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Lorigo M, Quintaneiro C, Breitenfeld L, Cairrao E. Exposure to UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate and human health effects: Focus on endocrine disruptor actions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142218. [PMID: 38704047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Human skin is the first line of photoprotection against UV radiation. However, despite having its defence mechanisms, the photoprotection that the skin exerts is not enough. To protect human skin, the inclusion of UV filters in the cosmetic industry has grown significantly as a photoprotection strategy. Octylmethoxycinnamate, also designated by octinoxate, or 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (CAS number: 5466-77-3) is one of the most widely used UV-B filter in the cosmetic industry. The toxic effects of OMC have alarmed the public, but there is still no consensus in the scientific community about its use. This article aims to provide an overview of the UV filters' photoprotection, emphasizing the OMC and the possible negative effects it may have on the public health. Moreover, the current legislation will be addressed. In summary, the recommendations should be rethought to assess their risk-benefit, since the existing literature warns us to endocrine-disrupting effects of OMC. Further studies should be focus on the toxicity of OMC alone, in mixture and should consider its degradation products, to improve the knowledge of its risk assessment as EDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Carla Quintaneiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Luiza Breitenfeld
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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2
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Fortin AMV, Long AS, Williams A, Meier MJ, Cox J, Pinsonnault C, Yauk CL, White PA. Application of a new approach methodology (NAM)-based strategy for genotoxicity assessment of data-poor compounds. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1098432. [PMID: 36756349 PMCID: PMC9899896 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1098432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional battery for genotoxicity testing is not well suited to assessing the large number of chemicals needing evaluation. Traditional in vitro tests lack throughput, provide little mechanistic information, and have poor specificity in predicting in vivo genotoxicity. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) aim to accelerate the pace of hazard assessment and reduce reliance on in vivo tests that are time-consuming and resource-intensive. As such, high-throughput transcriptomic and flow cytometry-based assays have been developed for modernized in vitro genotoxicity assessment. This includes: the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker (i.e., 64-gene expression signature to identify DNA damage-inducing (DDI) substances), the MicroFlow® assay (i.e., a flow cytometry-based micronucleus (MN) test), and the MultiFlow® assay (i.e., a multiplexed flow cytometry-based reporter assay that yields mode of action (MoA) information). The objective of this study was to investigate the utility of the TGx-DDI transcriptomic biomarker, multiplexed with the MicroFlow® and MultiFlow® assays, as an integrated NAM-based testing strategy for screening data-poor compounds prioritized by Health Canada's New Substances Assessment and Control Bureau. Human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells were exposed to 3 control and 10 data-poor substances, using a 6-point concentration range. Gene expression profiling was conducted using the targeted TempO-Seq™ assay, and the TGx-DDI classifier was applied to the dataset. Classifications were compared with those based on the MicroFlow® and MultiFlow® assays. Benchmark Concentration (BMC) modeling was used for potency ranking. The results of the integrated hazard calls indicate that five of the data-poor compounds were genotoxic in vitro, causing DNA damage via a clastogenic MoA, and one via a pan-genotoxic MoA. Two compounds were likely irrelevant positives in the MN test; two are considered possibly genotoxic causing DNA damage via an ambiguous MoA. BMC modeling revealed nearly identical potency rankings for each assay. This ranking was maintained when all endpoint BMCs were converted into a single score using the Toxicological Prioritization (ToxPi) approach. Overall, this study contributes to the establishment of a modernized approach for effective genotoxicity assessment and chemical prioritization for further regulatory scrutiny. We conclude that the integration of TGx-DDI, MicroFlow®, and MultiFlow® endpoints is an effective NAM-based strategy for genotoxicity assessment of data-poor compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie V. Fortin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra S. Long
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew J. Meier
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Cox
- Bureau of Gastroenterology, Infection and Viral Diseases, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Claire Pinsonnault
- New Substances Assessment and Control Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Carole L. Yauk
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Carole L. Yauk, ; Paul A. White,
| | - Paul A. White
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Carole L. Yauk, ; Paul A. White,
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3
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Lorigo M, Cairrao E. UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate-induced vascular endothelial disruption on rat aorta: In silico and in vitro approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135807. [PMID: 35931261 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human life, an extensive and varied range of emerging environmental contaminants, called endocrine disruptors (EDCs), cause adverse health effects, including in the cardiovascular (CV) system. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are worryingly one of the leading causes of all mortality and mobility worldwide. The UV-B filter octylmethoxycinnamate (also designated octinoxate, or ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (CAS number: 5466-77-3)) is an EDC widely present in all personal care products. However, to date, there are no studies evaluating the OMC-induced effects on vasculature using animal models to improve human cardiovascular health. This work analysed the effects of OMC on rat aorta vasculature and explored the modes of action implicated in these effects. Our results indicated that OMC relaxes the rat aorta by endothelium-dependent mechanisms through the signaling pathways of cyclic nucleotides and by endothelium-independent mechanisms involving inhibition of L-Type voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (L-Type VOCC). Overall, OMC toxicity on rat aorta may produce hypotension via vasodilation due to excessive NO release and blockade of L-Type VOCC. Moreover, the OMC-induced endothelial dysfunction may also occur by promoting the endothelial release of endothelin-1. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that exposure to OMC alters the reactivity of the rat aorta and highlight that long-term OMC exposure may increase the risk of human CV diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Lorigo
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS - UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS - UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal; C4-UBI, Cloud Computing Competence Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6200-501, Covilhã, Portugal.
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4
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Konzept für die Bewertung von krebserzeugenden Stoffen im bevölkerungsbezogenen Human-Biomonitoring – Stellungnahme der Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2022; 65:951-957. [PMID: 36048212 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-022-03570-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Wollin KM, Apel P, Chovolou Y, Pabel U, Schettgen T, Kolossa-Gehring M, Röhl C, Agency OBOTHBCOTGE. Concept for the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Substances in Population-Based Human Biomonitoring. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7235. [PMID: 35742488 PMCID: PMC9223427 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Human Biomonitoring (HBM) Commission at the German Environment Agency holds the opinion that for environmental carcinogens for which no exposure levels can be assumed and are harmless to health, health-based guidance values corresponding to the classical definition of the HBM-I or HBM-II value cannot be established. Therefore, only reference values have been derived so far for genotoxic carcinogens from exposure data of the general population or subpopulations. The concept presented here opens up the possibility of performing health risk assessments of carcinogenic substances in human biomonitoring, and thus goes decisively beyond the purely descriptive statistical reference value concept. Using the presented method, quantitative dose descriptors of internal exposure can be derived from those of external exposure, provided that sufficient toxicokinetic information is available. Dose descriptors of internal exposure then allow the simple estimate of additional lifetime cancer risks for measured biomarker concentrations or, conversely, of equivalent concentrations for selected risks, such as those considered as tolerable for the general population. HBM data of chronic exposures to genotoxic carcinogens can thus be used to assess the additional lifetime cancer risk referring to the general population and to justify and prioritize risk management measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Petra Apel
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 14195 Berlin, Germany; (P.A.); (M.K.-G.)
