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Cunha L, Bonfim L, Lima G, Silva R, Silva L, Lima P, Oliveira-Bahia V, Freitas J, Burbano R, Rocha C. In vivo evaluation of the potential protective effects of prolactin against damage caused by methylmercury. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11976. [PMID: 35857996 PMCID: PMC9296129 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e11976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-biodegradable metals such as mercury accumulate in living organisms during
life (bioaccumulation) and also within trophic webs (biomagnification) and may
reach high concentrations in humans. The contamination of humans by mercury in
drinking water and food may be common, in particular in riverside communities
that have a diet rich in fish. In vitro studies of human cell
lines exposed to the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of methylmercury have shown
that prolactin has potential cytoprotective properties and may act as a
co-mitogenic factor and inhibitor of apoptosis. The present in
vivo study investigated the protective potential of prolactin
against the toxic effects of methylmercury in the mammal Mus
musculus. Histological and biochemical analyses, together with
biomarker of genotoxicity, were used to verify the protective potential of
prolactin in mice exposed to methylmercury. The reduction in kidney and liver
tissue damage was not significant. However, results of biochemical and genotoxic
analyses were excellent. After prolactin treatment, a significant reduction was
observed in biochemical parameters and mutagenic effects of methylmercury. The
study results therefore indicated that prolactin has protective effects against
the toxicity of methylmercury and allowed us to suggest the continuation of
research to propose prolactin in the future, as an alternative to prevent the
damage caused by mercury, especially in populations that are more exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cunha
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - L Bonfim
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - G Lima
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Morfofisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R Silva
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - L Silva
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - P Lima
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - V Oliveira-Bahia
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar de Morfofisiologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - J Freitas
- Laboratório de Morfofisiologia Aplicada à Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - R Burbano
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - C Rocha
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará, Diretoria de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação (DPI), Belém, PA, Brasil
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Proshkina E, Shaposhnikov M, Moskalev A. Genome-Protecting Compounds as Potential Geroprotectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4484. [PMID: 32599754 PMCID: PMC7350017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, organisms are exposed to various exogenous and endogenous factors that cause DNA damages and somatic mutations provoking genomic instability. At a young age, compensatory mechanisms of genome protection are activated to prevent phenotypic and functional changes. However, the increasing stress and age-related deterioration in the functioning of these mechanisms result in damage accumulation, overcoming the functional threshold. This leads to aging and the development of age-related diseases. There are several ways to counteract these changes: 1) prevention of DNA damage through stimulation of antioxidant and detoxification systems, as well as transition metal chelation; 2) regulation of DNA methylation, chromatin structure, non-coding RNA activity and prevention of nuclear architecture alterations; 3) improving DNA damage response and repair; 4) selective removal of damaged non-functional and senescent cells. In the article, we have reviewed data about the effects of various trace elements, vitamins, polyphenols, terpenes, and other phytochemicals, as well as a number of synthetic pharmacological substances in these ways. Most of the compounds demonstrate the geroprotective potential and increase the lifespan in model organisms. However, their genome-protecting effects are non-selective and often are conditioned by hormesis. Consequently, the development of selective drugs targeting genome protection is an advanced direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Proshkina
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikhail Shaposhnikov
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 55 Oktyabrsky prosp., 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Mirkov I, Stojković D, Aleksandrov AP, Ivanov M, Kostić M, Glamočlija J, Soković M. Plant Extracts and Isolated Compounds Reduce Parameters of Oxidative Stress Induced by Heavy Metals: An up-to-Date Review on Animal Studies. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:1799-1815. [PMID: 32264808 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200407163408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy metals are elements that are naturally found in the earth. They are used in many modern-day applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry. Heavy metal poisoning occurs when the body's soft tissues absorb too much of a particular metal. The heavy metals of interest for this review paper were cadmium, arsenic, mercury, and lead since these are the most common metals that the human body can absorb in toxic amounts. Different plant species were investigated in recent years for their effect on oxidative stress parameters after intoxication with heavy metals. OBJECTIVES This review paper is focused on the current update to research on heavy metals induced oxidative stress in animal models and improvement of the oxidative stress parameters upon/co-/after treatment with different plant extracts and isolated compounds. METHODS The available literature was screened for the novel data regarding the influence of plant extracts and compounds on heavy metals induced oxidative stress. For that purposes Scopus database was used, looking for the publications in the last 5-10 years with the key terms: plant extracts, oxidative stress, in vivo, cadmium, lead, mercury and arcenic. RESULTS Various parameters of oxidative stress were investigated, and their improvement with plant extracts/ compounds was observed in the brain, lungs, kidneys, liver, uterus, testis, thymus, spleen, heart, skin and blood of experimental animals. Common parameters used to determine oxidative stress in animals were: superoxide dismutase; catalase; reduced glutathione; glutathione reductase; glutathione-S-transferase; glutathione peroxidase; lipid peroxidation; oxidized glutathione; malondialdehyde; xanthine oxidase; nonprotein-soluble thiol; thioredoxin reductase; total sulphydryl group; nitric oxide; γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase. CONCLUSION The most investigated species for antioxidant effects upon intoxication with heavy metals seem to be Allium sp., Bacopa monniera, Camellia sinensis, Moringa oleifera, Vitis vinifera and Zingiber officinale. According to literature data, the most promising effect to alleviate symptoms of intoxication was achieved with proanthocyanidins obtained from Vitis vinifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mirkov
- The University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Stojković
- The University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra P Aleksandrov
- The University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Ivanov
- The University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Kostić
- The University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Glamočlija
- The University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Soković
- The University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Chang J, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Aschner M, Lu R. Plant components can reduce methylmercury toxication: A mini-review. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:129290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Medicinal plants and natural products can play a significant role in mitigation of mercury toxicity. Interdiscip Toxicol 2019; 11:247-254. [PMID: 31762676 PMCID: PMC6853017 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2018-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a heavy metal of considerable toxicity. Scientific literature reveals various plants and plant derived natural products, i.e., phytochemicals, which can alleviate experimentally induced mercury toxicity in animals. The present review attempts to collate those experimental studies on medicinal plants and phytochemicals with ameliorative effects on mercury toxicity. A literature survey was carried out by using Google, Scholar Google, Scopus and Pub-Med. Only the scientific journal articles found in the internet for the last two decades (1998–2018) were considered. Minerals and semi-synthetic or synthetic analogs of natural products were excluded. The literature survey revealed that in pre-clinical studies 27 medicinal plants and 27 natural products exhibited significant mitigation from mercury toxicity in experimental animals. Clinical investigations were not found in the literature. Admissible research in this area could lead to development of a potentially effective agent from the plant kingdom for clinical management of mercury toxicity in humans.
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6
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Berky AJ, Ryde IT, Feingold B, Ortiz EJ, Wyatt LH, Weinhouse C, Hsu-Kim H, Meyer JN, Pan WK. Predictors of mitochondrial DNA copy number and damage in a mercury-exposed rural Peruvian population near artisanal and small-scale gold mining: An exploratory study. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:197-210. [PMID: 30289587 PMCID: PMC6452630 DOI: 10.1002/em.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (CN) and damage in circulating white blood cells have been proposed as effect biomarkers for pollutant exposures. Studies have shown that mercury accumulates in mitochondria and affects mitochondrial function and integrity; however, these data are derived largely from experiments in model systems, rather than human population studies that evaluate the potential utility of mitochondrial exposure biomarkers. We measured mtDNA CN and damage in white blood cells (WBCs) from 83 residents of nine communities in the Madre de Dios region of the Peruvian Amazon that vary in proximity to artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Prior research from this region reported high levels of mercury in fish and a significant association between food consumption and human total hair mercury level of residents. We observed that mtDNA CN and damage were both associated with consumption of fruit and vegetables, higher diversity of fruit consumed, residential location, and health characteristics, suggesting common environmental drivers. Surprisingly, we observed negative associations of mtDNA damage with both obesity and age. We did not observe any association between total hair mercury or, in contrast to previous results, age, with either mtDNA damage or CN. The results of this exploratory study highlight the importance of combining epidemiological and laboratory research in studying the effects of stressors on mitochondria, suggesting that future work should incorporate nutritional and social characteristics, and caution should be taken when applying conclusions from epidemiological studies conducted in the developed world to other regions, as results may not be easily translated. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60: 197-210, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel J. Berky
