1
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Jiang H, Wang Y, Du F, Stolte S, Specht U, Pesch GR, Baune M. A universal AC electrokinetics-based strategy toward surface antifouling of underwater optics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16125. [PMID: 38997310 PMCID: PMC11245552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The practical applications of underwater optical devices, such as cameras or sensors, often suffer from widespread surface biofouling. Current antifouling techniques are primarily hindered by low efficiency, poor compatibility, as well as environmental pollution issues. This paper presents a transparent electrode coating as antifouling system of underwater optics as potential substitute for alternating current electrokinetic (ACEK)-based systems. A strong-coupling model is established to predict the Joule heating induced fluid flows and the negative dielectrophoretic (nDEP) effect for mobilizing organisms or deposited sediments on optic surfaces. The performance of the proposed antifouling system is numerically evaluated through simulations of electrostatic, fluid and temperature fields as well as trajectories of submicron particles, which is then experimentally verified and found to be in good agreement. A parametric study revealed that the degree of electrodes asymmetry is the key factor affecting the flow pattern and therefore the overall performance of the system. This ACEK-based universal strategy is expected to shed light on designing high performance and non-toxic platforms toward energy-efficient surface antifouling applications of underwater optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Du
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Uwe Specht
- The Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Georg R Pesch
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Baune
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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2
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Gupta K, Moon HR, Chen Z, Han B, Green NG, Wereley ST. Optically induced electrothermal microfluidic tweezers in bio-relevant media. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9819. [PMID: 37330519 PMCID: PMC10276874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-contact micro-manipulation tools have enabled invasion-free studies of fragile synthetic particles and biological cells. Rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) traps target particles/cells, suspended in an electrolyte, on an electrode surface. This entrapment is electrokinetic in nature and thus depends strongly on the suspension medium's properties. REP has been well characterized for manipulating synthetic particles suspended in low concentration salt solutions (~ 2 mS/m). However, it is not studied as extensively for manipulating biological cells, which introduces an additional level of complexity due to their limited viability in hypotonic media. In this work, we discuss challenges posed by isotonic electrolytes and suggest solutions to enable REP manipulation in bio-relevant media. Various formulations of isotonic media (salt and sugar-based) are tested for their compatibility with REP. REP manipulation is observed in low concentration salt-based media such as 0.1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS) when the device electrodes are passivated with a dielectric layer. We also show manipulation of murine pancreatic cancer cells suspended in a sugar-based (8.5% w/v sucrose and 0.3% w/v dextrose) isotonic medium. The ability to trap mammalian cells and deposit them in custom patterns enables high-impact applications such as determining their biomechanical properties and 3D bioprinting for tissue scaffolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz Gupta
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hye-Ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicolas G Green
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Steven T Wereley
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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3
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Tavari T, Nazari M, Meamardoost S, Tamayol A, Samandari M. A systematic overview of electrode configuration in electric‐driven micropumps. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1476-1520. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Tavari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Shahrood University of Technology Shahrood Iran
| | - Mohsen Nazari
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Shahrood University of Technology Shahrood Iran
| | - Saber Meamardoost
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo New York USA
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington Connecticut USA
| | - Mohamadmahdi Samandari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington Connecticut USA
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4
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Pal D, Chakraborty S. Scaling laws for external fluid flow induced by controlled periodic heating of a solid boundary. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:033105. [PMID: 32289967 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.033105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that considerable variation of mean Prandtl number (Pr_{0}) from unity brings in an additional length scale (called the viscous penetration depth, δ_{v}) into the dynamics of instantaneous as well as time-averaged (mean) flow induced by thermoviscous expansion along a periodically heated solid wall. We investigate the limiting cases of high and low Prandtl numbers (Pr_{0}≫1 and Pr_{0} ≪ 1) through detailed order-of-magnitude analysis. Our study reveals that the viscous penetration depth scales universally with Pr_{0} so long as such depth remains small compared to the wavelength of the applied thermal wave. While a high Pr_{0} is found to obstruct the mean flow, the converse is not necessarily true. Subsequent analysis clearly shows that a low-Pr_{0} flow can induce negative thermoviscous force within the thermal boundary layer and thus retard the mean motion, leading to a nontrivial reduction of net mass flow along the plate. Numerical prediction of friction factor variation with Pr_{0} agrees well with the scaling estimates for both high-Pr_{0} and low-Pr_{0} fluids. The findings may very well act as fundamental design basis for engineering devices that may potentially be developed for thermal molecular trapping and particle sorting and accumulation based on unsteady heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Pal
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
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5
