1
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Modroiu A, Krait S, Hancu G, Scriba GKE. Quality by design-guided development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous chiral purity determination and impurity profiling of tamsulosin. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300604. [PMID: 37937344 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Analytical Quality by Design principles using the design of experiments were applied for the development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the determination of enantiomeric purity and chemically related impurities of tamsulosin. From initial scouting experiments, a dual cyclodextrin (CD) system composed of sulfated β-CD and carboxymethyl-α-CD was selected as the chiral selector. A fractional factorial resolution V+ design was used for the identification of the critical process parameters, while a face-centered central composite design and Monte Carlo simulations were employed for final optimization and defining the design space of the method. The experimental conditions of the working point were: 30 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 3.0, containing 40 mg/mL sulfated β-CD and 7 mg/mL carboxymethyl-α-CD, capillary temperature 18°C, applied voltage -23 kV. Following the assessment of robustness by applying a Plackett-Burman design, the method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use guideline Q2(R1). The method allowed the quantification of the chiral impurity and three other related impurities at the 0.1 % level with acceptable accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Modroiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Sulaiman Krait
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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2
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Soe HMSH, Junthip J, Chamni S, Chansriniyom C, Limpikirati P, Thanusuwannasak T, Asasutjarit R, Pruksakorn P, Autthateinchai R, Wet-Osot S, Loftsson T, Jansook P. A promising synthetic citric crosslinked β-cyclodextrin derivative for antifungal drugs: Solubilization, cytotoxicity, and antifungal activity. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123394. [PMID: 37689255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective antifungal therapy for the treatment of fungal keratitis requires a high drug concentration at the corneal surface. However, the use of natural β-cyclodextrin (βCD) in the preparation of aqueous eye drop formulations for treating fungal keratitis is limited by its low aqueous solubility. Here, we synthesized water-soluble anionic βCD derivatives capable of forming water-soluble complexes and evaluated the solubility, cytotoxicity, and antifungal efficacy of drug prepared using the βCD derivative. To achieve this, a citric acid crosslinked βCD (polyCTR-βCD) was successfully synthesized, and the aqueous solubilities of selected antifungal drugs, including voriconazole, miconazole (MCZ), itraconazole, and amphotericin B, in polyCTR-βCD and analogous βCD solutions were evaluated. Among the drugs tested, complexation of MCZ with polyCTR-βCD (MCZ/polyCTR-βCD) increased MCZ aqueous solubility by 95-fold compared with that of MCZ/βCD. The inclusion complex formation of MCZ/βCD and MCZ/polyCTR-βCD was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. Additionally, the nanoaggregates of saturated MCZ/polyCTR-βCD and MCZ/βCD solutions were observed using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, MCZ/polyCTR-βCD solution exhibited good mucoadhesion, sustained drug release, and high drug permeation of porcine cornea ex vivo. Hen's Egg test-chorioallantoic membrane assay and cell viability study using Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea cell line showed that both MCZ/polyCTR-βCD and MCZ/βCD exhibited no sign of irritation and non-toxic to cell line. Additionally, antifungal activity evaluation demonstrated that all isolated fungi, including Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, and Fusarium solani, were susceptible to MCZ/polyCTR-βCD. Overall, the results showed that polyCTR-βCD could be a promising nanocarrier for the ocular delivery of MCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay Man Saung Hnin Soe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jatupol Junthip
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Supakarn Chamni
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chaisak Chansriniyom
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Cyclodextrin Application and Nanotechnology-based Delivery Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patanachai Limpikirati
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Rathapon Asasutjarit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Thammasat University, Klong Luang, Rangsit, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Patamaporn Pruksakorn
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Amphoe Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Rinrapas Autthateinchai
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Amphoe Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Sirawit Wet-Osot
- Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Amphoe Muang, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Cyclodextrin Application and Nanotechnology-based Delivery Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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3
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Ibrahim AE, El Gohary NA, Aboushady D, Samir L, Karim SEA, Herz M, Salman BI, Al-Harrasi A, Hanafi R, El Deeb S. Recent advances in chiral selectors immobilization and chiral mobile phase additives in liquid chromatographic enantio-separations: A review. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464214. [PMID: 37506464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
For decades now, the separation of chiral enantiomers of drugs has been gaining the interest and attention of researchers. In 1991, the first guidelines for development of chiral drugs were firstly released by the US-FDA. Since then, the development in chromatographic enantioseparation tools has been fast and variable, aiming at creating a suitable environment where the physically and chemically identical enantiomers can be separated. Among those tools, the immobilization of chiral selectors (CS) on different stationary phases and the chiral mobile phase additives (CMPA) which have been progressed and studied extensively. This review article highlights the major advances in immobilization of CS together with their different recognition mechanisms as well as CMPA as a cheaper and successful alternative for chiral stationary phases. Moreover, the role of molecular modeling tool as a pre-step in the choice of CS for evaluating possible interactions with different ligands has been pointed up. Illustrations of reported methods and updates for immobilized CS and CMPA have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Ehab Ibrahim
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port-Said University, Port-Said 42511, Egypt; Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nesrine Abdelrehim El Gohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboushady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Liza Samir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ekram Abdel Karim
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Magy Herz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Baher I Salman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Rasha Hanafi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38092, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Bílek J, Koval D, Sázelová P, Šolínová V, Severa L, Gutiérrez PER, Teplý F, Kašička V. The separation of the enantiomers of diquats by capillary electrophoresis using randomly sulfated cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300417. [PMID: 37528727 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Diquats, derivatives of the widely used herbicide diquat, represent a new class of functional organic molecules. A combination of their special electrochemical properties and axial chirality could potentially result in their important applications in supramolecular chemistry, chiral catalysis, and chiral analysis. However, prior to their practical applications, the diquats have to be prepared in enantiomerically pure forms and the enantiomeric purity of their P- and M-isomers has to be checked. Hence, a chiral capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed and applied for separation of P- and M-enantiomers of 11 new diquats. Fast and better than baseline CE separations of enantiomers of all 11 diquats within a short time 5-7 min were achieved using acidic buffer, 22 mM NaOH, 35 mM H3 PO4 , pH 2.5, as a background electrolyte, and 6 mM randomly sulfated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins as chiral selectors. The most successful selector was sulfated γ-cyclodextrin, which baseline separated the enantiomers of all 11 diquats, followed by sulfated β-cyclodextrin and sulfated α-cyclodextrin, which baseline separated enantiomers of 10 and nine diquats, respectively. Using this method, a high enantiopurity degree of the isolated P- and M-enantiomers of three diquats with a defined absolute configuration was confirmed and their migration order was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bílek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Koval
