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Hassan MM, Heins K, Zheng H. Wound Dressing Based on Silver Nanoparticle Embedded Wool Keratin Electrospun Nanofibers Deposited on Cotton Fabric: Preparation, Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and Cytocompatibility. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2164-2174. [PMID: 38493449 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Wool keratin (WK) protein is attractive for wound dressing and biomedical applications due to its excellent biodegradability, cytocompatibility, and wound-healing properties. In this work, WK-based wound dressings were prepared by depositing WK/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-embedded WK/PVA composite nanofibrous membranes on cotton fabrics by electrospinning. Ag NPs were biosynthesized by reduction and stabilization with sodium alginate. The formed Ag NPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and their size was determined by transmission electron microscopy and image analysis. The formed Ag NPs were spherical and had an average diameter of 9.95 nm. The produced Ag NP-embedded WK/PVA composite nanofiber-deposited cotton fabric surface was characterized by FTIR and dynamic contact angle measurements, and the nanofiber morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The average diameter of the nanofibers formed by 0.1% Ag NP-embedded WK/PVA solution was 146.7 nm. The antibacterial activity of the surface of cotton fabrics coated with electrospun composite nanofibers was evaluated against the two most common wound-causing pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cotton fabric coated with 0.1% Ag NP-embedded WK/PVA nanofibers showed very good antibacterial activity against both pathogens, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay results showed good cytocompatibility against L-929 mouse fibroblast cells. However, the increase in Ag NP content in the nanofibers to 0.2% negatively affected the cell viability due to the high release rate of Ag ions. The results achieved show that the developed wound dressing has good potential for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan
- Bioproduct and Fiber Technology Team, Lincoln Research Center, AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, 7674 Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Kira Heins
- Bioproduct and Fiber Technology Team, Lincoln Research Center, AgResearch Limited, 1365 Springs Road, 7674 Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Haotian Zheng
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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Velamoor S, Mitchell A, Bostina M, Harland D. Processing hair follicles for transmission electron microscopy. Exp Dermatol 2021; 31:110-121. [PMID: 34351648 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has greatly advanced our knowledge of hair growth and follicle morphogenesis, but complex preparations such as fixation, dehydration and embedding compromise ultrastructure. While recent developments with cryofixation have been shown to preserve the ultrastructure of biological materials close to native state, they do have limitations. This review will focus on each stage of the TEM sample preparation process and their effects on the structural integrity of follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailakshmi Velamoor
- Proteins and Metabolites, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand.,Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Allan Mitchell
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Duane Harland
- Proteins and Metabolites, AgResearch Limited, Lincoln, New Zealand
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Plowman JE, Miller RE, Thomas A, Grosvenor AJ, Harland DP, Deb‐Choudhury S. A detailed mapping of the readily accessible disulphide bonds in the cortex of wool fibres. Proteins 2021; 89:708-720. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.26053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ancy Thomas
- Proteins and Metabolites AgResearch Christchurch New Zealand
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4
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Goecker ZC, Salemi MR, Karim N, Phinney BS, Rice RH, Parker GJ. Optimal processing for proteomic genotyping of single human hairs. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 47:102314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bryson WG, McCormack AC, Plowman JE, Grosvenor AJ, Murphy CJ, Nagase S, Itou T, Koike K. Improved two-dimensional electrophoretic mapping of Japanese human hair proteins; application to curved and straight Japanese human hairs; and protein identification by MALDI MS and MS/MS quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:346-358. [PMID: 32251525 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate improved protein extraction and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) separation methods with Japanese reference human hair (JRH); to determine whether fibre curvature is related to protein composition in curly and straight Japanese women's human hair (JHH) samples; and to identify proteins from JRH 2DE maps and expression differences between curly and straight JHH. METHODS Hair keratin and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) were extracted intact with dithiothreitol or tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine from JRH or from curved or straight JHH. Extracted proteins were isoelectric-focused on first-dimensional pH gradient gel strips, then separated by molecular weight on laboratory-made, second-dimension, large format gels. The software compared protein abundance between duplicate 2DE gels of curved and straight JHH. Thirty-eight proteins from a JRH 2DE gel were enzyme-cleaved for MALDI-TOF-MS analysis to determine peptide composition, and where possible, de novo sequencing gave peptide sequence data. An in-house human hair protein database incorporating ninety-eight annotated protein sequences assisted MS analysis. RESULTS 2DE gels of tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine-extracted