| | - Yvonni Chovolou
- North Rhine-Westphalia Office of Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection, 45659 Recklinghausen, Germany;
| | - Ulrike Pabel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Thomas Schettgen
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | | | - Claudia Röhl
- Department of Environmental Health Protection, State Agency for social Services (LAsD) Schleswig-Holstein, 24534 Neumünster, Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, Christiana Albertina University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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6
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Mahony C, Bowtell P, Huber M, Kosemund K, Pfuhler S, Zhu T, Barlow S, McMillan DA. Threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) for botanicals - Concentration data analysis of potentially genotoxic constituents to substantiate and extend the TTC approach to botanicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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7
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Sasaki JC, Allemang A, Bryce SM, Custer L, Dearfield KL, Dietz Y, Elhajouji A, Escobar PA, Fornace AJ, Froetschl R, Galloway S, Hemmann U, Hendriks G, Li HH, Luijten M, Ouedraogo G, Peel L, Pfuhler S, Roberts DJ, Thybaud V, van Benthem J, Yauk CL, Schuler M. Application of the adverse outcome pathway framework to genotoxic modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:114-134. [PMID: 31603995 DOI: 10.1002/em.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In May 2017, the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee hosted a workshop to discuss whether mode of action (MOA) investigation is enhanced through the application of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework. As AOPs are a relatively new approach in genetic toxicology, this report describes how AOPs could be harnessed to advance MOA analysis of genotoxicity pathways using five example case studies. Each of these genetic toxicology AOPs proposed for further development includes the relevant molecular initiating events, key events, and adverse outcomes (AOs), identification and/or further development of the appropriate assays to link an agent to these events, and discussion regarding the biological plausibility of the proposed AOP. A key difference between these proposed genetic toxicology AOPs versus traditional AOPs is that the AO is a genetic toxicology endpoint of potential significance in risk characterization, in contrast to an adverse state of an organism or a population. The first two detailed case studies describe provisional AOPs for aurora kinase inhibition and tubulin binding, leading to the common AO of aneuploidy. The remaining three case studies highlight provisional AOPs that lead to chromosome breakage or mutation via indirect DNA interaction (inhibition of topoisomerase II, production of cellular reactive oxygen species, and inhibition of DNA synthesis). These case studies serve as starting points for genotoxicity AOPs that could ultimately be published and utilized by the broader toxicology community and illustrate the practical considerations and evidence required to formalize such AOPs so that they may be applied to genetic toxicity evaluation schemes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:114-134, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Drug Safety Evaluation, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Yasmin Dietz
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heng-Hong Li
- Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lauren Peel
- Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - Véronique Thybaud
- Sanofi, Research and Development, Preclinical Safety, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jan van Benthem
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Inc, World Wide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut
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8
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Hasselgren C, Ahlberg E, Akahori Y, Amberg A, Anger LT, Atienzar F, Auerbach S, Beilke L, Bellion P, Benigni R, Bercu J, Booth ED, Bower D, Brigo A, Cammerer Z, Cronin MTD, Crooks I, Cross KP, Custer L, Dobo K, Doktorova T, Faulkner D, Ford KA, Fortin MC, Frericks M, Gad-McDonald SE, Gellatly N, Gerets H, Gervais V, Glowienke S, Van Gompel J, Harvey JS, Hillegass J, Honma M, Hsieh JH, Hsu CW, Barton-Maclaren TS, Johnson C, Jolly R, Jones D, Kemper R, Kenyon MO, Kruhlak NL, Kulkarni SA, Kümmerer K, Leavitt P, Masten S, Miller S, Moudgal C, Muster W, Paulino A, Lo Piparo E, Powley M, Quigley DP, Reddy MV, Richarz AN, Schilter B, Snyder RD, Stavitskaya L, Stidl R, Szabo DT, Teasdale A, Tice RR, Trejo-Martin A, Vuorinen A, Wall BA, Watts P, White AT, Wichard J, Witt KL, Woolley A, Woolley D, Zwickl C, Myatt GJ. Genetic toxicology in silico protocol. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 107:104403. [PMID: 31195068 PMCID: PMC7485926 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In silico toxicology (IST) approaches to rapidly assess chemical hazard, and usage of such methods is increasing in all applications but especially for regulatory submissions, such as for assessing chemicals under REACH as well as the ICH M7 guideline for drug impurities. There are a number of obstacles to performing an IST assessment, including uncertainty in how such an assessment and associated expert review should be performed or what is fit for purpose, as well as a lack of confidence that the results will be accepted by colleagues, collaborators and regulatory authorities. To address this, a project to develop a series of IST protocols for different hazard endpoints has been initiated and this paper describes the genetic toxicity in silico (GIST) protocol. The protocol outlines a hazard assessment framework including key effects/mechanisms and their relationships to endpoints such as gene mutation and clastogenicity. IST models and data are reviewed that support the assessment of these effects/mechanisms along with defined approaches for combining the information and evaluating the confidence in the assessment. This protocol has been developed through a consortium of toxicologists, computational scientists, and regulatory scientists across several industries to support the implementation and acceptance of in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernst Ahlberg
- Predictive Compound ADME & Safety, Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca IMED Biotech Unit, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yumi Akahori
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, 1-4-25 Kouraku, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0004, Japan
| | - Alexander Amberg
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lennart T Anger
- Sanofi, R&D Preclinical Safety Frankfurt, Industriepark Hoechst, D-65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franck Atienzar
- UCB BioPharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Scott Auerbach
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Lisa Beilke
- Toxicology Solutions Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joel Bercu
- Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Ewan D Booth
- Syngenta, Product Safety Department, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Dave Bower
- Leadscope, Inc, 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Alessandro Brigo
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zoryana Cammerer
- Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA, 19477, USA
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ian Crooks
- British American Tobacco, Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Kevin P Cross
- Leadscope, Inc, 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | - Laura Custer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Krista Dobo
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Tatyana Doktorova
- Douglas Connect GmbH, Technology Park Basel, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, CH-4057, Basel / Basel-Stadt, Switzerland
| | - David Faulkner
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 70A-1161A, Berkeley, CA, 947020, USA
| | - Kevin A Ford
- Global Blood Therapeutics, 171 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Marie C Fortin
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 200 Princeton South Corporate Center, Suite 180, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08855, USA
| | | | | | - Nichola Gellatly
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), Gibbs Building, 215 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Helga Gerets
- UCB BioPharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Susanne Glowienke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Pre-Clinical Safety, Werk Klybeck, CH, 4057, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacky Van Gompel
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - James S Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Jedd Hillegass
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Masamitsu Honma
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Jui-Hua Hsieh
- Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Jolly
- Toxicology Division, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David Jones
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, 10 South Colonnade, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4PU, UK
| | - Ray Kemper
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Predictive and Investigative Safety Assessment, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle O Kenyon
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Naomi L Kruhlak
- FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sunil A Kulkarni
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute for Sustainable and Environmental Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststraße 1/C13.311b, 21335, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Penny Leavitt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Safety Evaluation, 1 Squibb Dr, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA
| | - Scott Masten
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Scott Miller
- Leadscope, Inc, 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Muster
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Mark Powley
- Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronald D Snyder
- RDS Consulting Services, 2936 Wooded Vista Ct, Mason, OH, 45040, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brian A Wall
- Colgate-Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Pete Watts
- Bibra, Cantium House, Railway Approach, Wallington, Surrey, SM6 0DZ, UK
| | - Angela T White
- GlaxoSmithKline Pre-Clinical Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Joerg Wichard
- Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals Division, Investigational Toxicology, Muellerstr. 178, D-13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristine L Witt
- The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Adam Woolley
- ForthTox Limited, PO Box 13550, Linlithgow, EH49 7YU, UK
| | - David Woolley
- ForthTox Limited, PO Box 13550, Linlithgow, EH49 7YU, UK
| | - Craig Zwickl
- Transendix LLC, 1407 Moores Manor, Indianapolis, IN, 46229, USA
| | - Glenn J Myatt
- Leadscope, Inc, 1393 Dublin Rd, Columbus, OH, 43215, USA
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9
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Dal Negro G, Eskes C, Belz S, Bertein C, Chlebus M, Corvaro M, Corvi R, Dhalluin S, Halder M, Harvey J, Hermann M, Hoffmann-Dörr S, Kilian K, Lambrigts D, Laroche C, Louhimies S, Mahony C, Manou I, McNamee P, Prieto P, Reid K, Roggen E, Schutte K, Stirling C, Uhlrich S, Weissenhorn R, Whelan M. One science-driven approach for the regulatory implementation of alternative methods: A multi-sector perspective. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 99:33-49. [PMID: 30098372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
EU regulations call for the use of alternative methods to animal testing. During the last decade, an increasing number of alternative approaches have been formally adopted. In parallel, new 3Rs-relevant technologies and mechanistic approaches have increasingly contributed to hazard identification and risk assessment evolution. In this changing landscape, an EPAA meeting reviewed the challenges that different industry sectors face in the implementation of alternative methods following a science-driven approach. Although clear progress was acknowledged in animal testing reduction and refinement thanks to an integration of scientifically robust approaches, the following challenges were identified: i) further characterization of toxicity pathways; ii) development of assays covering current scientific gaps, iii) better characterization of links between in vitro readouts and outcome in the target species; iv) better definition of alternative method applicability domains, and v) appropriate implementation of the available approaches. For areas having regulatory adopted alternative methods (e.g., vaccine batch testing), harmonised acceptance across geographical regions was considered critical for broader application. Overall, the main constraints to the application of non-animal alternatives are the still existing gaps in scientific knowledge and technological limitations. The science-driven identification of most appropriate methods is key for furthering a multi-sectorial decrease in animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Dal Negro
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chantra Eskes
- SeCAM Services and Consultation on Alternative Methods, Via Campagnora 1, 6983, Magliaso, Switzerland.