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sázelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Šolínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Severa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Paul E Reyes Gutiérrez
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Teplý
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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5
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Szabó ZI, Boda F, Fiser B, Dobó M, Szőcs L, Tóth G. Chiral Separation of Oxazolidinone Analogs by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Anionic Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors: Emphasis on Enantiomer Migration Order. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114530. [PMID: 37299005 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative chiral separations of enantiomeric pairs of four oxazolidinone and two related thio-derivatives were performed by capillary electrophoresis, using cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors. Since the selected analytes are neutral, the enantiodiscrimination capabilities of nine anionic CD derivatives were determined, in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH = 6. Unanimously, the most successful chiral selector was the single isomeric heptakis-(6-sulfo)-β-cyclodextrin (HS-β-CD), which resulted in the highest enantioresolution values out of the CDs applied for five of the six enantiomeric pairs. The enantiomer migration order (EMO) was the same for two enantiomeric pairs, irrespective of the CD applied. However, several examples of EMO reversals were obtained in the other cases. Interestingly, changing from randomly substituted, multi-component mixtures of sulfated-β-CD to the single isomeric chiral selector, enantiomer migration order reversal occurred for two enantiomeric pairs and similar observations were made when comparing heptakis-(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-sulfo)-β-CD, (HDMS-β-CD) with HS-β-CD. In several cases, cavity-size-dependent, and substituent-dependent EMO reversals were also observed. Minute differences in the structure of the analytes were also responsible for several cases of EMO reversal. The present study offers a complex overview of the chiral separation of structurally related oxazolidinones, and thio-analogs, highlighting the importance of the adequate choice of chiral selector in this group of compounds, where enantiomeric purity is of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán-István Szabó
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Sz-imfidum Ltd., Lunga nr. 504, 525401 Covasna, Romania
| | - Francisc Boda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Béla Fiser
- Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, Egyetemváros, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary
- Ferenc Rákóczi II. Transcarpathian Hungarian Institute, 90200 Beregszász, Transcarpathia, Ukraine
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 90-149 Łódź, Poland
| | - Máté Dobó
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. 9, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Szőcs
- Cyclolab Ltd., Illatos út 7, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes E. 9, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Study on Quality Control of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Enantiomers by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-023-04240-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aims at developing a high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) method to analyze tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and its pharmaceutical preparations. Several cyclodextrin mobile-phase additives were applied to reversed-phase and normal-phase chromatography, and the effects of three chiral stationary phases on the TDF separation were investigated in this study. The R-type and S-type of TDF tablets were quantitatively analyzed in the single ion monitoring (SIM) scanning mode with a Unichiral CMD column. This method has been successfully applied to the separation and quantification of TDF and its isomers. The linear ranges of (R)-TDF and (S)-enantiomer were 1–20 and 0.2–16 μg/mL, respectively. The limit of detection for (R)-TDF and (S)-enantiomer was 0.0015 and 0.0012 μg/mL, respectively. (S)-enantiomer was not detected in the formulas from all the seven manufacturers, and the drug content of each took more than 98.5% of the labeled amount, which complies with the regulations. The method shows its advantages on high sensitivity, low detection limit, good practicability, and repeatability. The proposed method may provide a novel platform for separation of TDF enantiomers and quality control of TDF raw materials and preparations.
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7
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Cyclodextrins as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis: Recent trends in mechanistic studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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8
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Modroiu A, Krait S, Hancu G, Scriba GKE. Quality by design-guided development of a capillary electrophoresis method for the chiral purity determination of silodosin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 222:115117. [PMID: 36306637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Silodosin is a single isomer selective α1-adrenoreceptor antagonist used for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In order to control the enantiomeric purity of the drug a capillary electrophoresis method was developed that is applicable to the analysis of drug substance as well as pharmaceutical formulations. Method development followed a quality by design strategy. After selection of carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin as suitable chiral selector and the starting conditions in the scouting phase, a two-level full factorial design was applied to identify the critical process parameters. The final method optimization was performed using a face-centered central composite design resulting in the conditions 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 2.9, containing 40 mg/mL car-boxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, a capillary temperature of 17 °C and an applied voltage of 28 kV. Robustness testing employing a Plackett-Burman design revealed the importance of careful pH adjustment in order to achieve suitable peak shape and resolution. The method was validated according to the guideline Q2(R1) of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use and applied to the analysis of a commercial capsule formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Modroiu
- Friedrich Schiller University, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany; George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Sulaiman Krait
- Friedrich Schiller University, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Friedrich Schiller University, Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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9
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Kravchenko AV, Kolobova EA, Kechin AA, Kartsova LA. Development of a capillary electrophoretic method for determination of ketorolac enantiomers in human plasma using cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative as a chiral selector. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200601. [PMID: 36420913 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the separation of ketorolac enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis is presented. A cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative based on imidazole was synthesized and used as a chiral selector in the background electrolyte. The influence of pH and ionic strength of background electrolyte, as well as cationic β-cyclodextrin derivative concentration on the resolution of ketorolac enantiomers, was investigated. The highest value of the resolution for ketorolac enantiomers was 1.46 when the background electrolyte consisted of 25 mM NaH2 PO4 (pH 6.4) with 1 mM 1-butyl-3-β-cyclodextrinimidazolium tosylate. Additionally, the possibilities of cationic derivatives for the separation of ketoprofen enantiomers were shown (peak resolution 1.06). The two-step preconcentration mode was developed to reduce the limit of detection of individual enantiomers. The proposed approach was successfully applied to determine ketorolac enantiomers in tablet "Ketorol express" and human plasma. The calibration range of ketorolac enantiomers for plasma samples was 0.25-2.50 μg/ml with coefficients of determination ≥ 0.99. The relative standard deviation both of the peak area and migration time was less than 15%, as well as the accuracy ranged from 90.1% to 110.2% for both analytes. The limits of detection were 44 and 55 ng/ml for R- and S-ketorolac. The quantity of ketorolac in plasma was verified with high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Kravchenko
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Kolobova