JRH improved keratin and KAP resolution and number compared to those of dithiothreitol-extracted JRH and published commercially made second-dimensional gels. Silver-stained 2DE gels of the straight or curved JHH sets were remarkably similar. Over-staining to reveal basic proteins caused poor resolution of the major acidic protein classes. Software comparisons of fifty-nine resolved proteins revealed two were significantly different in abundance between curved and straight hairs but in insufficient amounts for MS analysis. MS identified twelve proteins from a JRH CBBG-stained 2DE gel: six type II keratins, three type I keratins and three high sulphur proteins. A further eight were potential conformational isoforms and isoelectric variants of the identified proteins bringing the total to twenty identified or partially identified proteins. CONCLUSION Root-end human hair extraction with tris(2-carboxyethyl) phosphine improves protein resolution and visualizes more proteins on large format 2DE gels. The two minor protein differences between duplicate straight or curved JHH 2DE gels were unlikely to change fibre structure from straight to curved hair. MS results confirmed that multiple isoforms exist of various hair proteins. Low sequence coverage prevented distinction between members in rows of homologous protein spots of similar molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Bryson
- Formerly of Canesis Network Limited, 55 Westlake Drive, Halswell, Christchurch, 8025, New Zealand
| | - A C McCormack
- MYOB NZ Limited, PO Box 2864, 17 Sir William Pickering Drive, Christchurch, 8053, New Zealand
| | - J E Plowman
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - A J Grosvenor
- Lincoln Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - C J Murphy
- Hutt Central, 3A Epuni St, Lower Hutt, 5011, New Zealand
| | - S Nagase
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - T Itou
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
| | - K Koike
- Hair Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, 2-1-3, Bunka, Sumida, Tokyo, 131-8501, Japan
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Differences between ultrastructure and protein composition in straight hair fibres. ZOOLOGY 2019; 133:40-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bond JJ, Donaldson AJ, Coumans JVF, Austin K, Ebert D, Wheeler D, Oddy VH. Protein profiles of enzymatically isolated rumen epithelium in sheep fed a fibrous diet. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:5. [PMID: 30697422 PMCID: PMC6346531 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rumen wall plays a major role in efficient transfer of digested nutrients in the rumen to peripheral tissues through the portal venous system. Some of these substrates are metabolised in the epithelium during this process. To identify the specific proteins involved in these processes, we used proteomic technologies. Protein extracts were prepared from ventral rumen tissue of six sheep fed a fibrous diet at 1.5× maintenance energy requirements. Using a newly developed method, we were able to enzymatically isolate the epithelial cells from underlying tissue layers, thus allowing cytosol and membrane fractions to be independently analysed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC MS/MS). RESULTS Using our procedure we identified 570 epithelial proteins in the Ovis aries sequence database. Subcellular locations were largely cytosolic (n = 221) and extracellular (n = 85). However, a quarter of the proteins identified were assigned to the plasma membrane or organelle membranes, some of which transport nutrients and metabolites. Of these 91 were transmembrane proteins (TMHMM), 27 had an N-terminal signal peptide (signalP) and TMHMM motif, 13 had a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor and signalP sequence, 67 had beta (β) strands or 17 β strands and a transit peptide sequence, indicating the identified proteins were integral or peripheral membrane proteins. Subunits of the 5 protein complexes involved in mitochondrial cellular energy production were well represented. Structural proteins (15%), proteins involved in the metabolism of lipids and proteins (26%) and those with steroid or cytokine action were a feature of the proteome. CONCLUSION Our research has developed a procedure to isolate rumen epithelium proteins from the underlying tissue layers so that they may be profiled using proteomic technologies. The approach improves the number of proteins that can be profiled that are specific to the epithelium of the rumen wall. It provides new insights into the proteins of structural and nutritional importance in the rumen epithelium, that carry out nutrient transport and metabolism, cell growth and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. Bond
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Extensive Livestock Industry Centre, University of New England, Trevenna Rd, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - A. J. Donaldson
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Extensive Livestock Industry Centre, University of New England, Trevenna Rd, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - J. V. F. Coumans
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - K. Austin
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Extensive Livestock Industry Centre, University of New England, Trevenna Rd, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - D. Ebert
- School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - D. Wheeler
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange, NSW 2800 Australia
| | - V. H. Oddy
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Extensive Livestock Industry Centre, University of New England, Trevenna Rd, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
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Discrimination and quantification of homologous keratins from goat and sheep with dual protease digestion and PRM assays. J Proteomics 2018; 186:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yu Z, Plowman JE, Maclean P, Wildermoth JE, Brauning R, McEwan JC, Maqbool NJ. Ovine keratome: identification, localisation and genomic organisation of keratin and keratin-associated proteins. Anim Genet 2018; 49:361-370. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Yu