| | - Susanne Belz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Magda Chlebus
- European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), Rue du Trône 108, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marco Corvaro
- ECPA - the European Crop Protection Association, 6 Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | - Stephane Dhalluin
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation, 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | - Jim Harvey
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Martina Hermann
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, Henkelstr. 67, 40589, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Karin Kilian
- European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (DG ENV), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Denis Lambrigts
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 20 Avenue Fleming, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Charles Laroche
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Av. Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanna Louhimies
- European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (DG ENV), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Mahony
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Whitehall Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Manou
- European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA), Av. Herrmann-Debroux 40, 1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline McNamee
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Whitehall Lane, Egham, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Prieto
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
| | - Kirsty Reid
- European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA), Rue du Trône 108, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erwin Roggen
- 3Rs Management and Consulting, Asavænget 14, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Katrin Schutte
- European Commission, Directorate General for the Environment (DG ENV), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Sylvie Uhlrich
- Sanofi Pasteur, 1541 Av. Marcel Merieux, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Renate Weissenhorn
- European Commission, Directorate General for Internal Market, Industry, Enterpreneurship and SME, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maurice Whelan
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Via E. Fermi 2749, 21017, Ispra, Italy
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10
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Yamamura E, Aruga C, Muto S, Baba N, Uno Y. Correlation between the results of in vitro and in vivo chromosomal damage tests in consideration of exposure levels of test chemicals. Genes Environ 2018; 40:6. [PMID: 29556374 PMCID: PMC5838998 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-018-0094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We examined the correlation between the results of in vitro and in vivo chromosomal damage tests by using in-house data of 18 pharmaceutical candidates that showed positive results in the in vitro chromosomal aberration or micronucleus test using CHL/IU cells, and quantitatively analyzed them especially in regard to exposure levels of the compounds. Findings Eight compounds showed that the exposure levels [maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and AUC0-24h] were comparable with or higher than the in vitro exposure levels [the lowest effective (positive) concentration (LEC) and AUCvitro = LEC (μg/mL) × treatment time (h)]. Among them, 3 compounds were positive in the in vivo rodent micronucleus assays using bone marrow cells. For 2 compounds, cytotoxicity might produce false-positive results in the in vitro tests. One compound showed in vitro positive results only in the condition with S9 mix which indicated sufficient concentration of unidentified active metabolite(s) might not reach the bone marrow to induce micronuclei. Conclusion These facts suggested that the in vivo exposure levels being equal to or higher than the in vitro exposure levels might be an important factor to detect in vivo chromosomal damage induced by test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yamamura
- 1Safety Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama, 335-8505 Japan
| | - Chinami Aruga
- 2Discovery Technology Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama, 335-8505 Japan
| | - Shigeharu Muto
- 1Safety Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama, 335-8505 Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Baba
- 1Safety Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama, 335-8505 Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Uno
- 1Safety Research Laboratories, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama, 335-8505 Japan
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11
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Honda H, Fujita Y, Kasamatsu T, Fuchs A, Fautz R, Morita O. Necessity for retrospective evaluation of past-positive chemicals in in vitro chromosomal aberration tests using recommended cytotoxicity indices. Genes Environ 2018; 40:2. [PMID: 29339977 PMCID: PMC5761126 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-017-0091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that retrospective evaluation of existing data of in vitro chromosomal aberration test using the new cytotoxicity indices RICC (relative increase in cell count) or RPD (relative population doubling) reduces the false-positive rate. We have constructed an algorithm to predict the likelihood that past-positive results would differ when retested accordingly. Here, we emphasize the importance of reviewing existing in vitro chromosomal aberration test results. The present Letter not only supports the rediscovery of potentially useful chemicals excluded from further development as a result of misclassification due to in vitro false-positive results, but also contributes to the development of a precise Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) model by providing an appropriate training data-set. Furthermore, re-evaluation is expected to provide novel insights into underlying mechanisms and/or key structures involved in the development of chromosomal aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Honda
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497 Japan
| | - Yurika Fujita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497 Japan
| | - Toshio Kasamatsu
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497 Japan
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Kao Europe Research Laboratories, Kao Germany GmbH, Darmstadt, 64297 Germany
| | - Rolf Fautz
- Kao Europe Research Laboratories, Kao Germany GmbH, Darmstadt, 64297 Germany
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai-Machi, Haga-Gun, Tochigi, 321-3497 Japan
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12
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Development and validation of a high-throughput transcriptomic biomarker to address 21st century genetic toxicology needs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10881-E10889. [PMID: 29203651 PMCID: PMC5754797 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714109114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard in vitro assays to assess genotoxicity frequently generate positive results that are subsequently found to be irrelevant for in vivo carcinogenesis and human cancer risk assessment. Currently used follow-up methods, such as animal testing, are expensive and time-consuming, and the development of approaches enabling more accurate mechanism-based risk assessment is essential. We developed an in vitro transcriptomic biomarker-based approach that provides a robust biomarker reflecting stress-signaling responses. The biomarker correctly identifies the vast majority of irrelevant genotoxicity results from in vitro chromosome damage assays. TGx-DDI, a multigene biomarker for DNA damage-inducing agents, is the first biomarker that not only shows convincing interlaboratory and intralaboratory reproducibility, but also performs accurately in a system suitable for high-throughput screening. Interpretation of positive genotoxicity findings using the current in vitro testing battery is a major challenge to industry and regulatory agencies. These tests, especially mammalian cell assays, have high sensitivity but suffer from low specificity, leading to high rates of irrelevant positive findings (i.e., positive results in vitro that are not relevant to human cancer hazard). We developed an in vitro transcriptomic biomarker-based approach that provides biological relevance to positive genotoxicity assay data, particularly for in vitro chromosome damage assays, and propose its application for assessing the relevance of the in vitro positive results to carcinogenic hazard. The transcriptomic biomarker TGx-DDI (previously known as TGx-28.65) readily distinguishes DNA damage-inducing (DDI) agents from non-DDI agents. In this study, we demonstrated the ability of the biomarker to classify 45 test agents across a broad set of chemical classes as DDI or non-DDI. Furthermore, we assessed the biomarker’s utility in derisking known irrelevant positive agents and evaluated its performance across analytical platforms. We correctly classified 90% (9 of 10) of chemicals with irrelevant positive findings in in vitro chromosome damage assays as negative. We developed a standardized experimental and analytical protocol for our transcriptomics biomarker, as well as an enhanced application of TGx-DDI for high-throughput cell-based genotoxicity testing using nCounter technology. This biomarker can be integrated in genetic hazard assessment as a follow-up to positive chromosome damage findings. In addition, we propose how it might be used in chemical screening and assessment. This approach offers an opportunity to significantly improve risk assessment and reduce cost.
