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Lee CH, Kim JT, Jeong DW, Lee SH, Kim Y, Han SH, Shin M, Chung TD. Photothermal Enhancement of Ion Current for Red Blood Cell Flow Cytometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14178-14185. [PMID: 39169664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Blood cell counting typically requires complex machinery. Flow cytometers used for this purpose involve precise optical alignment, costly detectors, and pretreatment with fluorescent labels. Coulter countertype devices, which monitor ion current, are simpler. However, conventional Coulter counters provide only information about size, making it impossible to distinguish similarly sized lymphocytes from red blood cells (RBCs). Inspired by the fact that RBCs have an exceptionally high propensity to absorb light and convert it to heat, i.e., photothermal effect, this study proposes integrating photothermal phenomena into a microfluidic Coulter counting chip. Photothermal heat selectively amplifies the ion current from RBCs over other components including lymphocytes. The combination of ion current monitoring and the photothermal effect for RBC counting suggests an evolution toward versatile flow cytometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Heon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hee Han
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongsik Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon-Si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
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Panklang N, Techaumnat B, Tanthanuch N, Chotivanich K, Horprathum M, Nakano M. On-Chip Impedance Spectroscopy of Malaria-Infected Red Blood Cells. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3186. [PMID: 38794040 PMCID: PMC11125259 DOI: 10.3390/s24103186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Malaria is a disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The development of accurate and efficient methods for the detection of malaria-infected cells is crucial for effective disease management and control. This paper presents the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of normal and malaria-infected red blood cells. An EIS microfluidic device, comprising a microchannel and a pair of coplanar electrodes, was fabricated for single-cell measurements in a continuous manner. Based on the EIS results, the aim of this work is to discriminate Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells from the normal ones. Different from typical impedance spectroscopy, our measurement was performed for the cells in a low-conductivity medium in a frequency range between 50 kHz and 800 kHz. Numerical simulation was utilized to study the suitability parameters of the microchannel and electrodes for the EIS experiment over the measurement frequencies. The measurement results have shown that by using the low-conductivity medium, we could focus on the change in the conductance caused by the presence of a cell in the sensing electrode gap. The results indicated a distinct frequency spectrum of the conductance between the normal and infected red blood cells, which can be further used for the detection of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitipong Panklang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand;
| | - Boonchai Techaumnat
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Micro/Nano-Electro-Mechanical Integrated System Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nutthaphong Tanthanuch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Kesinee Chotivanich
- Cell and Tissue Culture Resources Unit, Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Mati Horprathum
- Spectroscopic and Sensing Devices Research Group, NECTEC, NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Michihiko Nakano
- Faculty of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
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Jeong HJ, Kim K, Kim HW, Park Y. Classification between Normal and Cancerous Human Urothelial Cells by Using Micro-Dimensional Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7969. [PMID: 36298320 PMCID: PMC9610759 DOI: 10.3390/s22207969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although the high incidence and recurrence rates of urothelial cancer of the bladder (UCB) are heavy burdens, a noninvasive tool for effectively detecting UCB as an alternative to voided urine cytology, which has low sensitivity, is yet to be reported. Herein, we propose an intelligent discrimination method between normal (SV-HUC-1) and cancerous (TCCSUP) urothelial cells by using a combination of micro-dimensional electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (µEIS) with machine learning (ML) for a noninvasive and high-accuracy UCB diagnostic tool. We developed a unique valved flow cytometry, equipped with a pneumatic valve to increase sensitivity without cell clogging. Since contact between a cell and electrodes is tight with a high volume fraction, the electric field can be effectively confined to the cell. This enables the proposed sensor to highly discriminate different cell types at frequencies of 10, 50, 100, 500 kHz, and 1 MHz. A total of 236 impedance spectra were applied to six ML models, and systematic comparisons of the ML models were carried out. The hyperparameters were estimated by conducting a grid search or Bayesian optimization. Among the ML models, random forest strongly discriminated between SV-HUC-1 and TCCSUP, with an accuracy of 91.7%, sensitivity of 92.9%, precision of 92.9%, specificity of 90%, and F1-score of 93.8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Jung Jeong
- Lighting Materials and Components Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute (KOPTI), Gwangju 61007, Korea
| | - Kihyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 59626, Korea
| | - Hyeon Woo Kim
- Department of Urology, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea
| | - Yangkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Design Engineering, Chonnam National University, 50 Daehak-ro, Yeosu 59626, Korea
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Cao Y, Floehr J, Ingebrandt S, Schnakenberg U. Dry Film Resist Laminated Microfluidic System for Electrical Impedance Measurements. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:632. [PMID: 34072385 PMCID: PMC8228546 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In micro-electrical-mechanical systems (MEMS), thick structures with high aspect ratios are often required. Dry film photoresist (DFR) in various thicknesses can be easily laminated and patterned using standard UV lithography. Here, we present a three-level DFR lamination process of SUEX for a microfluidic chip with embedded, vertically arranged microelectrodes for electrical impedance measurements. To trap and fix the object under test to the electrodes, an aperture is formed in the center of the ring-shaped electrodes in combination with a microfluidic suction channel underneath. In a proof-of-concept, the setup is characterized by electrical impedance measurements with polystyrene and ZrO2 spheres. The electrical impedance is most sensitive at approximately 2 kHz, and its magnitudes reveal around 200% higher values when a sphere is trapped. The magnitude values depend on the sizes of the spheres. Electrical equivalent circuits are applied to simulate the experimental results with a close match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cao
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Y.C.); (S.I.)
| | - Julia Floehr
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Y.C.); (S.I.)
| | - Uwe Schnakenberg
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstraße 24, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (Y.C.); (S.I.)
