cm) is 10(5) × lower compared with the voltage required to generate the same field in the micro-scale device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius F Ivory
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, WA 99l64-27l0, USA
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50
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Dorfman KD, King SB, Olson DW, Thomas JDP, Tree DR. Beyond gel electrophoresis: microfluidic separations, fluorescence burst analysis, and DNA stretching. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2584-667. [PMID: 23140825 PMCID: PMC3595390 DOI: 10.1021/cr3002142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Scott B. King
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Daniel W. Olson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Joel D. P. Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
| | - Douglas R. Tree
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota — Twin Cities, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, Phone: 1-612-624-5560. Fax: 1-612-626-7246
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