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,The Federal State Institute of Public Health 'The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine', The Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arseniy A Kechin
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Liudmila A Kartsova
- Institute of Chemistry, The Department of Organic Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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10
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Kaya C, Birgül K, Bülbül B. Fundamentals of chirality, resolution, and enantiopure molecule synthesis methods. Chirality 2023; 35:4-28. [PMID: 36366874 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The chirality of molecules is a concept that explains the interactions in nature. We may observe the same formula but different organizations revolving around the chiral center. Since Pasteur's meticulous observation of sodium ammonium tartrate crystals' structure, scientists have discovered many features of chiral molecules. The number of newly approved single enantiomeric drugs increases every year and takes place in the market. Thus, separation or resolution methods of racemic mixtures are of continued importance in the efficacy of drugs, installation of affordable production processes, and convenient synthetic chemistry practice. This article presents the asymmetric synthesis approaches and the classification of direct resolution methods of chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Kaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Altınbaş University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Kaan Birgül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Bülbül
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Düzce University, Düzce, Turkey
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11
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Liu J, Zhang J, Zhu D, Zhu X, Du Y, Ma X, Feng Z, Sun X, Xu H. Establishment and Molecular Modeling Study of Cyclodextrin-Based Synergistic Enantioseparation Systems with Three New Amino Acid Chiral Ionic Liquids as Additives in Capillary Electrophoresis. J Chromatogr Sci 2022; 60:984-990. [PMID: 35662327 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral ionic liquids (CILs) have attracted more and more attention due to their superior performance as chiral additives in capillary electrophoresis. In this work, based on the cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives and three new amino acid CILs (trifluoroacetate-L-Hydroxyproline, nitric acid-L-Hydroxyproline and trifluoroacetate-L-threonine), the new synergistic systems were established for chiral drug separation. In contrast to the traditional single glucosyl-β-CD (Glu-β-CD) separation system, the CIL/Glu-β-CD synergistic systems achieved improved resolution of three model drug racemates. Some experimental variables, such as CIL concentration, Glu-β-CD concentration, buffer pH, applied voltage, and the type and proportion of organic modifier, were optimized in the trifluoroacetate-L-Hydroxyproline/Glu-β-CD synergistic system. In addition, the recognition process in the synergistic system was studied through the molecular modeling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xinqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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12
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Fully Symmetric Cyclodextrin Polycarboxylates: How to Determine Reliable Protonation Constants from NMR Titration Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214448. [PMID: 36430926 PMCID: PMC9696085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-base properties of cyclodextrins (CDs), persubstituted at C-6 by 3-mercaptopropionic acid, sualphadex (Suα-CD), subetadex (Suβ-CD) and sugammadex (Suγ-CD, the antidote of neuromuscular blocking steroids) were studied by 1H NMR-pH titrations. For each CD, the severe overlap in protonation steps prevented the calculation of macroscopic pKa values using the standard data fitting model. Considering the full symmetry of polycarboxylate structures, we reduced the number of unknown NMR parameters in the "Q-fitting" or the novel "equidistant macroscopic" evaluation approaches. These models already provided pKa values, but some of them proved to be physically unrealistic, deceptively suggesting cooperativity in carboxylate protonations. The latter problem could be circumvented by adapting the microscopic site-binding (cluster expansion) model by Borkovec, which applies pairwise interactivity parameters to quantify the mutual basicity-decreasing effect of carboxylate protonations. Surprisingly, only a single averaged interactivity parameter could be calculated reliably besides the carboxylate 'core' microconstant for each CD derivative. The speciation of protonation isomers hence could not be resolved, but the optimized microscopic basicity parameters could be converted to the following sets of macroscopic pKa values: 3.84, 4.35, 4.81, 5.31, 5.78, 6.28 for Suα-CD; 3.82, 4.31, 4.73, 5.18, 5.64, 6.06, 6.54 for Suβ-CD and 3.83, 4.28, 4.65, 5.03, 5.43, 5.81, 6.18, 6.64 for Suγ-CD. The pH-dependent charge of these compounds can now be accurately calculated, in support of designing new analytical methods to exploit their charge-dependent molecular recognition such as in cyclodextrin-aided chiral capillary electrophoresis.
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Cârcu-Dobrin M, Hancu G, Papp LA, Fülöp I. Chiral Discrimination of Mexiletine Enantiomers by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors and Experimental Design Method Optimization. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175603. [PMID: 36080370 PMCID: PMC9458186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexiletine (MXL) is a class IB antiarrhythmic agent, acting as a non-selective voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, used in therapy as a racemic mixture R,S-MXL hydrochloride. The aim of the current study was the development of a new, fast, and efficient method for the chiral separation of MXL enantiomers using capillary electrophoresis (CE) and cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors (CSs). After an initial CS screening, using several neutral and charged CDs, at four pH levels, heptakis-2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-CD (TM-β-CD), a neutral derivatized CD, was chosen as the optimum CS for the enantioseparation. For method optimization, an initial screening fractional factorial design was applied to identify the most significant parameters, followed by a face-centered central composite design to establish the optimal separation conditions. The best results were obtained by applying the following optimized electrophoretic conditions: 60 mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, 50 mM TM-β-CD, temperature 20 °C, applied voltage 30 kV, hydrodynamic injection 50 mbar/s. MXL enantiomers were baseline separated with a resolution of 1.52 during a migration time of under 5 min; S-MXL was the first migrating enantiomer. The method’s analytical performance was verified in terms of precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness (applying a Plackett–Burman design). The developed method was applied for the determination of MXL enantiomers in pharmaceuticals. A computer modeling of the MXL-CD complexes was applied to characterize host–guest chiral recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Cârcu-Dobrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ibolya Fülöp
- Department of Toxicology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania
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14
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Improvement of chemo- and stereoselectivity for phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in capillary electrophoresis by addition of cyclodextrins. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463270. [PMID: 35763948 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorothioate (PS) modification is one of the most widely used oligonucleotide chemical alterations in the oligonucleotide backbone. It has proven to be crucial in the field of therapeutic oligonucleotides regarding the optimization of their physicochemical and biological properties. In this study, a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with an acidic background electrolyte (BGE) containing a combination of β- and γ-cyclodextrins derivatives as chiral selectors is proposed for the diastereomeric separation of 5-mer oligonucleotides containing 0, 1, 2, or 3 phosphorothioate linkages (5´-TCGTG-3´). The effects of the BGE pH, organic modifier addition, and type of cyclodextrin (CD) on chemo- and stereoselectivity and resolution were studied. A mixture of 25 mM (2-hydroxy-3-N,N,N-trimethylamino)propyl-γ-CD and 10 mM carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin in a pH 3 buffer was found to be the most appropriate system for the qualitative evaluation of the short oligonucleotides investigated. These phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were separated with high efficiency in less than 11 min with no capillary treatment. The suggested approach can be the basis for purity testing of this new generation of therapeutics.