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13
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Maertens RM, Long AS, White PA. Performance of the in vitro transgene mutation assay in MutaMouse FE1 cells: Evaluation of nine misleading ("False") positive chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:582-591. [PMID: 28843037 DOI: 10.1002/em.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The screening of chemicals for the protection of human health and the environment requires the assessment of genetic toxicity. However, existing, internationally-accepted in vitro mammalian genotoxicity tests have been criticized for their low specificity (i.e. high frequency of "false" or "misleading" positive results for compounds that are negative in vivo). An in vitro transgene mutation assay has been established that uses a metabolically competent cell line derived from MutaMouse lung (i.e. FE1 cells). Mutation scoring employs the well-characterized lacZ positive selection system, and the assay is proposed as an alternative in vitro assessment tool. In this study, the performance of the FE1 cell assay was evaluated by examining responses to nine non-DNA-reactive chemicals that previously elicited misleading positive results in other mammalian cell genotoxicity assays. FE1 cells were exposed to concentrations up to approximately 10 mM and/or concentrations that yielded approximately 80-90% cytotoxicity (as measured by relative increase in cell count). The assay demonstrated excellent specificity; exposures to the chemicals examined did not yield any positive responses even when tested in the presence of an exogenous metabolic activation system (i.e. S9) or with an extended sampling time. These results indicate that the FE1 cell mutagenicity assay is an effective and practical alternative to traditional mammalian cell gene mutation assays. The development and validation of effective in vitro tools such as the MutaMouse FE1 cell assay will contribute to international efforts to reduce, refine, and replace experimental animals for toxicity assessment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:582-591, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Maertens
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra S Long
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul A White
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Booth ED, Rawlinson PJ, Maria Fagundes P, Leiner KA. Regulatory requirements for genotoxicity assessment of plant protection product active ingredients, impurities, and metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:325-344. [PMID: 28329407 DOI: 10.1002/em.22084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Active ingredients in plant protection products are subject to rigorous safety assessment during their development, including assessment of genotoxicity. Plant protection products are used for agriculture in multiple regions and for the registration of active ingredients it is necessary to satisfy the data requirements of these different regions. There are no overarching global agreements on which genotoxicity studies need to be conducted to satisfy the majority of regulatory authorities. The implementation of new OECD guidelines for the in vitro micronucleus, transgenic rodent somatic and germ cell gene mutation and in vivo comet assays, as well as the revision of a number of other OECD test guidelines has resulted in some changes to data requirements. This review describes the genotoxicity data requirements for chemical active ingredients as well as biologicals, microbials, ground water metabolites, metabolites, and impurities in a number of regions. Similarities and differences are highlighted. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:325-344, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan D Booth
- Department of Toxicology and Health Sciences, Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J Rawlinson
- Department of Toxicology and Health Sciences, Syngenta Ltd, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Priscila Maria Fagundes
- Department of Product Safety, Syngenta Protecao de Cultivos Ltda, Sao Paulo, SP, 04795-900, Brazil
| | - Kevin A Leiner
- Department of Toxicology and Health Sciences, Syngenta Crop Protection LLC, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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15
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Dearfield KL, Gollapudi BB, Bemis JC, Benz RD, Douglas GR, Elespuru RK, Johnson GE, Kirkland DJ, LeBaron MJ, Li AP, Marchetti F, Pottenger LH, Rorije E, Tanir JY, Thybaud V, van Benthem J, Yauk CL, Zeiger E, Luijten M. Next generation testing strategy for assessment of genomic damage: A conceptual framework and considerations. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:264-283. [PMID: 27650663 DOI: 10.1002/em.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For several decades, regulatory testing schemes for genetic damage have been standardized where the tests being utilized examined mutations and structural and numerical chromosomal damage. This has served the genetic toxicity community well when most of the substances being tested were amenable to such assays. The outcome from this testing is usually a dichotomous (yes/no) evaluation of test results, and in many instances, the information is only used to determine whether a substance has carcinogenic potential or not. Over the same time period, mechanisms and modes of action (MOAs) that elucidate a wider range of genomic damage involved in many adverse health outcomes have been recognized. In addition, a paradigm shift in applied genetic toxicology is moving the field toward a more quantitative dose-response analysis and point-of-departure (PoD) determination with a focus on risks to exposed humans. This is directing emphasis on genomic damage that is likely to induce changes associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. This paradigm shift is moving the testing emphasis for genetic damage from a hazard identification only evaluation to a more comprehensive risk assessment approach that provides more insightful information for decision makers regarding the potential risk of genetic damage to exposed humans. To enable this broader context for examining genetic damage, a next generation testing strategy needs to take into account a broader, more flexible approach to testing, and ultimately modeling, of genomic damage as it relates to human exposure. This is consistent with the larger risk assessment context being used in regulatory decision making. As presented here, this flexible approach for examining genomic damage focuses on testing for relevant genomic effects that can be, as best as possible, associated with an adverse health effect. The most desired linkage for risk to humans would be changes in loci associated with human diseases, whether in somatic or germ cells. The outline of a flexible approach and associated considerations are presented in a series of nine steps, some of which can occur in parallel, which was developed through a collaborative effort by leading genetic toxicologists from academia, government, and industry through the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee (GTTC). The ultimate goal is to provide quantitative data to model the potential risk levels of substances, which induce genomic damage contributing to human adverse health outcomes. Any good risk assessment begins with asking the appropriate risk management questions in a planning and scoping effort. This step sets up the problem to be addressed (e.g., broadly, does genomic damage need to be addressed, and if so, how to proceed). The next two steps assemble what is known about the problem by building a knowledge base about the substance of concern and developing a rational biological argument for why testing for genomic damage is needed or not. By focusing on the risk management problem and potential genomic damage of concern, the next step of assay(s) selection takes place. The work-up of the problem during the earlier steps provides the insight to which assays would most likely produce the most meaningful data. This discussion does not detail the wide range of genomic damage tests available, but points to types of testing systems that can be very useful. Once the assays are performed and analyzed, the relevant data sets are selected for modeling potential risk. From this point on, the data are evaluated and modeled as they are for any other toxicology endpoint. Any observed genomic damage/effects (or genetic event(s)) can be modeled via a dose-response analysis and determination of an estimated PoD. When a quantitative risk analysis is needed for decision making, a parallel exposure assessment effort is performed (exposure assessment is not detailed here as this is not the focus of this discussion; guidelines for this assessment exist elsewhere). Then the PoD for genomic damage is used with the exposure information to develop risk estimations (e.g., using reference dose (RfD), margin of exposure (MOE) approaches) in a risk characterization and presented to risk managers for informing decision making. This approach is applicable now for incorporating genomic damage results into the decision-making process for assessing potential adverse outcomes in chemically exposed humans and is consistent with the ILSI HESI Risk Assessment in the 21st Century (RISK21) roadmap. This applies to any substance to which humans are exposed, including pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, food additives, and other chemicals. It is time for regulatory bodies to incorporate the broader knowledge and insights provided by genomic damage results into the assessments of risk to more fully understand the potential of adverse outcomes in chemically exposed humans, thus improving the assessment of risk due to genomic damage. The historical use of genomic damage data as a yes/no gateway for possible cancer risk has been too narrowly focused in risk assessment. The recent advances in assaying for and understanding genomic damage, including eventually epigenetic alterations, obviously add a greater wealth of information for determining potential risk to humans. Regulatory bodies need to embrace this paradigm shift from hazard identification to quantitative analysis and to incorporate the wider range of genomic damage in their assessments of risk to humans. The quantitative analyses and methodologies discussed here can be readily applied to genomic damage testing results now. Indeed, with the passage of the recent update to the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in the US, the new generation testing strategy for genomic damage described here provides a regulatory agency (here the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), but suitable for others) a golden opportunity to reexamine the way it addresses risk-based genomic damage testing (including hazard identification and exposure). Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:264-283, 2017. © 2016 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry L Dearfield