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ian T. Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Beth Feingold
- University of Albany, School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
| | - Ernesto J. Ortiz
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lauren H. Wyatt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Caren Weinhouse
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Engineering, Box 90287, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joel N. Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Corresponding authors: William Pan, Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Drive, Campus Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, fax 681-7748, , Joel N. Meyer, Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,
| | - William K. Pan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Dr, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding authors: William Pan, Duke Global Health Institute, 310 Trent Drive, Campus Box 90519, Durham, NC 27708, fax 681-7748, , Joel N. Meyer, Nicholas School of the Environment, Box 90328, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA,
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7
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Kiokias S, Proestos C, Oreopoulou V. Effect of Natural Food Antioxidants against LDL and DNA Oxidative Changes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7100133. [PMID: 30282925 PMCID: PMC6211048 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical oxygen species formed in human tissue cells by many endogenous and exogenous pathways cause extensive oxidative damage which has been linked to various human diseases. This review paper provides an overview of lipid peroxidation and focuses on the free radicals-initiated processes of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidative modification and DNA oxidative damage, which are widely associated with the initiation and development of atherosclerosis and carcinogenesis, respectively. The article subsequently provides an overview of the recent human trials or even in vitro investigations on the potential of natural antioxidant compounds (such as carotenoids; vitamins C and E) to monitor LDL and DNA oxidative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vassilki Oreopoulou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iron Politechniou 9, 15780 Athens, Greece.
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Rojo de la Vega M, Krajisnik A, Zhang DD, Wondrak GT. Targeting NRF2 for Improved Skin Barrier Function and Photoprotection: Focus on the Achiote-Derived Apocarotenoid Bixin. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121371. [PMID: 29258247 PMCID: PMC5748821 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2) orchestrates major cellular defense mechanisms including phase-II detoxification, inflammatory signaling, DNA repair, and antioxidant response. Recent studies strongly suggest a protective role of NRF2-mediated gene expression in the suppression of cutaneous photodamage induced by solar UV (ultraviolet) radiation. The apocarotenoid bixin, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved natural food colorant (referred to as ‘annatto’) originates from the seeds of the achiote tree native to tropical America, consumed by humans since ancient times. Use of achiote preparations for skin protection against environmental insult and for enhanced wound healing has long been documented. We have recently reported that (i) bixin is a potent canonical activator of the NRF2-dependent cytoprotective response in human skin keratinocytes; that (ii) systemic administration of bixin activates NRF2 with protective effects against solar UV-induced skin damage; and that (iii) bixin-induced suppression of photodamage is observable in Nrf2+/+ but not in Nrf2−/− SKH-1 mice confirming the NRF2-dependence of bixin-induced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, bixin displays molecular activities as sacrificial antioxidant, excited state quencher, PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) α/γ agonist, and TLR (Toll-like receptor) 4/NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) antagonist, all of which might be relevant to the enhancement of skin barrier function and environmental stress protection. Potential skin photoprotection and photochemoprevention benefits provided by topical application or dietary consumption of this ethno-pharmacologically validated phytochemical originating from the Americas deserves further preclinical and clinical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Rojo de la Vega
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Andrea Krajisnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
| | - Georg T Wondrak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy & Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA.
