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Rendić SP, Crouch RD, Guengerich FP. Roles of selected non-P450 human oxidoreductase enzymes in protective and toxic effects of chemicals: review and compilation of reactions. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2145-2246. [PMID: 35648190 PMCID: PMC9159052 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is an overview of the metabolic reactions of drugs, natural products, physiological compounds, and other (general) chemicals catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase (FMO), monoamine oxidase (MAO), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), and molybdenum hydroxylase enzymes (aldehyde oxidase (AOX) and xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR)), including roles as substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of the enzymes. The metabolism and bioactivation of selected examples of each group (i.e., drugs, “general chemicals,” natural products, and physiological compounds) are discussed. We identified a higher fraction of bioactivation reactions for FMO enzymes compared to other enzymes, predominately involving drugs and general chemicals. With MAO enzymes, physiological compounds predominate as substrates, and some products lead to unwanted side effects or illness. AOX and XOR enzymes are molybdenum hydroxylases that catalyze the oxidation of various heteroaromatic rings and aldehydes and the reduction of a number of different functional groups. While neither of these two enzymes contributes substantially to the metabolism of currently marketed drugs, AOX has become a frequently encountered route of metabolism among drug discovery programs in the past 10–15 years. XOR has even less of a role in the metabolism of clinical drugs and preclinical drug candidates than AOX, likely due to narrower substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232-0146, USA
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Non-cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics: Focus on the regulation of gene expression and enzyme activity. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 233:108020. [PMID: 34637840 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is one of the major biotransformation reactions that regulates the exposure of xenobiotics and their metabolites in the circulatory system and local tissues and organs, and influences their efficacy and toxicity. Although cytochrome (CY)P450s play critical roles in the oxidative reaction, extensive CYP450-independent oxidative metabolism also occurs in some xenobiotics, such as aldehyde oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, monoamine oxidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, or aldehyde dehydrogenase-dependent oxidative metabolism. Drugs form a large portion of xenobiotics and are the primary target of this review. The common reaction mechanisms and roles of non-CYP450 enzymes in metabolism, factors affecting the expression and activity of non-CYP450 enzymes in terms of inhibition, induction, regulation, and species differences in pharmaceutical research and development have been summarized. These non-CYP450 enzymes are detoxifying enzymes, although sometimes they mediate severe toxicity. Synthetic or natural chemicals serve as inhibitors for these non-CYP450 enzymes. However, pharmacokinetic-based drug interactions through these inhibitors have rarely been reported in vivo. Although multiple mechanisms participate in the basal expression and regulation of non-CYP450 enzymes, only a limited number of inducers upregulate their expression. Therefore, these enzymes are considered non-inducible or less inducible. Overall, this review focuses on the potential xenobiotic factors that contribute to variations in gene expression levels and the activities of non-CYP450 enzymes.
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Wang Q, Li X, Zheng Z, Liu H, Gao Y. Determination of four naphthalenediols in cosmetic samples by sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography and a comparison with HPLC. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2021.00942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (sweeping-MEKC) method was developed for the determination of 1,7-naphthalenediol, 2,3-naphthalenediol, 1,5-naphthalenediol and 2,7-naphthalenediol in cosmetics. Several parameters affecting sweeping-MEKC method were studied systematically and the separation conditions were optimized as 20 mM NaH2PO4–110 mM SDS and 40% (v/v) MeOH (pH 2.4), with −22 kV applied voltage and UV detection at 230 nm. The sample matrix is 60 mmol L−1 NaH2PO4 and sample introduction was performed at 3 psi for 6 s. Separation of the four naphthalenediols was completed in less than 17 min. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) are 0.0045∼0.0094 μg mL−1 and 0.015∼0.031 μg mL−1. Linear relationship (r
2 > 0.999) is satisfactory at the range of 0.1–10 μg mL−1. The developed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the four naphthalenediols in real cosmetic samples, with recoveries in foundation, sun cream and lotion in the range of 92.3%∼106.8% and relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 4.15%. A HPLC method described in the National Standards of the People’s Republic of China was carried out for the comparison with the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed sweeping-MEKC method has the advantages of fast, low cost with comparative sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Zhihan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Huitao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, PR China
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3): genetic variants and their consequences for drug metabolism and disease. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:19-33. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1643515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Phillips
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth A. Shephard
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
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Farcaş E, Pochet L, Crommen J, Servais AC, Fillet M. Capillary electrophoresis in the context of drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:195-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Drug metabolism by flavin-containing monooxygenases of human and mouse. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:167-181. [PMID: 27678284 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1239718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) play an important role in drug metabolism. Areas covered: We focus on the role of FMOs in the metabolism of drugs in human and mouse. We describe FMO genes and proteins of human and mouse; the catalytic mechanism of FMOs and their significance for drug metabolism; differences between FMOs and CYPs; factors contributing to potential underestimation of the contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism; the developmental and tissue-specific expression of FMO genes and differences between human and mouse; and factors that induce or inhibit FMOs. We discuss the contribution of FMOs of human and mouse to the metabolism of drugs and how genetic variation of FMOs affects drug metabolism. Finally, we discuss the utility of animal models for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Expert opinion: The contribution of FMOs to drug metabolism may be underestimated. As FMOs are not readily induced or inhibited and their reactions are generally detoxifications, the design of drugs that are metabolized predominantly by FMOs offers clinical advantages. Fmo1(-/-),Fmo2(-/-),Fmo4(-/-) mice provide a good animal model for FMO-mediated drug metabolism in humans. Identification of roles for FMO1 and FMO5 in endogenous metabolism has implications for drug therapy and initiates an exciting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Phillips