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - B Bhaskar Gollapudi
- Exponent® Inc, Center for Toxicology and Mechanistic Biology, Midland, Michigan
| | | | | | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Rosalie K Elespuru
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, CDRH/OSEL DBCMS, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew J LeBaron
- The Dow Chemical Company, Molecular, Cellular, and Biochemical Toxicology, Midland, Michigan
| | - Albert P Li
- In Vitro ADMET Laboratories LLC, Columbia, Maryland
| | - Francesco Marchetti
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Lynn H Pottenger
- Formerly of The Dow Chemical Company, Toxicology & Environmental Research and Consulting now with Olin Corporation, Midland, Michigan
| | - Emiel Rorije
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Y Tanir
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI), Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Veronique Thybaud
- Sanofi, Drug Disposition, Safety and Animal Research, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Jan van Benthem
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Health Protection, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Errol Zeiger
- Errol Zeiger Consulting, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Health Protection, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands
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16
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Brusick D, Aardema M, Kier L, Kirkland D, Williams G. Genotoxicity Expert Panel review: weight of evidence evaluation of the genotoxicity of glyphosate, glyphosate-based formulations, and aminomethylphosphonic acid. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:56-74. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1214680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larry Kier
- Private Consultant, Buena Vista, CO, USA
| | | | - Gary Williams
- Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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17
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Williams GM, Aardema M, Acquavella J, Berry SC, Brusick D, Burns MM, de Camargo JLV, Garabrant D, Greim HA, Kier LD, Kirkland DJ, Marsh G, Solomon KR, Sorahan T, Roberts A, Weed DL. A review of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate by four independent expert panels and comparison to the IARC assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:3-20. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2016.1214677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | | | - John Acquavella
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sir Colin Berry
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Garabrant
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, EpidStat Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Helmut A. Greim
- Department of Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Gary Marsh
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Occupational Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Tom Sorahan
- Department of Occupational Epidemiology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ashley Roberts
- Intertek Regulatory & Scientific Consultancy, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas L. Weed
- DLW Consulting Services, LLC, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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18
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Quesnot N, Rondel K, Audebert M, Martinais S, Glaise D, Morel F, Loyer P, Robin MA. Evaluation of genotoxicity using automated detection of γH2AX in metabolically competent HepaRG cells. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:43-50. [PMID: 26282955 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The in situ detection of γH2AX was recently reported to be a promising biomarker of genotoxicity. In addition, the human HepaRG hepatoma cells appear to be relevant for investigating hepatic genotoxicity since they express most of drug metabolizing enzymes and a wild type p53. The aim of this study was to determine whether the automated in situ detection of γH2AX positive HepaRG cells could be relevant for evaluation of genotoxicity after single or long-term repeated in vitro exposure compared to micronucleus assay. Metabolically competent HepaRG cells were treated daily with environmental contaminants and genotoxicity was evaluated after 1, 7 and 14 days. Using these cells, we confirmed the genotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 and benzo(a)pyrene and demonstrated that dimethylbenzanthracene, fipronil and endosulfan previously found genotoxic with comet or micronucleus assays also induced γH2AX phosphorylation. Furthermore, we showed that fluoranthene and bisphenol A induced γH2AX while no effect had been previously reported in HepG2 cells. In addition, induction of γH2AX was observed with some compounds only after 7 days, highlighting the importance of studying long-term effects of low doses of contaminants. Together, our data demonstrate that automated γH2AX detection in metabolically competent HepaRG cells is a suitable high-through put genotoxicity screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Quesnot
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Karine Rondel
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Marc Audebert
- Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, F-31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Martinais
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Denise Glaise
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Fabrice Morel
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
| | - Marie-Anne Robin
- Liver, Metabolisms and Cancer, INSERM, UMR991, CHU Pontchaillou, F-35033 Rennes, France, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France and
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19
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Johnson GE, Slob W, Doak SH, Fellows MD, Gollapudi BB, Heflich RH, Rees BJ, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Verma JR, Wills JW, Jenkins GJS, White PA. New approaches to advance the use of genetic toxicology analyses for human health risk assessment. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic toxicology testing has a crucial role in the safety assessment of substances of societal value by reducing human exposure to potential somatic and germ cell mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Johnson
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Wout Slob
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | | | | | - Robert H. Heflich
- National Centre for Toxicological Research
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Jefferson
- USA
| | - Ben J. Rees
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - Lya G. Soeteman-Hernández
- Center for Health Protection
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)
- Bilthoven
- Netherlands
| | - Jatin R. Verma
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | - John W. Wills
- Institute of Life Science
- College of Medicine
- Swansea University
- Swansea
- UK
| | | | - Paul A. White
- Environmental Health Sciences and Research Bureau
- Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch
- Health Canada
- Ottawa
- Canada
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20
