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Guo Y, Wang W, Li W, Li J, Zhu M, Song R, Zhu W, Wang L, Ji Z, Shi X. In vivo electrical properties of the healthy liver and the hepatic tumor in a mouse model between 1 Hz and 1 MHz during a thermal treatment. Int J Hyperthermia 2024; 41:2396122. [PMID: 39218439 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2024.2396122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Understansding the changing patterns of in vivo electrical properties for the target tissue is crucial for the accurate temperature monitoring and the treatment efficacy in thermal therapy. Our research aims to investigate the changing patterns and the reversibility of in vivo electrical properties for both healthy livers and liver tumors in a mouse model over a frequency range of 1 Hz to 1 MHz at temperatures between 30 °C to 90 °C. Methods and materials: The mice were anesthetized and the target organ was exposed. An 808-nm near-infrared laser was employed as the heating source to heat the organ in vivo. The four-needle electrode, connected to an impedance analyzer, was utilized to obtain the impedance at varying temperatures, which were monitored by a thermocouple. Results: The findings indicated a gradual decline in impedance with an increase in temperature. Furthermore, the impedance was normalized to that at 30 °C, and the real part of the normalized impedance was defined as the k-values, which range from 0 to 1. The results demonstrated a linear correlation between k-values and temperatures (R2 > 0.9 for livers and R2 > 0.8 for tumors). Significant differences were observed between livers and tumors at 1, 10 and 50 kHz (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was demonstrated that the electrical properties could be reversed when the temperature was below or equal to 45 °C. Conclusion: We believe that these results will contribute to the advancement of radiofrequency ablation systems and the development of techniques for temperature monitoring during liver thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weice Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weichen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junyao Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingxu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruteng Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwest Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwest Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuetao Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shaanxi Provincial key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetic Detection and Intelligent Perception, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Abimbola I, McAfee M, Creedon L, Gharbia S. In-situ detection of microplastics in the aquatic environment: A systematic literature review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 934:173111. [PMID: 38740219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and have emerged as a significant environmental issue due to their potential impacts on human health and the ecosystem. Current laboratory-based microplastic detection methods suffer from various drawbacks, including a lack of standardisation, limited spatial and temporal coverage, high costs, and time-consuming procedures. Consequently, there is a need for the development of in-situ techniques to detect and monitor microplastics to effectively identify and understand their sources, pathways, and behaviours. Herein, we adopt a systematic literature review method to assess the development and application of experimental and field technologies designed for the in-situ detection and monitoring of aquatic microplastics, without the need for sample preparation. Four scientific databases were searched in March 2023, resulting in a review of 62 relevant studies. These studies were classified into seven sensor categories and their working principles were discussed. The sensor classes include optical devices, digital holography, Raman spectroscopy, other spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, remote sensing, and other methods. We also looked at how data from these technologies are integrated with machine learning models to develop classifiers capable of accurately characterising the physical and chemical properties of microplastics and discriminating them from other particles. This review concluded that in-situ detection of microplastics in aquatic environments is feasible and can be achieved with high accuracy, even though the methods are still in the early stages of development. Nonetheless, further research is still needed to enhance the in-situ detection of microplastics. This includes exploring the possibility of combining various detection methods and developing robust machine-learning classifiers. Additionally, there is a recommendation for in-situ implementation of the reviewed methods to assess their effectiveness in detecting microplastics and identify their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismaila Abimbola
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland.