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK.,b School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Elizabeth A Shephard
- a Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology , University College London , London , UK
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Denoroy L, Parrot S. Analysis of Amino Acids and Related Compounds by Capillary Electrophoresis. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2016.1212378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Farcaş E, Servais AC, Lamalle C, Chiap P, Pochet L, Fillet M. Fully automated electrophoretically mediated microanalysis for CYP1A1 activity monitoring optimized by multivariate approach. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:248-55. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Farcaş
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines (LAM), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Anne-Catherine Servais
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines (LAM), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Caroline Lamalle
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines (LAM), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Patrice Chiap
- Advanced Technology Corporation (ATC); University Hospital Centre of Liège; Liège Belgium
| | - Lionel Pochet
- Namur Medicine & Drug Innovation Center (NAMEDIC-NARILIS); University of Namur; Namur; Belgium
| | - Marianne Fillet
- Laboratory for the Analysis of Medicines (LAM), Department of Pharmacy, CIRM; University of Liège; Liège Belgium
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Li YY, Di R, Hsu WL, Huang YQ, Sun H, Cheung HY. Sensitivity improvement of kukoamine determination by complexation with dihydrogen phosphate anions in capillary zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1801-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Group for Bioactive Products; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Rui Di
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Group for Bioactive Products; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Wing-Leung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Group for Bioactive Products; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Ye-Qing Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Group for Bioactive Products; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- Key laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre; City University of Hong Kong; Shenzhen, P. R. China
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R.; China
| | - Hon-Yeung Cheung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Group for Bioactive Products; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Key laboratory of Biochip Technology, Shenzhen Biotech and Health Centre; City University of Hong Kong; Shenzhen, P. R. China
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Glatz Z. On-capillary derivatisation as an approach to enhancing sensitivity in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:744-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Glatz
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science and CEITEC; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
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12
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Mckeon L, Regan F, Burns B, Leonard R. Determination of resin acid composition in rosin samples using cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:2791-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Mckeon
- School of Chemical Sciences; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
| | - Fiona Regan
- School of Chemical Sciences; Dublin City University; Dublin Ireland
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Kitagawa F, Otsuka K. Recent applications of on-line sample preconcentration techniques in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1335:43-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nowak P, Woźniakiewicz M, Kościelniak P. An overview of on-line systems using drug metabolizing enzymes integrated into capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2604-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nowak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Michał Woźniakiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
| | - Paweł Kościelniak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University; Kraków; Poland
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Breadmore MC, Shallan AI, Rabanes HR, Gstoettenmayr D, Abdul Keyon AS, Gaspar A, Dawod M, Quirino JP. Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010-2012). Electrophoresis 2013; 34:29-54. [PMID: 23161056 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CE has been alive for over two decades now, yet its sensitivity is still regarded as being inferior to that of more traditional methods of separation such as HPLC. As such, it is unsurprising that overcoming this issue still generates much scientific interest. This review continues to update this series of reviews, first published in Electrophoresis in 2007, with updates published in 2009 and 2011 and covers material published through to June 2012. It includes developments in the field of stacking, covering all methods from field amplified sample stacking and large volume sample stacking, through to isotachophoresis, dynamic pH junction and sweeping. Attention is also given to online or inline extraction methods that have been used for electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Breadmore
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Yeniceli D, Deng X, Adams E, Dogrukol-Ak D, Schepdael AV. Development of a CD-MEKC method for investigating the metabolism of tamoxifen by flavin-containing monooxygenases and the inhibitory effects of methimazole, nicotine and DMXAA. Electrophoresis 2012; 34:463-70. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolan Deng
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven; Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis; KU Leuven; Belgium
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Timerbaev AR. Element speciation analysis using capillary electrophoresis: twenty years of development and applications. Chem Rev 2012; 113:778-812. [PMID: 23057472 DOI: 10.1021/cr300199v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin Str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Akamatsu S, Mitsuhashi T. Development of a simple capillary electrophoretic determination of glucosamine in nutritional supplements using in-capillary derivatisation with o-phthalaldehyde. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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KAEWCHUAY N, FUKUSHI K, TSUBOI A, OKAMURA H, SAITO K, HIROKAWA T. Simultaneous Determination of Pyridine-Triphenylborane Anti-Fouling Agent and Its Degradation Products in Paint-Waste Samples Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Field-Amplified Sample Injection. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:1191-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ai TSUBOI
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Hideo OKAMURA
- Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University
| | - Keiitsu SAITO
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University
| | - Takeshi HIROKAWA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University
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Hai X, Yang BF, Van Schepdael A. Recent developments and applications of EMMA in enzymatic and derivatization reactions. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:211-27. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kubáň P, Timerbaev AR. CE of inorganic species - A review of methodological advancements over 2009-2010. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:196-210. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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