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Salari A, Navi M, Lijnse T, Dalton C. AC Electrothermal Effect in Microfluidics: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E762. [PMID: 31717932 PMCID: PMC6915365 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The electrothermal effect has been investigated extensively in microfluidics since the 1990s and has been suggested as a promising technique for fluid manipulations in lab-on-a-chip devices. The purpose of this article is to provide a timely overview of the previous works conducted in the AC electrothermal field to provide a comprehensive reference for researchers new to this field. First, electrokinetic phenomena are briefly introduced to show where the electrothermal effect stands, comparatively, versus other mechanisms. Then, recent advances in the electrothermal field are reviewed from different aspects and categorized to provide a better insight into the current state of the literature. Results and achievements of different studies are compared, and recommendations are made to help researchers weigh their options and decide on proper configuration and parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinaghi Salari
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Maryam Navi
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada;
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Thomas Lijnse
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Colin Dalton
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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6
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Koklu A, El Helou A, Raad PE, Beskok A. Characterization of Temperature Rise in Alternating Current Electrothermal Flow Using Thermoreflectance Method. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12492-12500. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Assaad El Helou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Peter E. Raad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75205, United States
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7
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Multifrequency Induced-Charge Electroosmosis. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070447. [PMID: 31277290 PMCID: PMC6680487 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We present herein a unique concept of multifrequency induced-charge electroosmosis (MICEO) actuated directly on driving electrode arrays, for highly-efficient simultaneous transport and convective mixing of fluidic samples in microscale ducts. MICEO delicately combines transversal AC electroosmotic vortex flow, and axial traveling-wave electroosmotic pump motion under external dual-Fourier-mode AC electric fields. The synthetic flow field associated with MICEO is mathematically analyzed under thin layer limit, and the particle tracing experiment with a special powering technique validates the effectiveness of this physical phenomenon. Meanwhile, the simulation results with a full-scale 3D computation model demonstrate its robust dual-functionality in inducing fully-automated analyte transport and chaotic stirring in a straight fluidic channel embedding double-sided quarter-phase discrete electrode arrays. Our physical demonstration with multifrequency signal control on nonlinear electroosmosis provides invaluable references for innovative designs of multifunctional on-chip analytical platforms in modern microfluidic systems.
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8
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Li L, Wang X, Pu Q, Liu S. Advancement of electroosmotic pump in microflow analysis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1060:1-16. [PMID: 30902323 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This review (with 152 references) covers the progress made in the development and application of electroosmotic pumps in a period from 2009 through 2018 in microflow analysis. Following a short introduction, the review first categorizes various electroosmotic pumps into five subclasses based on the materials used for pumping: i) open channel EOP, 2) packed-column EOP, iii) porous monolith EOP, iv) porous membrane EOP, and v) other types of EOP. Pumps in each subclass are discussed. A next section covers EOP applications, primarily the applications of EOPs in micro flow analysis and micro/nano liquid chromatography. Other scattered applications are also examined. Perspectives, trends and challenges are discussed in the final section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
| | - Qiaosheng Pu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.
| | - Shaorong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, 101 Stephenson Parkway, Norman, OK, 73019, United States.
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9
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Salari A, Dalton C. Simultaneous Pumping and Mixing of Biological Fluids in a Double-Array Electrothermal Microfluidic Device. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020092. [PMID: 30696037 PMCID: PMC6413218 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transport and mixing of minute amounts of biological fluids are significantly important in lab-on-a-chip devices. It has been shown that the electrothermal technique is a suitable candidate for applications involving high-conductivity biofluids, such as blood, saliva, and urine. Here, we introduce a double-array AC electrothermal (ACET) device consisting of two opposing microelectrode arrays, which can be used for simultaneous mixing and pumping. First, in a 2D simulation, an optimum electrode-pair configuration capable of achieving fast transverse mixing at a microfluidic channel cross-section is identified by comparing different electrode geometries. The results show that by adjusting the applied voltage pattern and position of the asymmetrical microelectrodes in the two arrays, due to the resultant circular flow streamlines, the time it takes for the analytes to be convected across the channel cross-section is reduced by 95% compared to a diffusion-only-based transport regime, and by 80% compared to a conventional two-layer ACET device. Using a 3D simulation, the fluid transport (pumping and mixing) capabilities of such an electrode pair placed at different angles longitudinally relative to the channel was studied. It was found that an asymmetrical electrode configuration placed at an angle in the range of 30°≤θ≤45° can significantly increase transversal mixing efficiency while generating strong longitudinal net flow. These findings are of interest for lab-on-a-chip applications, especially for biosensors and immunoassays, where mixing analyte solutions while simultaneously moving them through a microchannel can greatly enhance the sensing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinaghi Salari
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada.