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Liu W, Warden A, Sun J, Shen G, Ding X. Simultaneous detection of multiple HPV DNA via bottom-well microfluidic chip within an infra-red PCR platform. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:024109. [PMID: 29576839 PMCID: PMC5851781 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Portable Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) devices combined with microfluidic chips or lateral flow stripes have shown great potential in the field of point-of-need testing (PoNT) as they only require a small volume of patient sample and are capable of presenting results in a short time. However, the detection for multiple targets in this field leaves much to be desired. Herein, we introduce a novel PCR platform by integrating a bottom-well microfluidic chip with an infra-red (IR) excited temperature control method and fluorescence co-detection of three PCR products. Microfluidic chips are utilized to partition different samples into individual bottom-wells. The oil phase in the main channel contains multi-walled carbon nanotubes which were used as a heat transfer medium that absorbs energy from the IR-light-emitting diode (LED) and transfers heat to the water phase below. Cyclical rapid heating and cooling necessary for PCR are achieved by alternative power switching of the IR-LED and Universal Serial Bus (USB) mini-fan with a pulse width modulation scheme. This design of the IR-LED PCR platform is economic, compact, and fully portable, making it a promising application in the field of PoNT. The bottom-well microfluidic chip and IR-LED PCR platform were combined to fulfill a three-stage thermal cycling PCR for 40 cycles within 90 min for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) detection. The PCR fluorescent signal was successfully captured at the end of each cycle. The technique introduced here has broad applications in nucleic acid amplification and PoNT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xianting Ding
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Tel.: +86-21-62932274
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Gienger J, Bär M, Neukammer J. Extinction spectra of suspensions of microspheres: determination of the spectral refractive index and particle size distribution with nanometer accuracy. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:344-355. [PMID: 29328184 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented to infer simultaneously the wavelength-dependent real refractive index (RI) of the material of microspheres and their size distribution from extinction measurements of particle suspensions. To derive the averaged spectral optical extinction cross section of the microspheres from such ensemble measurements, we determined the particle concentration by flow cytometry to an accuracy of typically 2% and adjusted the particle concentration to ensure that perturbations due to multiple scattering are negligible. For analysis of the extinction spectra, we employ Mie theory, a series-expansion representation of the refractive index and nonlinear numerical optimization. In contrast to other approaches, our method offers the advantage to simultaneously determine size, size distribution, and spectral refractive index of ensembles of microparticles including uncertainty estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Armbrecht
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Simon P, Frankowski M, Bock N, Neukammer J. Label-free whole blood cell differentiation based on multiple frequency AC impedance and light scattering analysis in a micro flow cytometer. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2326-38. [PMID: 27229300 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic sensor for label-free flow cytometric cell differentiation by combined multiple AC electrical impedance and light scattering analysis. The measured signals are correlated to cell volume, membrane capacity and optical properties of single cells. For an improved signal to noise ratio, the microfluidic sensor incorporates two electrode pairs for differential impedance detection. One-dimensional sheath flow focusing was implemented, which allows single particle analysis at kHz count rates. Various monodisperse particles and differentiation of leukocytes in haemolysed samples served to benchmark the microdevice applying combined AC impedance and side scatter analyses. In what follows, we demonstrate that AC impedance measurements at selected frequencies allow label-free discrimination of platelets, erythrocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes in whole blood samples involving dilution only. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to validate the results of the label-free cell analysis. Reliable differentiation and enumeration of cells in whole blood by AC impedance detection have the potential to support medical diagnosis for patients with haemolysis resistant erythrocytes or abnormally sensitive leucocytes, i.e. for patients suffering from anaemia or leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Simon
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany.
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Zhang Y, Watts BR, Guo T, Zhang Z, Xu C, Fang Q. Optofluidic Device Based Microflow Cytometers for Particle/Cell Detection: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7040070. [PMID: 30407441 PMCID: PMC6189758 DOI: 10.3390/mi7040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optofluidic devices combining micro-optical and microfluidic components bring a host of new advantages to conventional microfluidic devices. Aspects, such as optical beam shaping, can be integrated on-chip and provide high-sensitivity and built-in optical alignment. Optofluidic microflow cytometers have been demonstrated in applications, such as point-of-care diagnostics, cellular immunophenotyping, rare cell analysis, genomics and analytical chemistry. Flow control, light guiding and collecting, data collection and data analysis are the four main techniques attributed to the performance of the optofluidic microflow cytometer. Each of the four areas is discussed in detail to show the basic principles and recent developments. 3D microfabrication techniques are discussed in their use to make these novel microfluidic devices, and the integration of the whole system takes advantage of the miniaturization of each sub-system. The combination of these different techniques is a spur to the development of microflow cytometers, and results show the performance of many types of microflow cytometers developed recently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Benjamin R Watts
- ArtIC Photonics, 260 Terence Matthews Cres, Ottawa, ON K2M 2C7, Canada.
| | - Tianyi Guo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Information and Communication Technologies, National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Changqing Xu
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Qiyin Fang
- Department of Engineering Physics, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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