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15
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The Use of Antibiotics as Chiral Selectors in Capillary Electrophoresis: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113601. [PMID: 35684535 PMCID: PMC9181903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is becoming an essential issue in modern pharmaceutical research as regulatory agencies emphasize the safety and efficiency of enantiomers in drug development. The development of efficient and reliable chiral separation methods became a necessity in the last 30 years, and capillary electrophoresis (CE), due to its relatively low costs and “green” features, is attracting increased attention. Cyclodextrin (CD) and their derivatives are the most frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in CE, however, the use of antibiotics as CSs represents an interesting alternative. Various classes of antibiotics (aminoglycosides, ansamycins, glycopeptides, lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclines) have been used more or less successfully for the enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotics offer the possibility of a multitude of potential interactions (electrostatic, inclusion, hydrogen bonding, etc.) due to their chemical diversity, allowing the enantio-separation of analytes with a wide range of structural characteristics. This article aims to review the application of various classes of antibiotics in the CE enantio-separation of pharmaceuticals. Antibiotic physiochemical characteristics, variables impacting enantio-separation, advantages, and disadvantages when certain antibiotics are used as CSs in CE are also explored.
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16
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Chao H, Qiu L, Zhou X, Cui P, Wang C, Hu H, Jiang P, Shi H, Xuan Y, Wang J. Separation of ofloxacin enantiomers by CE with fluorescence detection using DNA oligonucleotides as chiral selectors. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2699-2707. [PMID: 35544319 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study used CE with fluorescence detection- and partial-filling mode-based method for chiral separation of ofloxacin. The DNA oligonucleotides with different base sequences were studied as potential chiral selectors including DNA tetrahedron, G-quadruplex, and G-riched double-strand DNA. Under the optimized conditions, all the DNA chiral selectors exhibited excellent chiral separation capabilities with a resolution higher than 1.5. The electrophoretic behavior of the ofloxacin enantiomer might result from the intermediate conjugate with different stabilities between chiral selectors and analytes by a combination of the hydrogen bond and spatial recognition structure. Moreover, satisfactory repeatability regarding run-to-run and interday repeatability was obtained, and all the RSD values of migration times and resolutions were below 4% (n = 6). Conclusively, both spatial structure and arrangement of the G bases potentiated the chiral separation capability of DNA for ofloxacin enantiomer. This work offered a stepping stone for enantioseparation using DNA as chiral selectors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hufei Chao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Xinpei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Huaanzi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Honglei Shi
- Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China.,The Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213017, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xuan
- Key Lab of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116600, China
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 213164, China
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17
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Sázelová P, Šolínová V, Schimperková T, Jiráček J, Kašička V. Chiral analysis of ‐alanyl‐
d,l
‐tyrosine and its derivatives and estimation of binding constants of their complexes with 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin by capillary electrophoresisS. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3328-3338. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Sázelová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 542/2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Veronika Šolínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 542/2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Tereza Schimperková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 542/2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 542/2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo nam. 542/2, 166 10 Prague 6 Czechia
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18
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Synthetic Cathinones: Recent Developments, Enantioselectivity Studies and Enantioseparation Methods. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072057. [PMID: 35408456 PMCID: PMC9000803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New psychoactive substances represent a public health threat since they are not controlled by international conventions, are easily accessible online and are sold as a legal alternative to illicit drugs. Among them, synthetic cathinones are widely abused due to their stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. To circumvent the law, new derivatives are clandestinely synthesized and, therefore, synthetic cathinones keep emerging on the drug market, with their chemical and toxicological properties still unknown. In this review, a literature assessment about synthetic cathinones is presented focusing on the recent developments, which include more than 50 derivatives since 2014. A summary of their toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic properties are also presented. Furthermore, synthetic cathinones are chiral compounds, meaning that they can exist as two enantiomeric forms which may present different biological and toxicological activities. To analyze the enantiomers, the development of enantiomeric resolution methods for synthetic cathinones is crucial. Many methods have been reported over the years that include mostly chromatographic and electromigration techniques, with liquid chromatography using chiral stationary phases being the technique of choice. This review intended to present an overview of enantioselectivity studies and enantioseparation analysis regarding synthetic cathinones, highlighting the relevance of chirality and current trends.
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19
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Gao L, Xing Z, Zhang S, Lin X, Qin S, Chu H, Tang Y, Zhao X. Simultaneous Enantioseparation and Rapid Determination of Atenolol and Amlodipine Besylate by Capillary Electrochromatography. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Odeh F, Adaileh F, Alshaer W, Nsairat H, Alqudah DA, Jaber AM, Al Bawab A. Synthesis of Mono-Amino Substituted γ-CD: Host–Guest Complexation and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Investigation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051683. [PMID: 35268784 PMCID: PMC8911948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides which can trap hydrophobic molecules and improve their chemical, physical, and biological properties. γ-CD showed the highest aqueous solubility with the largest cavity diameter among other CD types. The current study describes a direct and easy method for nucleophilic mono-aminos to be substituted with γ-CD and tested for their ability to host the guest curcumin (CUR) as a hydrophobic drug model. The mass spectrometry and NMR analyses showed the successful synthesis of three amino-modified γ-CDs: mono-6-amino-6-deoxy-cyclodextrine (γ-CD-NH2), mono-6-deoxy-6-ethanolamine-γ-cyclodextrine (γ-CD-NHCH2CH2OH), and mono-6-deoxy-6-aminoethylamino)-γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD-NHCH2CH2NH2). These three amino-modified γ-CDs were proven to be able to host CUR as native γ-CDs with formation constants equal to 6.70 ± 1.02, 5.85 ± 0.80, and 8.98 ± 0.90 mM−1, respectively. Moreover, these amino-modified γ-CDs showed no significant toxicity against human dermal fibroblast cells. In conclusion, the current work describes a mono-substitution of amino-modified γ-CDs that can still host guests and showed low toxicity in human dermal fibroblasts cells. Therefore, the amino-modified γ-CDs can be used as a carrier host and be conjugated with a wide range of molecules for different biomedical applications, especially for active loading methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa Odeh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.A.); (A.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (F.O.); (W.A.); Tel.: +962-79-295-0409 (F.O.); +962-79-082-3678 (W.A.)
| | - Fedaa Adaileh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.A.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Correspondence: (F.O.); (W.A.); Tel.: +962-79-295-0409 (F.O.); +962-79-082-3678 (W.A.)