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5B 1T8, Canada.
| | - Colin Dalton
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada.
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10
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Gao X, Li Y. Biofluid pumping and mixing by an AC electrothermal micropump embedded with a spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:3156-3170. [PMID: 30194859 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we numerically investigated a multifunctional AC electrothermal (ACET) micropump embedded with an asymmetric spiral microelectrode pair in a cylindrical microchannel for simultaneous pumping and mixing in high-conductivity fluids, which makes the pump useful for biofluid applications. When an AC signal was applied to the asymmetric spiral electrode pair, the vortices induced on the electrode surfaces with centerlines along the corresponding spiral electrode length exhibit a spiral distribution, and the net flow in the cylindrical microchannel is generated by the ACET effect. The vorticity field distribution can explain the mechanism of simultaneous pumping and mixing. Because the vorticity field is inclined against the microchannel direction, vortices on top of the spiral electrodes can affect the ACET flow in the following two aspects at the same time: one is pumping the flow in the microchannel direction, and the other is mixing the samples by stirring the flow. We also determined that the geometric ratios of the electrode width to the gap or slant angle of the spiral electrodes can feasibly be used to control the relative strength of the pumping and mixing capabilities, and we achieved an optimal design that gives both desirable pumping and mixing efficiencies. This study shows that the spiral ACET micropump design can rapidly drive the high-conductivity fluids and efficiently mix samples simultaneously. The numerical simulation of the spiral ACET micropump is of significant importance for practical, chemical and biological applications, and feasible fabrication techiniques should be experimentally investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Gao
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiao Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
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11
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Du K, Liu W, Ren Y, Jiang T, Song J, Wu Q, Tao Y. A High-Throughput Electrokinetic Micromixer via AC Field-Effect Nonlinear Electroosmosis Control in 3D Electrode Configurations. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E432. [PMID: 30424365 PMCID: PMC6187382 DOI: 10.3390/mi9090432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we make use of the AC field-effect flow control on induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO), to develop an electrokinetic micromixer with 3D electrode layouts, greatly enhancing the device performance compared to its 2D counterpart of coplanar metal strips. A biased AC voltage wave applied to the central gate terminal, i.e., AC field-effect control, endows flow field-effect-transistor of ICEO the capability to produce arbitrary symmetry breaking in the transverse electrokinetic vortex flow pattern, which makes it fascinating for microfluidic mixing. Using the Debye-Huckel approximation, a mathematical model is established to test the feasibility of the new device design in stirring nanoparticle samples carried by co-flowing laminar streams. The effect of various experimental parameters on constructing a viable micromixer is investigated, and an integrated microdevice with a series of gate electrode bars disposed along the centerline of the channel bottom surface is proposed for realizing high-flux mixing. Our physical demonstration on field-effect nonlinear electroosmosis control in 3D electrode configurations provides useful guidelines for electroconvective manipulation of nanoscale objects in modern microfluidic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Du
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Jingni Song
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, and School of Highway, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Qian Wu
- Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu 610213, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
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12
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Ren Q. Investigation of pumping mechanism for non-Newtonian blood flow with AC electrothermal forces in a microchannel by hybrid boundary element method and immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:1329-1338. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi P. R. China
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13
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Hossan MR, Dutta D, Islam N, Dutta P. Review: Electric field driven pumping in microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:702-731. [PMID: 29130508 PMCID: PMC5832652 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pumping of fluids with precise control is one of the key components in a microfluidic device. The electric field has been used as one of the most popular and efficient nonmechanical pumping mechanism to transport fluids in microchannels from the very early stage of microfluidic technology development. This review presents fundamental physics and theories of the different microscale phenomena that arise due to the application of an electric field in fluids, which can be applied for pumping of fluids in microdevices. Specific mechanisms considered in this report are electroosmosis, AC electroosmosis, AC electrothermal, induced charge electroosmosis, traveling wave dielectrophoresis, and liquid dielectrophoresis. Each phenomenon is discussed systematically with theoretical rigor and role of relevant key parameters are identified for pumping in microdevices. We specifically discussed the electric field driven body force term for each phenomenon using generalized Maxwell stress tensor as well as simplified effective dipole moment based method. Both experimental and theoretical works by several researchers are highlighted in this article for each electric field driven pumping mechanism. The detailed understanding of these phenomena and relevant key parameters are critical for better utilization, modulation, and selection of appropriate phenomenon for efficient pumping in a specific microfluidic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R. Hossan