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Pinto M, Costa PM, Louro H, Costa MH, Lavinha J, Caeiro S, Silva MJ. Determining oxidative and non-oxidative genotoxic effects driven by estuarine sediment contaminants on a human hepatoma cell line. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 478:25-35. [PMID: 24530582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine sediments may be reservoirs of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants, many of which are acknowledged genotoxicants, pro-mutagens and even potential carcinogens for humans. Still, studies aiming at narrowing the gap between ecological and human health risk of sediment-bound contaminant mixtures are scarce. Taking an impacted estuary as a case study (the Sado, SW Portugal), HepG2 (human hepatoma) cells were exposed in vitro for 48 h to extracts of sediments collected from two areas (urban/industrial and Triverine/agricultural), both contaminated by distinct mixtures of organic and inorganic toxicants, among which are found priority mutagens such as benzo[a]pyrene. Comparatively to a control test, extracts of sediments from both impacted areas produced deleterious effects in a dose-response manner. However, sediment extracts from the industrial area caused lower replication index plus higher cytotoxicity and genotoxicity (concerning total DNA strand breakage and clastogenesis), with emphasis on micronucleus induction. On the other hand, extracts from the rural area induced the highest oxidative damage to DNA, as revealed by the FPG (formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase) enzyme in the Comet assay. Although the estuary, on its whole, has been classified as moderately contaminated, the results suggest that the sediments from the industrial area are significantly genotoxic and, furthermore, elicit permanent chromosome damage, thus potentially being more mutagenic than those from the rural area. The results are consistent with contamination by pro-mutagens like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), potentiated by metals. The sediments from the agriculture-influenced area likely owe their genotoxic effects to metals and other toxicants, probably pesticides and fertilizers, and able to induce reactive oxygen species without the formation of DNA strand breakage. The findings suggest that the mixtures of contaminants present in the assayed sediments are genotoxic to HepG2 cells, ultimately providing a useful approach to hazard identification and an effective line-of-evidence in the environmental monitoring of anthropogenically-impacted coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pinto
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P M Costa
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal; IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - H Louro
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M H Costa
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - J Lavinha
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Caeiro
- IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Aberta, Rua da Escola Politécnica, 141, 1269-001 Lisboa, Portugal; CENSE - Centre for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M J Silva
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P., Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Márquez-Aguirre AL, Camacho-Ruiz RM, Arriaga-Alba M, Padilla-Camberos E, Kirchmayr MR, Blasco JL, González-Avila M. Effects of Agave tequilana fructans with different degree of polymerization profiles on the body weight, blood lipids and count of fecal Lactobacilli/Bifidobacteria in obese mice. Food Funct 2014; 4:1237-44. [PMID: 23759883 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60083a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fructans are dietary fibers with beneficial effects on the gastrointestinal physiology and offer a promising approach for the treatment of some metabolic disorders associated with obesity. In vitro and in vivo studies were developed to test the safety of fructans obtained from Agave tequilana Weber var. azul. Additionally, an in vivo experiment using a diet-induced obesity model was performed to compare the effect of agave fructans with different degree of polymerization (DP) profiles: agave fructans with DP > 10 (LcF), agave FOS with DP < 10 (ScF), and agave fructans with and without demineralization (dTF, TF) versus commercial chicory fructans (OraftiSynergy1™) on the body weight change, fat, total cholesterol, triglycerides and count of fecal Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. Results showed that A. tequilana fructans were not mutagenic and were safe even at a dose of 5 g per kg b.w. Obese mice that received ScF showed a significant decrease in body weight gain, fat tissue and total cholesterol without increasing the count of fecal Bifidobacteria. Whereas, obese mice that received LcF and TF showed decreased triglycerides and an increased count of fecal Bifidobacteria. Interestingly, although obese mice that received dTF did not show changes in body weight gain, fat tissue, total cholesterol or triglycerides, they showed an increase in the count of Bifidobacteria. These results demonstrate that both the degree of polymerization and the demineralization process can influence the biological activity of agave fructans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Laura Márquez-Aguirre
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C, Av. Normalistas No 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Aardema MJ. The holy grail in genetic toxicology: follow-up approaches for positive results in the Ames assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:617-620. [PMID: 24108513 DOI: 10.1002/em.21813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Positive results in the Ames/E. coli bacterial mutagenicity assay create a significant hurdle for the development of new products/drugs and as a result, most companies drop mutagenic ingredients from further development. One important consequence of this is that the understanding of the human relevance of chemicals that are positive in the Ames assay is not increasing at the pace seen with ingredients that are positive in the other in vitro genotoxicity assays. Recent advances in defining thresholds for mutagenic carcinogens, along with new assays for measuring mutagenicity in vivo suggests it is time to direct more attention to the holy grail of clearly defining practical approaches to address positive results in the Ames assay. To stimulate further discussion and research in this area, a review of the most current thinking on approaches for dealing with Ames positive results is provided along with some suggestions for the way forward.
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Hwang YH, Ha H, Ma JY. Acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:133-139. [PMID: 23773828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dryopteris crassirhizoma has been traditionally used for the treatment of tapeworm infestation, the common cold and cancer in Korea, China and Japan. Despite various pharmacological properties of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, there is no available information about the safety of Dryopteris crassirhizoma. AIM OF THIS STUDY To ensure more information about the safety of Dryopteris crassirhizoma, we performed the acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity tests of Dryopteris crassirhizoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acute oral toxicity test of Dryopteris crassirhizoma was performed in rats. Genotoxicity of Dryopteris crassirhizoma was evaluated by bacterial reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration and bone marrow micronucleus tests. RESULTS In acute toxicity test, Dryopteris crassirhizoma exhibited no mortality, body weight and behavioral changes and adverse effects in male and female rats. Dryopteris crassirhizoma did not significantly increase the number of the bacterial revertant and chromosomal aberration in both in vitro assays. Moreover, the Dryopteris crassirhizoma-related increases of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in mouse bone marrow were not observed. CONCLUSION Therefore, Dryopteris crassirhizoma is non-genotoxic in a three standard battery of tests and the oral LD50 of Dryopteris crassirhizoma is >2000 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Hwan Hwang
- KM-Based Herbal Drug Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, South Korea
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Gollapudi BB, Johnson GE, Hernandez LG, Pottenger LH, Dearfield KL, Jeffrey AM, Julien E, Kim JH, Lovell DP, Macgregor JT, Moore MM, van Benthem J, White PA, Zeiger E, Thybaud V. Quantitative approaches for assessing dose-response relationships in genetic toxicology studies. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:8-18. [PMID: 22987251 DOI: 10.1002/em.21727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genetic toxicology studies are required for the safety assessment of chemicals. Data from these studies have historically been interpreted in a qualitative, dichotomous "yes" or "no" manner without analysis of dose-response relationships. This article is based upon the work of an international multi-sector group that examined how quantitative dose-response relationships for in vitro and in vivo genetic toxicology data might be used to improve human risk assessment. The group examined three quantitative approaches for analyzing dose-response curves and deriving point-of-departure (POD) metrics (i.e., the no-observed-genotoxic-effect-level (NOGEL), the threshold effect level (Td), and the benchmark dose (BMD)), using data for the induction of micronuclei and gene mutations by methyl methanesulfonate or ethyl methanesulfonate in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that the POD descriptors obtained using the different approaches are within the same order of magnitude, with more variability observed for the in vivo assays. The different approaches were found to be complementary as each has advantages and limitations. The results further indicate that the lower confidence limit of a benchmark response rate of 10% (BMDL(10) ) could be considered a satisfactory POD when analyzing genotoxicity data using the BMD approach. The models described permit the identification of POD values that could be combined with mode of action analysis to determine whether exposure(s) below a particular level constitutes a significant human risk. Subsequent analyses will expand the number of substances and endpoints investigated, and continue to evaluate the utility of quantitative approaches for analysis of genetic toxicity dose-response data.
