Easy sample treatment for the determination of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in raw bovine milk by capillary electrophoresis

Simultaneous detection of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in milk using a bias potentials controlling-based photoelectrochemical aptasensor

It is important to develop highly-active photoelectrochemical (PEC) materials and use novel sensing strategy for constructing high-PEC-performance sensors with multiplex detection abilities, owing to the simultaneous presence of multiple antibiotic residues in food. Herein, a bias-potential-based PEC aptasensor was prepared for the trace detection of dual antibiotic analytes, enrofloxacin (ENR) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), which often coexist in milk samples. Here, two materials were developed with excellent PEC performance: three-dimensional nitrogen-doped graphene-loaded copper indium disulfide (CuInS₂/3DNG) and Bi³⁺-doped black anatase titania nanoparticles decorated with reduced graphene oxide (Bi³⁺/B-TiO₂/rGO). By applying different bias potentials to the two materials near one ITO electrode, the cathodic current generated by CuInS₂/3DNH and the anodic current generated by Bi³⁺/B-TiO₂/rGO could be clearly distinguished without interfering with each other. Then, ENR and CIP aptamers were respectively modified onto the surface of CuInS₂/3DNH and Bi³⁺/B-TiO₂/rGO to construct a PEC aptasensor for the sensitive detection of ENR and CIP. Under optimal conditions, the proposed aptasensor exhibited wide linear ranges of ENR (0.01-10000 ng/mL) and CIP (0.01-1000 ng/mL), and relatively low detection limits of 3.3 pg/mL to ENR and CIP (S/N = 3). The aptasensor was successfully applied to the detection of ENR and CIP in milk samples.

Advances in the Analysis of Veterinary Drug Residues in Food Matrices by Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques

In the last years, the European Commission has adopted restrictive directives on food quality and safety in order to protect animal and human health. Veterinary drugs represent an important risk and the need to have sensitive and fast analytical techniques to detect and quantify them has become mandatory. Over the years, the availability of different modes, interfaces, and formats has improved the versatility, sensitivity, and speed of capillary electrophoresis (CE) techniques. Thus, CE represents a powerful tool for the analysis of a large variety of food matrices and food-related molecules with important applications in food quality and safety. This review focuses the attention of CE applications over the last decade on the detection of different classes of drugs (used as additives in animal food or present as contaminants in food products) with a potential risk for animal and human health. In addition, considering that the different sample preparation procedures have strongly contributed to CE sensitivity and versatility, the most advanced sample pre-concentration techniques are discussed here.

Silver nanoparticles enhanced fluorescence for sensitive determination of fluoroquinolones in water solutions

A new type of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) was prepared with simple and fast methods and low-toxic compounds. With the addition of different concentrations of AgNPs, the effects of AgNPs on the fluorescence properties of three different kinds of fluoroquinolones (enrofloxacin ENR, lomefloxacin LMF and norfloxacin NOR) in water solutions were studied, respectively. The experimental results demonstrated that the fluorescence intensity for each of the fluoroquinolones (FQ)was firstly enhanced and then quenched with the increased concentration of AgNPs in water solutions. The possible mechanisms about the AgNPs on the fluorescence behaviors of each FQ were also investigated, respectively. In addition, new silver enhanced nanoparticles materials fluorescence methods were established for the separate determination of ENR, LMF and NOR in water solutions. As compared with the identical control fluorimetric methods with no addition of AgNPs, the new enhanced fluorimetic methods were also investigated, respectively. The experimental results indicated that the new enhanced methods could detect lower concentrations of ENR, LMF and NOR in water solutions. Moreover, the newly enhanced fluorimetric methods were validated and successfully applied for the quantitative assay of ENR, LMF and NOR in different kinds of medicinal preparations, respectively.

Antibiotic residues in milk: Past, present, and future

Now-a-days, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in veterinary sector indiscriminately for promotion of growth and treatment of the livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through milk of dairy animals unaltered and exert serious harmful effects on human health. This review evaluates and compare researches on antibiotic residues in milk in published literatures from Pubmed, CrossRef, CAB direct, DOAJ, JournalTOCs, AGRICOLA, ScientificGate, Electronic Journals Library, CAB abstracts, Global Health Databases, Global Impact Factor, Google Scholar, Park Directory of Open Access Journals, BanglaJOL and ISC E-Journals. Antibiotics residue in milk was first detected in 60s and then with an increasing trend with highest after 2,000 (188). The highest no. of works, 49 (21.87%) were accomplished in China, followed by Spain, 30 (13.39%); Germany, 11 (4.91%); and USA, 10 (4.46%). Continent-wise highest researches are published from Europe, 105 (46.88%), followed by Asia, 77 (34.38%); South America, 18 (8.04%); North America, 16 (7.14%); and Africa, 8 (3.57%). For detection, Bovine milk sample is mostly used, 193 (86.16%), followed by ovine, 19 (8.48%); and caprine, 14 (6.25%). Acetonitrile was used in maximum cases (77) for processing the samples. Chromatographic technique was the highest, 115 (51.34%) for detection. Residue of β-lactam group have been detected mostly 133 (36.54%), followed by tetracyclines, 51 (14.01%); fluoroquinolones, 49 (13.46%); sulfonamides, 46 (12.64%); and aminoglycosides, 38 (10.44%). This review observe that antibiotics residues are more common in milk samples that are being manifested in increasing researches on antibiotic detection and measures should adopt to cease this residue.