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (H.N.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Dana A. Alqudah
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Areej M. Jaber
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan; (H.N.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Abeer Al Bawab
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.A.); (A.A.B.)
- Hamdi Mango Center for Scientific Research, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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21
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Kumar A, Malik AK, Singh B. Recent advances in the analysis of plant alkaloids by capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Kumar
- Government Post‐Graduate College Department of Chemistry Una Himachal Pradesh India
| | | | - Baljinder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology Panjab University Chandigarh India
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22
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Development of a Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis Method for the Enantioseparation of Verapamil Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors and Experimental Design Optimization. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a property of asymmetry which determines the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profiles of optically active pharmaceuticals. Verapamil (VER), a calcium channel blocker phenylalkylamine derivative used in the treatment of cardio-vascular diseases, is a chiral compound, marketed as a racemate, although differences between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological attributes of the enantiomers have been reported. The aim of our study was to develop a new chiral separation method for VER enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis (CE) using cyclodextrins (CDs) as chiral selectors (CSs). After an initial screening, using different native and derivatized CDs, at four pH levels, heptakis 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-CD (TM-β-CD), a neutral derivatized CD, was identified as the optimum CS. For method optimization, a preliminary univariate approach was applied to characterize the influence of analytical parameters on the separation followed by a Box–Behnken experimental design to establish the optimal separation conditions. Chiral separation of enantiomers was achieved with a resolution of 1.58 in approximately 4 min; the migration order was R-VER followed by S-VER. The method analytical performance was evaluated in terms of precision, linearity, accuracy, and robustness (applying a Plackett–Burnam experimental design). The developed method was applied for the determination of VER enantiomers in pharmaceuticals. Finally, a computer modelling of VER–CD complexes was used to describe host–guest chiral recognition.
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23
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Pascual-Caro S, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Comparison of different chiral selectors for the enantiomeric determination of amphetamine-type substances in human urine by solid-phase extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:437-445. [PMID: 34652814 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study develops a method for the enantioseparation of a group of amphetamines and their metabolites in urine by CE coupled to MS/MS (CE-MS/MS). Amphetamines present a chiral center and thus two enantiomers, which is important from a toxicological point of view because they may have different pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties. It is therefore essential to find suitable methods to distinguish both enantiomers. Today the use of CE is becoming more important in this field since, with the simple addition of a chiral selector to the background electrolyte, the enantioseparation can easily be achieved. However, when CE is coupled to MS, the use of volatile chiral selectors and compatible background electrolytes or other strategies such as the countercurrent migration approach are required to avoid contamination of the ion source from nonvolatile species. In the present study, we use the latter strategy to evaluate six different chiral selectors using CE-MS/MS. As a sample pre-treatment, two cationic-exchange sorbents-Oasis WCX and Oasis MCX-are compared for the urine pre-treatment. Using this method, it was possible to achieve the complete chiral separation of the amphetamines under study with detection limits ranging between 0.8 and 1.5 ng/mL and method quantification limits between 2.0 and 8.0 ng/mL. Matrix-matched calibration curves up to 150 ng/mL were used to cover the usual concentration ranges at which amphetamines have generally been found in toxicological and forensic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Pascual-Caro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Serra Hunter Professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel˙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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24
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Rabus JM, Pellegrinelli RP, Khodr AHA, Bythell BJ, Rizzo TR, Carrascosa E. Unravelling the structures of sodiated β-cyclodextrin and its fragments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13714-13723. [PMID: 34128027 PMCID: PMC8220536 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01058a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We present cryogenic infrared spectra of sodiated β-cyclodextrin [β-CD + Na]+, a common cyclic oligosaccharide, and its main dissociation products upon collision-induced dissociation (CID). We characterize the parent ions using high-resolution ion mobility spectrometry and cryogenic infrared action spectroscopy, while the fragments are characterized by their mass and cryogenic infrared spectra. We observe sodium-cationized fragments that differ in mass by 162 u, corresponding to Bn/Zm ions. For the m/z 347 product ion, electronic structure calculations are consistent with formation of the lowest energy 2-ketone B2 ion structure. For the m/z 509 product ion, both the calculated 2-ketone B3 and the Z3 structures show similarities with the experimental spectrum. The theoretical structure most consistent with the spectrum of the m/z 671 ions is a slightly higher energy 2-ketone B4 structure. Overall, the data suggest a consistent formation mechanism for all the observed fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Rabus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 391 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Robert P Pellegrinelli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ali Hassan Abi Khodr
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin J Bythell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, 391 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Thomas R Rizzo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL SB ISIC LCPM, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Hancu G, Papp LA, Tóth G, Kelemen H. The Use of Dual Cyclodextrin Chiral Selector Systems in the Enantioseparation of Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:2261. [PMID: 33919692 PMCID: PMC8069766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives are the most efficient and frequently used chiral selectors (CSs) in capillary electrophoresis (CE). There are situations when the use of a single CD as CS is not enough to obtain efficient chiral discrimination of the enantiomers; in these cases, sometimes this problem can be resolved using a dual CD system. The use of dual CD systems can often dramatically enhance enantioseparation selectivity and can be applied for the separation of many analytes of pharmaceutical interest for which enantioseparation by CE with another CS systems can be problematic. Usually in a dual CD system an anionic CD is used together with a neutral one, but there are situations when the use of a cationic CD with a neutral one or the use of two neutral CDs or even two ionized CDs can be an efficient solution. In the current review we present general aspects of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceutical substances. Several examples of applications of the use of dual CD systems in the analysis of pharmaceuticals are selected and discussed. Theoretical aspects regarding the separation of enantiomers through simultaneous interaction with the two CSs are also explained. Finally, advantages, disadvantages, potential and new direction in this chiral analysis field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade” of Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (G.H.); (H.K.)