| | - Marion McAfee
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Leo Creedon
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment (MISHE), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Salem Gharbia
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
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Clemente F, Amato F, Adamo S, Russo M, Angelone F, Ponsiglione AM, Romano M. Circuital modelling in muscle tissue impedance measurements. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28723. [PMID: 38596118 PMCID: PMC11002046 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) stands as a widely employed characterization technique for studying muscular tissue in both physio/pathological conditions. This methodology commonly involves modeling tissues through equivalent electrical circuits, facilitating a correlation between electrical parameters and physiological properties. Within existing literature, diverse equivalent electrical circuits have been proposed, varying in complexity and fitting properties. However, to date, none have definitively proven to be the most suiTable for tissue impedance measurements. This study aims to outline a systematic methodology for EIS measurements and to compare the performances of three widely used electrical circuits in characterizing both physiological and pathological muscle tissue conditions. Results highlight that, for optimal fitting with electrical parameters relevant to tissue characterization, the choice of the circuit to be fitted closely hinges on the specific measurement objectives, including measurement parameters and associated physiological features. Naturally, this necessitates a balance between simplicity and fitting accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Clemente
- Institute of Crystallography, Italian National Research Council, Italy
| | - Francesco Amato
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Sarah Adamo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Michela Russo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Angelone
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Romano
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80125, Naples, Italy
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Panklang N, Vijitnukoonpradit K, Putaporntip C, Chotivanich K, Nakano M, Horprathum M, Techaumnat B. Study on the dielectrophoretic characteristics of malaria-infected red blood cells. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1837-1846. [PMID: 37753817 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical disease caused by parasites in the genus Plasmodium, which still presents 241 million cases and nearly 627,000 deaths recently. In this work, we used the dielectrophoresis (DEP) to characterize red blood cells in a microchannel. The purpose of this work is to determine the difference between the normal and the malaria-infected cells based on the DEP characteristics. The samples were infected cells and normal red blood cells, which were either prepared in culture or obtained from volunteers. Diamond-shaped and curved micropillars were used to create different degrees of DEP in the gap between them. The DEP crossover frequencies were observed with the diamond-shaped micropillars. The cell velocity under negative dielectrophoresis (nDEP) at a low frequency was examined with the curved micropillars. The measured lower crossover frequencies were remarkably different between the malaria-infected cells and the normal cells, whereas the higher crossover frequencies were similar among the samples. The velocity under nDEP was lower for the infected cells than the normal cells. The results imply that the malaria infection significantly decreases the capacitance but increases the conductance of the cell membrane, whereas a change in cytoplasmic conductivity may occur in a later stage of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitipong Panklang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kitipob Vijitnukoonpradit
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaturong Putaporntip
- Molecular Biology of Malaria and Opportunistic Parasites Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michihiko Nakano
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mati Horprathum
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group, National Electronic and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Boonchai Techaumnat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Micro/Nano Electromechanical Integrated Device Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ai D, Xu S. Application of the Whole Optimization of Emergency Nursing Model United and Its Influence on Patients' Stress Response and Nursing Satisfaction. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:9936211. [PMID: 35668862 PMCID: PMC9167130 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9936211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the use of an integrated emergency nursing model with a multidisciplinary team (MDT) teaching method for practice of nursing towards multiple trauma in the emergency department and its influence on patients' stress response and nursing satisfaction. Methods The research subjects were 120 multiple trauma patients hospitalized to our hospital's emergency department between January 2019 and January 2020, who were evenly divided into groups A (n = 60) and B (n = 60) based on the sequence of admission. For patients in group A, on the basis of whole optimization of the emergency nursing model, the MDT teaching and training were given to the nursing staff in group A. Patients in group B had their emergency nursing model completely optimized. The assessment scores of nursing staff were compared. The patients' C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in peripheral circulation, first-aid time indices, treatment