New and miniaturized method for analysis of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets

Enrofloxacin is an antimicrobial for oral use, from the fluoroquinolones of second-generation class, and it is the first fluoroquinolone used in veterinary for the treatment of bacterial infections. The development of trustworthy analytical methods has extreme importance for the assurance of safety, quality and therapeutic efficiency of pharmaceuticals. Previous articles in the literature describe several analytical methods for evaluation of enrofloxacin, but they do not use spectrophotometry in the visible region, nor use a miniaturized method or ecologically correct. In this work an analytical method for quantification of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets for veterinary prescriptions was developed and validated by spectrophotometry in the visible region. This method used a spectrophotometer UV-Vis BMG LabTechSpectrostar Nano, solution of iron chloride 0.5% as complexing agent, microplates and the analyses were conducted at 430 nm. The validation was conducted following international guides and showed linearity between the concentrations of 100 and 200 μg/ mL, selectivity, precision (intraday RSD 0.52%, interday RSD 0.44% and interanalyst RSD 0.56%), accuracy of 98.51% and robustness to time of analysis variation and wavelength. Therefore, the developed method approached the required parameters of validation and can be considered suitable for quantification of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets. The method also involves characteristics in green analytical chemistry for the current pharmaceutical analysis. This work contemplates a miniaturized, clean, innovator, fast and low cost method by spectrophotometry in the visible region for quantification of enrofloxacin in palatable tablets.

Highly-sensitive detection of eight typical fluoroquinolone antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectroscopy coupled with immunoaffinity extraction

An off-line procedure, immunoaffinity extraction (IAE), followed by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectroscopy (CE-MS) has been developed for the simultaneous determination of eight typical FQs in environmental water samples.

Capillary Electrophoresis in Food and Foodomics

Quality and safety assessment as well as the evaluation of other nutritional and functional properties of foods imply the use of robust, efficient, sensitive, and cost-effective analytical methodologies. Among analytical technologies used in the fields of food analysis and foodomics, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has generated great interest for the analyses of a large number of compounds due to its high separation efficiency, extremely small sample and reagent requirements, and rapid analysis. The introductory section of this chapter provides an overview of the recent applications of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in food analysis and foodomics. Relevant reviews and research articles on these topics are tabulated including papers published in the period 2011-2014. In addition, to illustrate the great capabilities of CE in foodomics the chapter describes the main experimental points to be taken into consideration for a metabolomic study of the antiproliferative effect of carnosic acid (a natural diterpene found in rosemary) against HT-29 human colon cancer cells.

Selective extraction and determination of fluoroquinolones in bovine milk samples with montmorillonite magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers and capillary electrophoresis

A sensitive and selective method for separating fluoroquinolones (FQs) from bovine milk samples was successfully developed using montmorillonite magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMMIPs) as adsorbents. MMMIPs were prepared using montmorillonite as carrier, fleroxacin (FLE) as template molecule, and Fe3O4 magnetite as magnetic component. MMMIPs possessed high adsorption capacity of 46.3 mg g(-1) for FLE. A rapid and convenient magnetic solid-phase extraction procedure coupled with capillary electrophoresis was established with MMMIPs as adsorbents for simultaneous and selective extraction of four FQs in bovine milk samples. Limits of detection ranged between 12.9 and 18.8 μg L(-1), and the RSDs were between 1.8% and 8.6%. The proposed method was successfully applied to spike bovine milk samples with recoveries of 92.7%-108.6%.

Recent advances in CE analysis of antibiotics and its use as chiral selectors

Antibiotics are a class of therapeutic molecules widely employed in both human and veterinary medicine. This article reviews the most recent advances in the analysis of antibiotics by CE in pharmaceutical, environmental, food, and biomedical fields. Emphasis is placed on the strategies to increase sensitivity as diverse off-line, in-line, and on-line preconcentration approaches and the use of different detection systems. The use of CE in the microchip format for the analysis of antibiotics is also reviewed in this article. Moreover, since the use of antibiotics as chiral selectors in CE has grown in the last years, a new section devoted to this aspect has been included. This review constitutes an update of previous published reviews and covers the literature published from June 2011 until June 2013.