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Xu W, Li X, Wang L, Li S, Chu S, Wang J, Li Y, Hou J, Luo Q, Liu J. Design of Cyclodextrin-Based Functional Systems for Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:635507. [PMID: 33681149 PMCID: PMC7931691 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.635507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of α-1,4-linked cyclic oligosaccharides that possess a hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic outer surface with abundant hydroxyl groups. This unique structural characteristic allows CDs to form inclusion complexes with various guest molecules and to functionalize with different substituents for the construction of novel sophisticated systems, ranging from derivatives to polymers, metal-organic frameworks, hydrogels, and other supramolecular assemblies. The excellent biocompatibility, selective recognition ability, and unique bioactive properties also make these CD-based functional systems especially attractive for biomedical applications. In this review, we highlight the characteristics and advantages of CDs as a starting point to design different functional materials and summarize the recent advances in the use of these materials for bioseparation, enzymatic catalysis, biochemical sensing, biomedical diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiumei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shengnan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinxing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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27
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Grybinik S, Bosakova Z. An overview of chiral separations of pharmaceutically active substances by HPLC (2018-2020). MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2021; 152:1033-1043. [PMID: 34456367 PMCID: PMC8382579 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-021-02832-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a brief survey of chiral separation of pharmaceutically active substances published over the last 3 years (2018-2020). Chiral separation of drugs is an important area of research. The control of enantiomeric purity and determination of individual enantiomeric drug molecules is a necessity especially for clinical, analytical, and regulatory purposes. Among chromatographic resolution methods, high-performance liquid chromatography based on chiral stationary phases remains the most popular and effective method used for chiral separation of various drugs. In this review, attention is paid to several classes of chiral stationary phases that have been the most frequently used for drug enantioseparation during this period. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiya Grybinik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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28
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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29
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Lu N, Kutter JP. Recent advances in microchip enantioseparation and analysis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:2122-2135. [PMID: 32949465 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments (over the past decade) in the field of microfluidics-based solutions for enantiomeric separation and detection. The progress in various formats of microchip electrodriven separations, such as MCE, microchip electrochromatography, and multidimensional separation techniques, is discussed. Innovations covering chiral stationary phases, surface coatings, and modification strategies to improve resolution, as well as integration with detection systems, are reported. Finally, combinations with other microfluidic functional units are also presented and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jörg P Kutter
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Krait S, Salgado A, Villani C, Naumann L, Neusüß C, Chankvetadze B, Scriba GK. Unusual complexation behavior between daclatasvir and γ-Cyclodextrin. A multiplatform study. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1628:461448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Řezanka P, Macková D, Jurok R, Himl M, Kuchař M. Enantioseparation and Determination of Mephedrone and Its Metabolites by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrins as Chiral Selectors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122879. [PMID: 32585814 PMCID: PMC7355680 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mephedrone, a psychoactive compound derived from cathinone, is widely used as a designer drug. The determination of mephedrone and its metabolites is important for understanding its possible use in medicine. In this work, a method of capillary electrophoresis for the chiral separation of mephedrone and its metabolites was developed. Carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin was selected as the most effective chiral selector from seven tested cyclodextrin derivates. Based on the simplex method, the optimal composition of the background electrolyte was determined: at pH 2.75 and 7.5 mmol·L-1 carboxymethylated β-cyclodextrin the highest total resolution of a mixture of analytes was achieved. For mephedrone and its metabolites, calibration curves were constructed in a calibration range from 0.2 to 5 mmol·L-1; limits of detection, limits of quantification, precision, and repeatability were calculated, and according to Mandel's fitting test, the linear calibration ranges were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Denisa Macková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Radek Jurok
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (R.J.); (M.K.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Michal Himl
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (R.J.); (M.K.)
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32
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Hancu G, Lupu D, Milan A, Budău M, Barabás-Hajdu E. Enantioselective analysis of venlafaxine and its active metabolites: A review on the separation methodologies. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 35:e4874. [PMID: 32367587 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Venlafaxine (VFX) is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor chiral drug used in therapy as an antidepressant in the form of a racemate consisting of R- and S-VFX. The two enantiomers of VFX exhibit different pharmacological activities: R-VFX inhibits both norepinephrine and serotonin synaptic reuptake, whereas S-VFX inhibits only the serotonin one. R- and S-VFX are metabolized in the liver to the respective R- and S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine (ODVFX), R- and S-N-desmethylvenlafaxine (NDVFX), and R- and S-N,O-didesmethylvenlafaxine (NODVFX). The pharmacological profile of ODVFX is close to that of VFX, whereas the other two chiral metabolites (NDVFX and NODVFX) have lower affinity for the receptor sites. The pharmacokinetics of the VFX enantiomers appear stereoselective, including the metabolism process. In the past 20 years, several studies describing the enantioselective analysis of R- and S-VFX in pharmaceutical formulations and its chiral metabolites in biological matrices were published. These methods encompass liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection, mass spectrometry, or tandem mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis. This paper reviews the published methods used for the determination of the individual enantiomers of VFX and its chiral metabolites in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Daniela Lupu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Andreea Milan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Monica Budău
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy Science and Technology of Târgu Mureş, Târgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Enikő Barabás-Hajdu
- Department of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureş, Romania
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Abstract
Background::
Nano level chiral separation is necessary and demanding in the development
of the drug, genomic, proteomic, and other chemical and the environmental sciences. Few drugs exist
in human body cells for some days at nano level concentrations, that are out of the jurisdiction of the
detection by standard separation techniques. Likewise, the separation and identification of xenobiotics
and other environmental contaminants (at nano or low levels) are necessary for our healthiness.