effect, risk of complications & nursing contentment were all investigated. Results Nursing personnel in group A had considerably higher achievement scores than staff nurses in group B (P < 0.001). CRP levels in group A were considerably lower following therapy (P < 0.05) than those in group B. The time it took for group A to receive first assistance was considerably less than that for group B (P < 0.001). Group A had a considerably superior treatment effect than group B (P < 0.05). Complications occurred at a lower rate in group A (P < 0.05) than in group B. Group A nurses were more satisfied than group B nurses (P < 0.05). Conclusion The entire optimization of the emergency nursing model combined with the MDT way of teaching can abbreviate the rescue process, reduce stress, improve treatment effect & reduce the possibility of complications in multiple trauma patients in the emergency department, and patients seem to be more comfortable with this nursing model. As a result, it should become more well known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannan Ai
- Emergency Room, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000 Jiangsu, China
| | - Sumin Xu
- Department of Interventional, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000 Jiangsu, China
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Tang D, Jiang L, Tang W, Xiang N, Ni Z. Cost-effective portable microfluidic impedance cytometer for broadband impedance cell analysis based on viscoelastic focusing. Talanta 2022; 242:123274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chang CC, Jan WL, Juan CH, Meng NH, Lin BS, Chen HC. Novel Wireless Bioimpedance Device for Segmental Lymphedema Analysis Post Dual-Site Free Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer: A Prospective Cohort Study. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21248187. [PMID: 34960279 PMCID: PMC8707995 DOI: 10.3390/s21248187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An innovative wireless device for bioimpedance analysis was developed for post-dual-site free vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) evaluation. Seven patients received dual-site free VLNT for unilateral upper or lower limb lymphedema. A total of 10 healthy college students were enrolled in the healthy control group. The device was applied to the affected and unaffected limbs to assess segmental alterations in bioimpedance. The affected proximal limb showed a significant increase in bioimpedance at postoperative sixth month (3.3 [2.8, 3.6], p = 0.001) with 10 kHz currents for better penetration, although the difference was not significant (3.3 [3.3, 3.8]) at 1 kHz. The bioimpedance of the affected distal limb significantly increased after dual-site free VLNT surgery, whether passing with the 1 kHz (1.6 [0.7, 3.4], p = 0.030, postoperative first month; 2.8 [1.0, 4.2], p = 0.027, postoperative third month; and 1.3 [1.3, 3.4], p = 0.009, postoperative sixth month) or 10 kHz current ((1.4 [0.5, 2.7], p = 0.049, postoperative first month; 3.2 [0.9, 6.3], p = 0.003, postoperative third month; and 3.6 [2.5, 4.1], p < 0.001, postoperative sixth month). Bioimpedance alterations on the affected distal limb were significantly correlated with follow-up time (rho = 0.456, p = 0.029 detected at 10 kHz). This bioimpedance wireless device could quantitatively monitor the interstitial fluid alterations, which is suitable for postoperative real-time surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Chang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-L.J.)
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Jan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-L.J.)
| | - Cheng-Huei Juan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Nai-Hsin Meng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan 711010, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.-S.L.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-6-3032121-57835 (B.S.-L.); +886-4-22052121-1538 (H.-C.C.)
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (W.-L.J.)
- International Medical Service Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.-S.L.); (H.-C.C.); Tel.: +886-6-3032121-57835 (B.S.-L.); +886-4-22052121-1538 (H.-C.C.)
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Schackart KE, Yoon JY. Machine Learning Enhances the Performance of Bioreceptor-Free Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:5519. [PMID: 34450960 PMCID: PMC8401027 DOI: 10.3390/s21165519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Since their inception, biosensors have frequently employed simple regression models to calculate analyte composition based on the biosensor's signal magnitude. Traditionally, bioreceptors provide excellent sensitivity and specificity to the biosensor. Increasingly, however, bioreceptor-free biosensors have been developed for a wide range of applications. Without a bioreceptor, maintaining strong specificity and a low limit of detection have become the major challenge. Machine learning (ML) has been introduced to improve the performance of these biosensors, effectively replacing the bioreceptor with modeling to gain specificity. Here, we present how ML has been used to enhance the performance of these bioreceptor-free biosensors. Particularly, we discuss how ML has been used for imaging, Enose and Etongue, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) biosensors. Notably, principal component analysis (PCA) combined with support vector machine (SVM) and various artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms have shown outstanding performance in a variety of tasks. We anticipate that ML will continue to improve the performance of bioreceptor-free biosensors, especially with the prospects of sharing trained models and cloud computing for mobile computation. To facilitate this, the biosensing community would benefit from increased contributions to open-access data repositories for biosensor data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth E. Schackart