- Department of Engineering and Physics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034, USA
| | - Diganta Dutta
- Department of Physics, University of Nebraska, Kearney, NE 68849, USA
| | - Nazmul Islam
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, TX, USA
| | - Prashanta Dutta
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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14
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Ren Y, Liu W, Tao Y, Hui M, Wu Q. On AC-Field-Induced Nonlinear Electroosmosis next to the Sharp Corner-Field-Singularity of Leaky Dielectric Blocks and Its Application in on-Chip Micro-Mixing. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E102. [PMID: 30424036 PMCID: PMC6187378 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Induced-charge electroosmosis has attracted lots of attention from the microfluidic community over the past decade. Most previous researches on this subject focused on induced-charge electroosmosis (ICEO) vortex streaming actuated on ideally polarizable surfaces immersed in electrolyte solutions. Starting from this point, we conduct herein a linear asymptotic analysis on nonlinear electroosmotic flow next to leaky dielectric blocks of arbitrary electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity in harmonic AC electric fields, and theoretically demonstrate that observable ICEO fluid motion can be generated at high field frequencies in the vicinity of nearly insulating semiconductors, a very low electrical conductivity, of which can evidently increase the double-layer relaxation frequency (inversely proportional to the solid permittivity) to be much higher than the typical reciprocal RC time constant for induced double-layer charging on ideally polarizable surfaces. A computational model is developed to study the feasibility of this high-frequency vortex flow field of ICEO for sample mixing in microfluidics, in which the usage of AC voltage signal at high field frequencies may be beneficial to suppress electrochemical reactions to some extent. The influence of various parameters for developing an efficient mixer is investigated, and an integrated arrangement of semiconductor block array is suggested for achieving a reliable mixing performance at relatively high sample fluxes. Our physical demonstration with high-frequency ICEO next to leaky dielectric blocks using a simple channel structure offers valuable insights into the design of high-throughput micromixers for a variety of lab-on-a-chip applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Meng Hui
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
| | - Qisheng Wu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle-Section of Nan'er Huan Road, Xi'an 710064, China.
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15
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Liu W, Ren Y, Tao Y, Yao B, Li Y. Simulation analysis of rectifying microfluidic mixing with field-effect-tunable electrothermal induced flow. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:779-793. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Ye Tao
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Bobin Yao
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
| | - You Li
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering; Chang'an University; Xi'an P. R. China
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16
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Wu Y, Ren Y, Jiang H. Enhanced model-based design of a high-throughput three dimensional micromixer driven by alternating-current electrothermal flow. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:258-269. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Wu
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering; Harbin Institute of Technology; Harbin P. R. China
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17
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Mishra A, Khor JW, Clayton KN, Williams SJ, Pan X, Kinzer-Ursem T, Wereley S. Optoelectric patterning: Effect of electrode material and thickness on laser-induced AC electrothermal flow. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:658-65. [PMID: 26613811 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) is an emerging optoelectric technique that takes advantage of laser-induced AC electrothermal flow and particle-electrode interactions to trap and translate particles. The electrothermal flow in REP is driven by the temperature rise induced by the laser absorption in the thin electrode layer. In previous REP applications 350-700 nm indium tin oxide (ITO) layers have been used as electrodes. In this study, we show that ITO is an inefficient electrode choice as more than 92% of the irradiated laser on the ITO electrodes is transmitted without absorption. Using theoretical, computational, and experimental approaches, we demonstrate that for a given laser power the temperature rise is controlled by both the electrode material and its thickness. A 25-nm thick Ti electrode creates an electrothermal flow of the same speed as a 700-nm thick ITO electrode while requiring only 14% of the laser power used by ITO. These results represent an important step in the design of low-cost portable REP systems by lowering the material cost and power consumption of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanish Mishra
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jian-Wei Khor