Discussion:
Conclusion:
This article will be beneficial for chiral chromatographers, academicians, pharmaceutical
industries, environmental researchers and Government regulation authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Arsh Basheer
- State University of New York, Flint Entrance, Amherst, NY 14260, Buffalo, United States
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail Industrial City, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcus T. Scotti
- Cheminformatics Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraiba-Campus I, 58051-970, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Teaching and Research Management - University Hospital, Cheminformatics Laboratory - Postgraduate Program in Natural Products and Synthetic Bioactive, Federal University of Paraiba-Campus I, 58051-970, Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medina Al-Munawara - 41477, Saudi Arabia
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34
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Barakat F, Gaudin K, Vialet B, Bathany K, Benizri S, Barthélémy P, Ferey L. Analysis of lipid-oligonucleotide conjugates by cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis. Talanta 2020; 219:121204. [PMID: 32887111 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-oligonucleotide (LONs) based bioconjugates represent an emerging class of therapeutic agents, allowing the delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotide sequences. The LON development requests accurate and efficient analytical methods. In this contribution, LON analysis methods were developed in cyclodextrin-modified capillary zone electrophoresis (CD-CZE). The LONs selected in this study feature different structures, including i) the oligonucleotide length (from 10 to 20 nucleotides), ii) the inter-nucleotide linkage chemistry (phosphodiester PDE or phosphorothioate PTO), and iii) the lipidic part: single- (LONsc) or double-chain (LONdc) lipids. In CD-CZE, the effect of several parameters on the electrophoretic peaks was investigated (buffer, CD, and capillary temperature). The binding interaction between LON and Me-β-CD was studied in affinity capillary electrophoresis and revealed a 1:1 LON:CD complex. Non-linear regression and three usual linearization methods (y-reciprocal, x-reciprocal, and double-reciprocal) were used to determine the binding constants (K values of 2.5.104 M-1 and 2.0.104 M-1 for LON PDE and LON PTO, respectively). Quantitative methods with good performances and analysis time lower than 5 min were achieved. Importantly, the developed analysis allows a separation between the i) full-length sequence LONs and their truncated sequences, (n-1), (n-2), and (n-4)-mers and ii) LONsc, LONdc and their corresponding unconjugated oligonucleotides. This work highlights the interest of CD-CZE methods for LON analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Barakat
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Karen Gaudin
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France.
| | - Brune Vialet
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Katell Bathany
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et Nanoobjets (CBMN) UMR 5248 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Sebastien Benizri
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Philippe Barthélémy
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France.
| | - Ludivine Ferey
- ARNA INSERM U1212, CNRS 5320, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33076, France.
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35
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Venlafaxine Chiral Separation by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrin Derivatives as Chiral Selector and Experimental Design Method Optimization. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12050849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Venlafaxine (VFX) is a modern antidepressant from the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) class. It is a chiral substance used in therapy as a racemate, but differences between the pharmacological properties of the two enantiomers have been reported. The current article presents the development of a simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the rapid chiral separation of VFX enantiomers. A complex cyclodextrin (CD) screening at four different pH levels was carried out to establish the optimum chiral selector; carboxymethyl-β-CD (CM-β-CD) at pH 2.5 was selected for further method development. An initial “one factor at time” (OFAT) screening strategy was used to establish the influence of analytical parameters on the separation, followed by a face centered central composite design (FCCD) for the optimization process. The analytical performances of the newly developed method were verified in terms of accuracy, linearity, precision, repeatability, and sensitivity. The method was used for the determination of VFX enantiomer ratio in pharmaceutical forms. Finally, computer modelling of VFX-CD complexes was undertaken to characterize host–guest chiral recognition.
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36
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Hobbs C, Řezanka P, Řezanka M. Cyclodextrin‐Functionalised Nanomaterials for Enantiomeric Recognition. Chempluschem 2020; 85:876-888. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hobbs
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Department of Analytical ChemistryUniversity of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Řezanka
- Department of Nanomaterials in Natural SciencesInstitute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and InnovationTechnical University of Liberec Studentská 1402/2 461 17 Liberec Czech Republic
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37
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Synthesis and application of tetramethylammonium-carboxymethylated-β-cyclodextrin: A novel ionic liquid in capillary electrophoresis enantioseparation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 180:113030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Kravchenko A, Kolobova E, Kartsova L. Multifunction covalent coatings for separation of amino acids, biogenic amines, steroid hormones, and ketoprofen enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kravchenko
- Saint Petersburg State UniversityInstitute of Chemistry 26 Universitetskii prospect St. Petersburg Peterhof 198504 Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kolobova
- Saint Petersburg State UniversityInstitute of Chemistry 26 Universitetskii prospect St. Petersburg Peterhof 198504 Russia
- The Federal State Institute of Public Health ‘The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine’The Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil DefenceEmergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters 54, Optikov st. St. Petersburg 197082 Russia
| | - Liudmila Kartsova
- Saint Petersburg State UniversityInstitute of Chemistry 26 Universitetskii prospect St. Petersburg Peterhof 198504 Russia
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39
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Ren S, Xue S, Sun X, Rui M, Wang L, Zhang Q. Investigation of the synergistic effect of chiral ionic liquids as additives in non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis for enantioseparation. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1609:460519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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40
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Budău M, Hancu G, Rusu A, Muntean DL. Analytical methodologies for the enantiodetermination of citalopram and its metabolites. Chirality 2019; 32:32-41. [PMID: 31702071 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Citalopram (CIT) is a highly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) frequently used in the treatment of major depressive disorders. It has a chiral centre in its structure and is used in therapy both as a racemic mixture (R,S-CIT) and a pure enantiomer (S-CIT). The differences between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profiles of the two enantiomers are well established. Consequently, the development of new efficient chiral analysis methods for their enantiomeric separation is a topic of great actuality. CIT metabolism is stereoselective as it is metabolized in chiral active metabolites, which retain considerable SSRI activity and contribute to the pharmacological effect. Chiral analytical methods are employed for the determination of enantiomeric ratio in pharmaceutical preparations and for monitoring the enantiomer levels in biological samples for therapeutic and toxicologic purposes. The current study reviews the published literature for the chiral analysis of CIT and its metabolites based on chromatographic and electrophoretic methods coupled with UV, fluorescence and mass spectrometry detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Budău
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Romania
| | - Aura Rusu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Romania
| | - Daniela Lucia Muntean
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine, Romania
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41
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Quality by Design-Based Development of a Chiral Capillary Electrophoresis Method for the Determination of Dextrodropropizine and 1-Phenylpiperazine as Impurities of Levodropropizine. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03817-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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42