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Brookmire L, Chen JJ, Levy DD. Evaluation of the highest concentrations used in the in vitro chromosome aberrations assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2013; 54:36-43. [PMID: 23076808 DOI: 10.1002/em.21738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
There is controversy over the highest concentration to which an article should be tested in in vitro mammalian cell assays of genetic toxicity. Until recently, most guidelines specified the use of concentrations of up to 10 mM or 5,000 μg/ml (whichever is lower) when not limited by the toxicity of the test article to the cells used for the test. Several recent publications have called for lowering those limits. We examined concentration/response curves for in vitro chromosome aberrations assays. Data was extracted from two published databases to evaluate the lowest dose at which a positive response was reported. Concentration/response curves were simulated using Monte Carlo procedures on log normal distributions of the data. These curves were then used to predict the loss in assay sensitivity that would be incurred by arbitrarily lowering the highest concentration to which the assay is conducted. The simulations suggest that lowering the current high concentration limit from 10 mM would dramatically impact the sensitivity of the assay. In contrast, lowering the high concentration limit using the μg/ml scale, the most commonly applied scale in regulatory submissions, would not have a similar impact on assay sensitivity until the limit concentration was lowered to more than half of the current 5,000 μg/ml limit. This analysis suggests that the current limits of 10 mM and 5,000 μg/ml are not equivalent to one another and challenges the assumption that lowering the 10 mM limit will not decrease assay sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Brookmire
- US Food and Drug Administration Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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26
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Geno-Tox: Cell Array Biochip for Genotoxicity Monitoring and Classification. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:752-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Eastmond DA. Factors influencing mutagenic mode of action determinations of regulatory and advisory agencies. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2012; 751:46-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Garcia-Canton C, Anadón A, Meredith C. γH2AX as a novel endpoint to detect DNA damage: applications for the assessment of the in vitro genotoxicity of cigarette smoke. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1075-86. [PMID: 22735693 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2AX is rapidly phosphorylated to become γH2AX after exposure to DNA-damaging agents that cause double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). γH2AX can be detected and quantified by numerous methods, giving a direct correlation with the number of DSBs. This relationship has made γH2AX an increasingly utilised endpoint in multiple scientific fields since its discovery in 1998. Applications include its use in pre-clinical drug assessment, as a biomarker of DNA damage and in in vitro mechanistic studies. Here, we review current in vitro regulatory and non-regulatory genotoxicity assays proposing the γH2AX assay as a potential complement to the current test battery. Additionally, we evaluate the use of the γH2AX assay to measure DSBs in vitro in tobacco product testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garcia-Canton
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
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29
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Lina BAR, Reus AA, Hasselwander O, Bui Q, Tenning PP. Safety evaluation of Evesse EPC, an apple polyphenol extract rich in flavan-3-ols. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2845-53. [PMID: 22609490 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The safety of the apple polyphenol extract EvesseEPC, which is rich in flavan-3-ols, particularly epicatechin, was evaluated. Both in a bacterial reverse mutation test and a mouse lymphoma assay, EvesseEPC showed a positive response in vitro. In vivo studies (UDS test in hepatocytes, bone marrow micronucleus test and comet assay in intestinal cells) were all negative and hence Evesse EPC is considered not to have genotoxic properties in vivo. In a 90-day study in rats, EvesseEPC was administered at dietary levels of 0%, 1.25%, 2% and 3.25%. Body weights were decreased in the high-dose group in both sexes without effects on feed or water intake. In the high-dose group, thrombocytes (males) and creatinine (both sexes) were decreased, prothrombin time (males) was increased, and liver, kidneys and spleen weights were increased (males), without histological correlates. Diffuse acinar cell hypertrophy, observed in the parotid salivary glands in all treatment groups, was not considered as adverse and presumably reflected a local, reversible and adaptive response to direct contact with EvesseEPC. The NOAEL for EvesseEPC in rats was 2% in the diet, equivalent to an overall average intake of 1.3 and 1.5 g/kg body weight/day for males and females, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A R Lina
- TNO Triskelion bv, PO Box 844, 3700 AV Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Kim JS, Sung JH, Song KS, Lee JH, Kim SM, Lee GH, Ahn KH, Lee JS, Shin JH, Park JD, Yu IJ. Persistent DNA damage measured by comet assay of Sprague Dawley rat lung cells after five days of inhalation exposure and 1 month post-exposure to dispersed multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) generated by new MWCNT aerosol generation system. Toxicol Sci 2012; 128:439-48. [PMID: 22543278 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have specific physico-chemical properties that are useful for the electronics, automotive, and construction industries. Yet, despite their many advantages, there is a current lack of available information on the human health and environmental hazards of CNTs. For this reason, the current study investigated the inhalation toxicity potential of multiwall CNTs (MWCNTs). Eight-week-old rats were divided into four groups (10 rats in each group), the fresh-air control (0mg/m(3)), low-concentration group (0.16mg/m(3)), middle-concentration group (0.34mg/m(3)), and high-concentration group (0.94mg/m(3)), and the whole body was exposed to MWCNTs for 5 days (6h/day). Lung cells were then isolated from five rats in each group on day 0 and 1 month after the 5-day exposure, respectively. The MWCNTs were generated by a newly designed generation system, and the MWCNT concentrations in the exposure chambers monitored in accordance with National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 0500 using a membrane filter. The MWCNTs were also sampled for an elemental carbon concentration analysis using a glass filter. The animals exhibited no significant body weight changes, abnormal clinical signs, or mortality during the experiment. A single-cell gel electrophoresis assay (Comet assay) was conducted to determine the DNA damage in lung cells obtained from the right lung. As a result, the Olive tail moments were 23.00±1.76, 30.39±1.96, 22.96±1.26, and 33.98±2.21 for the control, low-, middle-, and high-concentration groups, respectively, on day 0 postexposure. Meanwhile, 1 month postexposure, the Olive tail moments were 25.00±2.71, 28.39±3.55, 22.56±1.36, and 31.97±3.16 for the control, low-, middle-, and high-concentration groups, respectively. Thus, the MWCNTs caused a statistically significant increase in lung DNA damage at high concentration (0.94mg/m(3)) when compared with the negative control group on day 0 and 1 month postexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sik Kim
- Bioconvergence Department, Korea Conformity Laboratories, 7-44, Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 406-840, Korea
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Doktorova TY, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, van Delft J, Kleinjans J, Ahr HJ, Rogiers V. Comparison of hepatocarcinogen-induced gene expression profiles in conventional primary rat hepatocytes with in vivo rat liver. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1399-411. [PMID: 22484513 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
At present, substantial efforts are focused on the development of in vitro assays coupled with "omics" technologies for the identification of carcinogenic substances as an alternative to the classical 2-year rodent carcinogenicity bioassay. A prerequisite for the eventual regulatory acceptance of such assays, however, is the in vivo relevance of the observed in vitro findings. In the current study, hepatocarcinogen-induced gene expression profiles generated after the exposure of conventional cultures of primary rat hepatocytes to three non-genotoxic carcinogens (methapyrilene hydrochloride, piperonyl butoxide, and Wy-14643), three genotoxic carcinogens (aflatoxin B1, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and 2-nitrofluorene), and two non-carcinogens (nifedipine and clonidine) are compared with previously obtained in vivo data after oral administration for up to 14 days of the same hepatocarcinogens to rats. In addition to the comparison of deregulated genes and functions per compound between in vivo and in vitro models, the major discriminating cellular pathways found in vivo in livers of exposed rats were examined for deregulation in vitro. Further, in vivo-derived gene signatures for the identification of genotoxic versus non-genotoxic carcinogens are used to classify in vitro-tested hepatocarcinogens and non-carcinogens. In the primary hepatocyte cultures, two out of the three tested genotoxic carcinogens mimicked the in vivo-relevant DNA damage response and were correctly assessed. Exposure to the non-genotoxic hepatocarcinogens, however, triggered a relatively weak response in the in vitro system, with no clear similarities to in vivo. This study contributes to the further optimization of toxicogenomics predictive tools when applied in in vitro settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Y Doktorova