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Jeong-Yeol Yoon
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Kil SH, Kim GR, Lee MS, Kwak JH, Lim YH, Kim GD, Lee JK. Changes of electrical impedance characteristics with the radiation induced damage on biological tissue constituents. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 29:383-395. [PMID: 33749628 DOI: 10.3233/xst-210840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzes the response of increasing radiation dose to the pork tenderloin tissue. Considering its significant cell structure, pork tenderloin tissue samples are selected for the experimental objects to measure their electrical impedance characteristics. This study proposes and investigates an effective approach to characterize the variation of the internal change of the components of pork tenderloin tissues caused by radiation. Changes in the pork tenderloin tissues are that the gap of the myotome is more far apart with increase of radiation dose because of the destroyed Myofibrils under the damage. With the increase of radiation dose, the impedance value of the pork tenderloin tissue decreases. Each of mean differences in the impedance values before and after irradiation dose under 1 Gy, 2 Gy and 4 Gy show 0.55±0.03, 1.09±0.14 and 1.97±0.14, respectively. However, the mean difference substantially increases to 13.08±0.16 at irradiation dose of 10 Gy. Thus, the cell membrane shows the most severe rupture at a radiation dose of 10 Gy. Changes in the microstructure of the irradiated pork tenderloin tissue samples are also checked and validated by a transmission electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeong Kil
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Yang-san, Korea
| | - Gyeong Rip Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Yang-san, Korea
| | - Moo Seok Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Kwak
- Department of Radiology, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yeong Hyeon Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Yang-san Hospital, Yang-san, Korea
| | - Gun Do Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jong Kyu Lee
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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Vizvari Z, Gyorfi N, Odry A, Sari Z, Klincsik M, Gergics M, Kovacs L, Kovacs A, Pal J, Karadi Z, Odry P, Toth A. Physical Validation of a Residual Impedance Rejection Method during Ultra-Low Frequency Bio-Impedance Spectral Measurements. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4686. [PMID: 32825145 PMCID: PMC7506680 DOI: 10.3390/s20174686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and reliable measurement of the electrical impedance spectrum is an essential requirement in order to draw relevant conclusions in many fields and a variety of applications; in particular, for biological processes. Even in the state-of-the-art methods developed for this purpose, the accuracy and efficacy of impedance measurements are reduced in biological systems, due to the regular occurrence of parameters causing measurement errors such as residual impedance, parasitic capacitance, generator anomalies, and so on. Recent observations have reported the necessity of decreasing such inaccuracies whenever measurements are performed in the ultra-low frequency range, as the above-mentioned errors are almost entirely absent in such cases. The current research work proposes a method which can reject the anomalies listed above when measuring in the ultra-low frequency range, facilitating data collection at the same time. To demonstrate our hypothesis, originating from the consideration of the determinant role of the measuring frequency, a physical model is proposed to examine the effectiveness of our method by measuring across the commonly used vs. ultra-low frequency ranges. Validation measurements reflect that the range of frequencies and the accuracy is much greater than in state-of-the-art methods. Using the proposed new impedance examination technique, biological system characterization can be carried out more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Vizvari
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Nina Gyorfi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Akos Odry
- Institute of Information Technology, University of Dunaujvaros, Tancsics M. str. 1/A, H-2401 Dunaujvaros, Hungary; (A.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Zoltan Sari
- Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Mihaly Klincsik
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Marin Gergics
- 1st Department of Medicine, Clinical Centre, University of Pecs, Ifjusag str. 13, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Levente Kovacs
- Physiological Controls Research Center, University Research and Innovation Cetner, Obuda University, Becsi str. 96/b, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Anita Kovacs
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Pecs, Boszorkany str. 2, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (N.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Jozsef Pal
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.P.); (Z.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Zoltan Karadi
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.P.); (Z.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Peter Odry
- Institute of Information Technology, University of Dunaujvaros, Tancsics M. str. 1/A, H-2401 Dunaujvaros, Hungary; (A.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Attila Toth
- Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str. 12, H-7624 Pecs, Hungary; (J.P.); (Z.K.); (A.T.)
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