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Scriba GK. Chiral recognition in separation sciences. Part I: Polysaccharide and cyclodextrin selectors. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Ma X, Du Y, Sun X, Liu J, Huang Z. Synthesis and application of amino alcohol-derived chiral ionic liquids, as additives for enantioseparation in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1601:340-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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44
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Papp LA, Hancu G, Gyéresi Á, Kelemen H, Szabó ZI, Noszál B, Dubský P, Tóth G. Chiral separation of lansoprazole and rabeprazole by capillary electrophoresis using dual cyclodextrin systems. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2799-2805. [PMID: 31281995 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Novel capillary electrophoresis methods using CDs as chiral selectors were developed and validated for the chiral separation of lansoprazole and rabeprazole, two proton pump inhibitors. Fourteen different neutral and anionic CDs were screened at pH 4 and 7 in the preliminary analysis. Sulfobutyl-ether-β-CD with a degree of substitution of 6.5 and 10 at neutral pH proved to be the most suitable chiral selector for both compounds. Various dual CD systems were also compared, and the possible mechanisms of enantiomer separation were investigated. A dual selector system containing sulfobutyl-ether-β-CD degree of substitution 6.5 and native γ-CD proved to be the most adequate system for the separations. Method optimization was carried out using an experimental design approach, performing an initial fractional factorial screening design, followed by a central composite design to establish the optimal analytical conditions. The optimized methods (25 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7, 10 mM sulfobutyl-ether-β-CD/20 mM γ-CD, +20 kV voltage; 17°C temperature; 50 mbar/3 s injection, detection at 210 nm for lansoprazole; 25 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7, 15 mM sulfobutyl-ether-β-CD/30 mM γ-CD, +20 kV voltage; 18°C temperature; 50 mbar/3 s injection, detection at 210 nm for rabeprazole) provided baseline separation for lansoprazole (Rs = 2.91) and rabeprazole (Rs = 2.53) enantiomers with favorable migration order (in both cases the S-enantiomers migrates first). The optimized methods were validated according to current guidelines and proved to be reliable, linear, precise, and accurate for the determination of 0.15% distomer as chiral impurity in dexlansoprazole and dexrabeprazole samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Attila Papp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Gabriel Hancu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Árpád Gyéresi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Hajnal Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Zoltán-István Szabó
- Department of Drugs Industry and Pharmaceutical Management, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Béla Noszál
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pavel Dubský
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gergő Tóth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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45
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Liu J, Du Y, Sun X, Feng Z, Ma X, Li J. Synthesis and application of amino triazolium-modified lactobionic acid as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Pérez‐Alcaraz A, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Enantioselective determination of cathinones in urine by high pressure in‐line SPE–CE. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1762-1770. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pérez‐Alcaraz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Carme Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
| | - Marta Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic ChemistryUniversitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona Spain
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Sarkany A, Hancu G, Cârje A, Drăguț C, Papp LA. Chiral separation of tramadol enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as chiral selectors and experimental design method optimization. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-00789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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48
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Hancu G, Toncean A, Podar D, Sarkany A, Drăguț C, Barabás E. Simultaneous determination of anthelmintic drugs by capillary electrophoresis using cyclodextrins as buffer additives. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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49
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Advances in capillary electrophoresis for the life sciences. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:116-136. [PMID: 31035134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) played an important role in developments in the life sciences. The technique is nowadays used for the analysis of both large and small molecules in applications where it performs better than or is complementary to liquid chromatographic techniques. In this review, principles of different electromigration techniques, especially capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary gel (CGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), are described and recent developments in instrumentation, with an emphasis on mass spectrometry (MS) coupling and microchip CE, are discussed. The role of CE in the life sciences is shown with applications in which it had a high impact over the past few decades. In this context, current practice for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals (therapeutic proteins) is shown with CIEF, CGE and CZE using different detection techniques, including MS. Subsequently, the application of CGE and CZE, in combination with laser induced fluorescence detection and CZE-MS are demonstrated for the analysis of protein-released glycans in the characterization of biopharmaceuticals and glycan biomarker discovery in biological samples. Special attention is paid to developments in capillary coatings and derivatization strategies for glycans. Finally, routine CE analysis in clinical chemistry and latest developments in metabolomics approaches for the profiling of small molecules in biological samples are discussed. The large number of CE applications published for these topics in recent years clearly demonstrates the established role of CE in life sciences.
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50
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Benkovics G, Bálint M, Fenyvesi É, Varga E, Béni S, Yannakopoulou K, Malanga M. Homo- and hetero-difunctionalized β-cyclodextrins: Short direct synthesis in gram scale and analysis of regiochemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:710-720. [PMID: 30992718 PMCID: PMC6444459 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regioselective difunctionalization of cyclodextrins (CDs) leading to derivatives amenable to further transformations is a daunting task due to challenging purification and unambiguous characterization of the obtained regioisomers with similar physicochemical properties. The primary-side homo-difunctionalization of β-CD can lead to three regioisomers, while the hetero-difunctionalization can generate three pairs of pseudoenantiomers. Previously, approaches with several synthetic steps, expensive reagents, high purification demands and low yields of the products have been employed. Herein we present direct, short and efficient primary-side difunctionalization strategies featuring reproducibility, ease of product purification, scalability of the reactions and versatility of the substituents introduced. Specifically, the prepared ditosylated β-CDs were separated using preparative reversed-phase column chromatography and their structures were elucidated by NMR experiments. Azidation led to the corresponding pure diazido regioisomers. Direct monotosylation of 6-monoazido-β-CD or monoazidation of the single regioisomers 6A,6X-ditosyl-β-CDs afforded hetero-difunctionalized 6A-monoazido-6X-tosyl-β-CDs in significant yields. Overall, the single regioisomers, 6A,6X-ditosyl-, 6A,6X-diazido- and 6A-monoazido-6X-monotosyl-β-CD were prepared in one or two steps and purified in multigram scale thus opening the way towards further selective and orthogonal functionalizations of β-CD hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Benkovics
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., llatos út 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Mihály Bálint
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., llatos út 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Éva Fenyvesi
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., llatos út 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Varga
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., llatos út 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1085 Üllői út 26, Hungary
| | - Konstantina Yannakopoulou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos str., Aghia Paraskevi Attikis 15341, Greece
| | - Milo Malanga
- CycloLab, Cyclodextrin Research and Development Laboratory Ltd., llatos út 7, Budapest, H-1097, Hungary
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