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Pharmaceutical Research, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Recio L, Kissling GE, Hobbs CA, Witt KL. Comparison of Comet assay dose-response for ethyl methanesulfonate using freshly prepared versus cryopreserved tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2012; 53:101-113. [PMID: 22069077 DOI: 10.1002/em.20694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The National Toxicology Program (NTP) is using the Comet assay to evaluate genotoxic potential, and is investigating the integration of this assay into repeat-dose toxicity studies. To reduce sample-to-sample variability, address logistical concerns associated with evaluating multiple tissues from many animals, and accommodate sample collection at geographically distant testing facilities, tissue samples collected for Comet analysis by the NTP are routinely flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a -80°C freezer until evaluation. To compare data obtained from frozen tissues to data from freshly isolated tissues, we conducted a dose-response study in male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats (5 per treatment group) were administered ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; 0, 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg) by gavage twice at an interval of 21 hr; blood, liver, stomach, and colon tissues were harvested 3 hr after the second treatment. Single-cell preparations from each of the four tissues were put into Hank's balanced salt solution with 10% fresh dimethyl sulfoxide. One aliquot of each tissue preparation was used for immediate analysis, while additional aliquots were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a -80°C freezer for 1 or 8 weeks. One set of 8-week frozen samples was shipped roundtrip via air courier from Research Triangle Park, NC to Rochester, NY prior to analysis. For all four tissues, results from frozen, nontransported samples showed a similar dose-response pattern for EMS-induced genotoxicity. We also demonstrated that for three tissues (blood, liver, stomach), air transport did not alter the sensitivity of the Comet assay for detecting DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Recio
- Genetic and Molecular Toxicology Division, ILS, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Anand SS, Serex TL, Carpenter C, Donner EM, Hoke R, Buck RC, Loveless SE. Toxicological assessment of tridecafluorohexylethyl methacrylate (6:2 FTMAC). Toxicology 2012; 292:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kirkland D. Improvements in the reliability ofin vitrogenotoxicity testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:1513-20. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.627855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Drinking water supplies in many geographic areas contain chromium in the +3 and +6 oxidation states. Public health concerns are centered on the presence of hexavalent Cr that is classified as a known human carcinogen via inhalation. Cr(VI) has high environmental mobility and can originate from anthropogenic and natural sources. Acidic environments with high organic content promote the reduction of Cr(VI) to nontoxic Cr(III). The opposite process of Cr(VI) formation from Cr(III) also occurs, particularly in the presence of common minerals containing Mn(IV) oxides. Limited epidemiological evidence for Cr(VI) ingestion is suggestive of elevated risks for stomach cancers. Exposure of animals to Cr(VI) in drinking water induced tumors in the alimentary tract, with linear and supralinear responses in the mouse small intestine. Chromate, the predominant form of Cr(VI) at neutral pH, is taken up by all cells through sulfate channels and is activated nonenzymatically by ubiquitously present ascorbate and small thiols. The most abundant form of DNA damage induced by Cr(VI) is Cr-DNA adducts, which cause mutations and chromosomal breaks. Emerging evidence points to two-way interactions between DNA damage and epigenetic changes that collectively determine the spectrum of genomic rearrangements and profiles of gene expression in tumors. Extensive formation of DNA adducts, clear positivity in genotoxicity assays with high predictive values for carcinogenicity, the shape of tumor-dose responses in mice, and a biological signature of mutagenic carcinogens (multispecies, multisite, and trans-sex tumorigenic potency) strongly support the importance of the DNA-reactive mutagenic mechanisms in carcinogenic effects of Cr(VI). Bioavailability results and kinetic considerations suggest that 10-20% of ingested low-dose Cr(VI) escapes human gastric inactivation. The directly mutagenic mode of action and the incompleteness of gastric detoxification argue against a threshold in low-dose extrapolation of cancer risk for ingested Cr(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Zhitkovich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
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Pfuhler S, Fellows M, van Benthem J, Corvi R, Curren R, Dearfield K, Fowler P, Frötschl R, Elhajouji A, Le Hégarat L, Kasamatsu T, Kojima H, Ouédraogo G, Scott A, Speit G. In vitro genotoxicity test approaches with better predictivity: summary of an IWGT workshop. Mutat Res 2011; 723:101-7. [PMID: 21473931 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Improving current in vitro genotoxicity tests is an ongoing task for genetic toxicologists. Further, the question on how to deal with positive in vitro results that are demonstrated to not predict genotoxicity or carcinogenicity potential in rodents or humans is a challenge. These two aspects were addressed at the 5th International Workshop on Genotoxicity Testing (IWGT) held in Basel, Switzerland, on August 17-19, 2009. The objectives of the working group (WG) were to make recommendations on the use of cell types or lines, if possible, and to provide evaluations of promising new approaches. Results obtained in rodent cell lines with impaired p53 function (L5178Y, V79, CHL and CHO cells) and human p53-competent cells (peripheral blood lymphocytes, TK6 and HepG2 cells) suggest that a reduction in the percentage of non-relevant positive results for carcinogenicity prediction can be achieved by careful selection of cells used without decreasing the sensitivity of the assays. Therefore, the WG suggested using p53- competent - preferably human - cells in in vitro micronucleus or chromosomal aberration tests. The use of the hepatoma cell line HepaRG for genotoxicity testing was considered promising since these cells possess better phase I and II metabolizing potential compared to cell lines commonly used in this area and may overcome the need for the addition of S9. For dermally applied compounds, the WG agreed that in vitro reconstructed skin models, once validated, will be useful to follow up on positive results from standard in vitro assays as they resemble the properties of human skin (barrier function, metabolism). While the reconstructed skin micronucleus assay has been shown to be further advanced, there was also consensus that the Comet assay should be further evaluated due to its independence from cell proliferation and coverage of a wider spectrum of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pfuhler
- The Procter and Gamble Co., Miami Valley Innovation Center, 11810 East Miami River Road, Cincinnati, OH 45252, USA.
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Lynch AM, Sasaki JC, Elespuru R, Jacobson-Kram D, Thybaud V, De Boeck M, Aardema MJ, Aubrecht J, Benz RD, Dertinger SD, Douglas GR, White PA, Escobar PA, Fornace A, Honma M, Naven RT, Rusling JF, Schiestl RH, Walmsley RM, Yamamura E, van Benthem J, Kim JH. New and emerging technologies for genetic toxicity testing. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:205-223. [PMID: 20740635 DOI: 10.1002/em.20614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) Project Committee on the Relevance and Follow-up of Positive Results in In Vitro Genetic Toxicity (IVGT) Testing established an Emerging Technologies and New Strategies Workgroup to review the current State of the Art in genetic toxicology testing. The aim of the workgroup was to identify promising technologies that will improve genotoxicity testing and assessment of in vivo hazard and risk, and that have the potential to help meet the objectives of the IVGT. As part of this initiative, HESI convened a workshop in Washington, DC in May 2008 to discuss mature, maturing, and emerging technologies in genetic toxicology. This article collates the abstracts of the New and Emerging Technologies Workshop together with some additional technologies subsequently considered by the workgroup. Each abstract (available in the online version of the article) includes a section addressed specifically to the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with the respective technology. Importantly, an overview of the technologies and an indication of how their use might be aligned with the objectives of IVGT are presented. In particular, consideration was given with regard to follow-up testing of positive results in the standard IVGT tests (i.e., Salmonella Ames test, chromosome aberration assay, and mouse lymphoma assay) to add weight of evidence and/or provide mechanism of action for improved genetic toxicity risk assessments in humans.
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Gollapudi BB, Thybaud V, Kim JH, Holsapple M. Strategies for the follow-up of positive results in the in vitro genotoxicity assays--an international collaborative initiative. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:174-176. [PMID: 20740633 DOI: 10.1002/em.20611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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