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Katherine N Clayton
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Stuart J Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xudong Pan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Tamara Kinzer-Ursem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Steve Wereley
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Lang Q, Wu Y, Ren Y, Tao Y, Lei L, Jiang H. AC Electrothermal Circulatory Pumping Chip for Cell Culture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:26792-801. [PMID: 26558750 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe a novel AC electrothermal (ACET) fluidic circulatory pumping chip to overcome the challenge of fluid-to-tissue ratio for "human-on-a-chip" cell culture systems. To avoid the deleterious effects of Joule heating and electric current on sample cells, a rectangular microchannel was designed with distantly separated regions for pumping and cell culture. Temperature variations were examined using a commercial thermocouple sensor to detect temperature values in both pumping and culture regions. To generate a sufficient ACET circulatory pumping rate, 30 pairs of asymmetrical electrodes were employed in the pumping region; generated ACET velocity was measured by fluorescent microparticle image velocimetry. The benefits of our pumping chip were demonstrated by culturing human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) and human colon carcinoma cells (SW620) for 72 h with an energized voltage of 3 V and 10 MHz. Cells grew and proliferated well, implying our ACET circulatory pumping chip has great potential for cell culture and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanshuang Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University , Xuefu Road 194, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China 150081
| | | | | | - Lei Lei
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University , Xuefu Road 194, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China 150081
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19
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Williams SJ, Green NG. Electrothermal pumping with interdigitated electrodes and resistive heaters. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1681-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J. Williams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Louisville; Louisville KY USA
| | - Nicolas G. Green
- Department of Electronics and Computer Science; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
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20
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Salari A, Navi M, Dalton C. A novel alternating current multiple array electrothermal micropump for lab-on-a-chip applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:014113. [PMID: 25713695 PMCID: PMC4320149 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The AC electrothermal technique is very promising for biofluid micropumping, due to its ability to pump high conductivity fluids. However, compared to electroosmotic micropumps, a lack of high fluid flow is a disadvantage. In this paper, a novel AC multiple array electrothermal (MAET) micropump, utilizing multiple microelectrode arrays placed on the side-walls of the fluidic channel of the micropump, is introduced. Asymmetric coplanar microelectrodes are placed on all sides of the microfluidic channel, and are actuated in different phases: one, two opposing, two adjacent, three, or all sides at the same time. Micropumps with different combinations of side electrodes and cross sections are numerically investigated in this paper. The effect of the governing parameters with respect to thermal, fluidic, and electrical properties are studied and discussed. To verify the simulations, the AC MAET concept was then fabricated and experimentally tested. The resulted fluid flow achieved by the experiments showed good agreement with the corresponding simulations. The number of side electrode arrays and the actuation patterns were also found to greatly influence the micropump performance. This study shows that the new multiple array electrothermal micropump design can be used in a wide range of applications such as drug delivery and lab-on-a-chip, where high flow rate and high precision micropumping devices for high conductivity fluids are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - M Navi
- Semnan University , Semnan, Iran
| | - C Dalton
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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21
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Lu Y, Liu T, Lamanda AC, Sin MLY, Gau V, Liao JC, Wong PK. AC Electrokinetics of Physiological Fluids for Biomedical Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:611-20. [PMID: 25487557 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214560904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alternating current (AC) electrokinetics is a collection of processes for manipulating bulk fluid mass and embedded objects with AC electric fields. The ability of AC electrokinetics to implement the major microfluidic operations, such as pumping, mixing, concentration, and separation, makes it possible to develop integrated systems for clinical diagnostics in nontraditional health care settings. The high conductivity of physiological fluids presents new challenges and opportunities for AC electrokinetics-based diagnostic systems. In this review, AC electrokinetic phenomena in conductive physiological fluids are described followed by a review of the basic microfluidic operations and the recent biomedical applications of AC electrokinetics. The future prospects of AC electrokinetics for clinical diagnostics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ariana C Lamanda
- Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mandy L Y Sin
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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