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
| | - J. E. Plowman
- AgResearch Ltd; Lincoln Research Centre; Private Bag 4749 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - P. Maclean
- AgResearch Ltd; Lincoln Research Centre; Private Bag 4749 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - J. E. Wildermoth
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
| | - R. Brauning
- AgResearch Limited; Invermay Agricultural Centre; Private Bag 50034 Mosgiel 9053 New Zealand
| | - J. C. McEwan
- AgResearch Limited; Invermay Agricultural Centre; Private Bag 50034 Mosgiel 9053 New Zealand
| | - N. J. Maqbool
- AgResearch Ltd; Ruakura Research Centre; Private Bag 3123 Hamilton 3214 New Zealand
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Kowalczewski CJ, Saul JM. Biomaterials for the Delivery of Growth Factors and Other Therapeutic Agents in Tissue Engineering Approaches to Bone Regeneration. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:513. [PMID: 29896102 PMCID: PMC5986909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone fracture followed by delayed or non-union typically requires bone graft intervention. Autologous bone grafts remain the clinical "gold standard". Recently, synthetic bone grafts such as Medtronic's Infuse Bone Graft have opened the possibility to pharmacological and tissue engineering strategies to bone repair following fracture. This clinically-available strategy uses an absorbable collagen sponge as a carrier material for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) and a similar strategy has been employed by Stryker with BMP-7, also known as osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1). A key advantage to this approach is its "off-the-shelf" nature, but there are clear drawbacks to these products such as edema, inflammation, and ectopic bone growth. While there are clinical challenges associated with a lack of controlled release of rhBMP-2 and OP-1, these are among the first clinical examples to wed understanding of biological principles with biochemical production of proteins and pharmacological principles to promote tissue regeneration (known as regenerative pharmacology). After considering the clinical challenges with such synthetic bone grafts, this review considers the various biomaterial carriers under investigation to promote bone regeneration. This is followed by a survey of the literature where various pharmacological approaches and molecular targets are considered as future strategies to promote more rapid and mature bone regeneration. From the review, it should be clear that pharmacological understanding is a key aspect to developing these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin M Saul
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
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Lin CW, Yang KC, Cheng NC, Tsai WB, Lou KL, Yu J. Evaluation of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells on keratin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Li Y, Zhou G, Zhang R, Guo J, Li C, Martin G, Chen Y, Wang X. Comparative proteomic analyses using iTRAQ-labeling provides insights into fiber diversity in sheep and goats. J Proteomics 2017; 172:82-88. [PMID: 29051081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The structural component of wool and hair fibers, such as keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), has been well described, but the genetic determinants of fiber diameter are largely unknown. Here, we have used an iTRAQ-based proteomic approach to investigate differences in protein abundance among 18 samples from sheep and goats across a diverse range of fibers. We identified proteins with different abundance and are associated with variation in fiber features. Proteins with different abundance are mainly keratin or keratin-associated proteins (KRTAP11-1, KRT6A, KRT38), or are related to hair growth (DSC2, DSG3, EEF2, CALML5, TCHH, SELENBP1) and fatty acid synthesis (FABP4, FABP5). RNA-seq further confirmed the functional importance of the DSC2 gene in the determination of woolly phenotype in goat fibers. This comprehensive analysis of fibers from major fiber-producing animals is the first to provide a list of candidate proteins that are involved in fiber formation. This list will be valuable asset for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that underlie fiber diversity. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Proteins are the basis for animal-derived hair fibers, yet proteins conferring fiber structure and characteristics in sheep and goats are largely elusive. By examining 27 fibers samples representing 9 fiber types from sheep and goats through the iTRAQ approach, we show a list of differentially abundant proteins that are important to hair structural component, or genes related to hair growth and fatty acid synthesis. RNA-seq further validated the DSC2 gene is key to the woolly/straight hair phenotype in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guangxian Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jiazhong Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Graeme Martin
- UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yulin Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Deb-Choudhury S, Plowman JE, Harland DP. Isolation and Analysis of Keratins and Keratin-Associated Proteins from Hair and Wool. Methods Enzymol 2015; 568:279-301. [PMID: 26795475 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The presence of highly cross-linked protein networks in hair and wool makes them very difficult substrates for protein extraction, a prerequisite for further protein analysis and characterization. It is therefore imperative that these cross-links formed by disulfide bridges are first disrupted for the efficient extraction of proteins. Chaotropes such as urea are commonly used as efficient extractants. However, a combination of urea and thiourea not only improves recovery of proteins but also results in improved resolution of the keratins in 2DE gels. Reductants also play an important role in protein dissolution. Dithiothreitol effectively removes keratinous material from the cortex, whereas phosphines, like Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, remove material from the exocuticle. The relative extractability of the keratins and keratin-associated proteins is also dependent on the concentration of chaotropes, reductants, and pH, thus providing a means to preferentially extract these proteins. Ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM(+)[Cl](-)) are known to solubilize wool by disrupting noncovalent interactions, specifically intermolecular hydrogen bonds. BMIM(+)[Cl](-) proved to be an effective extractant of wool proteins and complementary in nature to chaotropes such as urea and thiourea for identifying unique peptides of wool proteins using mass spectrometry (MS). Successful identification of proteins resolved by one- or two-dimensional electrophoresis and MS is highly dependent on the optimal recovery of its protease-digested peptides with an efficient removal of interfering substances. The detergent sodium deoxycholate used in conjunction with Empore™ disks improved identification of proteins by mass spectrometry leading to higher percentage sequence coverage, identification of unique peptides and higher score.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey E Plowman
- Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Duane P Harland
- Food and Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
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Influence of feed restriction on the wool proteome: A combined iTRAQ and fiber structural study. J Proteomics 2014; 103:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Unravelling the proteome of wool: Towards markers of wool quality traits. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4315-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Thomas A, Harland DP, Clerens S, Deb-Choudhury S, Vernon JA, Krsinic GL, Walls RJ, Cornellison CD, Plowman JE, Dyer JM. Interspecies comparison of morphology, ultrastructure, and proteome of mammalian keratin fibers of similar diameter. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:2434-2446. [PMID: 22329728 DOI: 10.1021/jf204811v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sheep wool has traditionally been viewed as the representative mammalian keratin fiber for the purposes of describing morphology and protein composition. We have investigated narrow fibers from the under-hairs of a range of species both closely and distantly related to sheep, comparing structure and protein composition. Within this group, curvature was negatively correlated with diameter for all but mohair. The cortical cell types present in alpaca, rabbit, and mohair fibers differed structurally from wool, primarily in terms of their macrofibril architecture. Except for rabbit, each species' fibers contained three cell types, and except for mohair, cell types were distributed asymmetrically across the cortex. In mohair, the cell types were distributed annularly, and each cell type had regions in which intermediate filaments were packed into highly aligned hexagonal mosaics, much like the mesocortex in wool. Coupled with this, were differences in the protein profiles; the rabbit fiber contained extra keratins and keratin associated proteins, while only subtle differences were noted between mohair and Merino fibers. In both rabbit and mohair fibers, the relative abundance of keratin K85 was lower than that of Merino. These results suggest that there may be links between relative protein composition and fiber morphology, albeit complex ones.
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Proteomic tools for the investigation of human hair structural proteins and evidence of weakness sites on hair keratin coil segments. Anal Biochem 2011; 421:43-55. [PMID: 22056946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human hair is principally composed of hair keratins and keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) that form a complex network giving the hair its rigidity and mechanical properties. However, during their growth, hairs are subject to various treatments that can induce irreversible damage. For a better understanding of the human hair protein structures, proteomic mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategies could assist in characterizing numerous isoforms and posttranslational modifications of human hair fiber proteins. However, due to their physicochemical properties, characterization of human hair proteins using classical proteomic approaches is still a challenge. To address this issue, we have used two complementary approaches to analyze proteins from the human hair cortex. The multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPit) approach allowed identifying all keratins and the major KAPs present in the hair as well as posttranslational modifications in keratins such as cysteine trioxidation, lysine, and histidine methylation. Then two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with MS (2-DE gel MS) allowed us to obtain the most complete 2-DE gel pattern of human hair proteins, revealing an unexpected heterogeneity of keratin structures. Analyses of these structures by differential peptide mapping have brought evidence of cleaved species in hair keratins and suggest a preferential breaking zone in α-helical segments.
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O’Cualain R, Sims P, Carr C. Structural analysis of alpha-helical proteins from wool using cysteine labelling and mass spectrometry. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Combination of acid labile detergent and C18 Empore™ disks for improved identification and sequence coverage of in-gel digested proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:415-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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