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Roehrs M, Conte L, da Silva DT, Duarte T, Maurer LH, de Carvalho JAM, Moresco RN, Somacal S, Emanuelli T. Annatto carotenoids attenuate oxidative stress and inflammatory response after high-calorie meal in healthy subjects. Food Res Int 2017; 100:771-779. [PMID: 28873749 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of annatto carotenoids intake associated to a single high-calorie meal (high fat and high carbohydrate) in postprandial biochemical, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Twelve healthy subjects (6 men, 6 women) were included in this randomised, controlled crossover study. Baseline blood samples were collected from fasting subjects that immediately received high-calorie meal without carotenoid (placebo) or containing 1.2mg/kg bixin (BIX) or 0.06mg/kg norbixin (NBIX). Blood samples were taken 60, 120 and 240min after meal intake. NBIX intake did not affect biochemical blood markers but reduced the postprandial levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α) and lipid oxidation 60-120min after meal. BIX only partially prevented postprandial-induced lipid oxidation. Results indicate that the intake of NBIX may be an alternative to reduce the postprandial inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to high-calorie meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Roehrs
- Graduate Program on Pharmacology, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Integrated Centre for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Centre of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisiane Conte
- Integrated Centre for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Centre of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Dariane Trivisiol da Silva
- Integrated Centre for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Centre of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Duarte
- Graduate Program on Pharmacology, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luana Haselein Maurer
- Integrated Centre for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Centre of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - José Antonio Mainardi de Carvalho
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Noal Moresco
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Somacal
- Graduate Program on Pharmacology, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Integrated Centre for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Centre of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Emanuelli
- Graduate Program on Pharmacology, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Integrated Centre for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Department of Food Technology and Science, Centre of Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Silva de Paula E, Carneiro MFH, Grotto D, Hernandes LC, Antunes LMG, Barbosa F. Protective effects of niacin against methylmercury-induced genotoxicity and alterations in antioxidant status in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:174-183. [PMID: 26914397 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2015.1137264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the potential beneficial effects of niacin (NA; vitamin B3) supplementation in rats chronically exposed to methylmercury (MeHg). Animals were randomly assigned to one of 4 groups (n = 6): Group I, control, received distilled water by gavage; Group II, received MeHg (100 µg/kg/d) by gavage; Group III, received NA (50 mg/kg/d) in drinking water; Group IV, received MeHg (100 µg/kg/d) by gavage + NA (50 mg/kg/d) in drinking water. Biochemical parameters levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions, and enzyme activities aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were determined. Further, oxidative stress markers activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activity, as well as levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide, were examined, and the comet assay was performed, using blood/plasma. Hg levels were measured in blood, brain, and kidneys of animals. Our results demonstrated that NA reduced adverse effects produced by MeHg. The mechanism underlying these effects appears to be related to the intrinsic antioxidant potential of NA. Considering the beneficial effects attributed to NA following MeHg exposure and that fish are the main source of both NA and MeHg, future studies need to evaluate the potential counteractive effect of NA against the adverse consequences of MeHg exposure in fish-eating populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Silva de Paula
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Monte Alegre , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Monte Alegre , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Denise Grotto
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade de Sorocaba , Sorocaba , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lívia Cristina Hernandes
- c Laboratório de Nutrigenômica , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Monte Alegre , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- c Laboratório de Nutrigenômica , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Monte Alegre , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto-USP, Monte Alegre , Ribeirão Preto , São Paulo , Brazil
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11
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Park JS, Mathison BD, Zawlocki BM, Chew BP. Bixin uptake and antioxidative effect and role in immunoregulation in domestic cats. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:125-34. [PMID: 26812319 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bixin, a carotenoid found in the seed of the Annatto plant, , is a potent antioxidant. Carotenoids are readily absorbed from the diet; therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine uptake of bixin by plasma, lipoproteins, and leukocytes after dietary supplementation in domestic cats and to assess effects on immune response. Female domestic short hair cats (3 yr old; 4.79 ± 0.13 kg BW) were fed a single dose of 0, 1, 5, or 10 mg bixin, and blood was taken at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after administration ( = 6/treatment) to determine acute absorption rate. Then, bixin was fed daily for 14 d to examine steady-state plasma concentrations and subcellular distribution. Following these preliminary experiments, cats ( = 8/treatment) were fed diets containing 0, 1, 5, or 10 mg bixin/d for 16 wk and blood was collected on wk 0, 6, 12, and 16 for analysis of leukocyte subpopulations, cell-mediated responsiveness, and inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers. Maximal uptake in plasma occurred 1 h after a single oral dose of bixin, with a maximal concentration of 0.119 μ and elimination half-life of 1.8 to 2.2 h. Daily feeding of bixin showed a steady-state plasma concentration of 0.110 μ at the greatest doses. Bixin was primarily associated with the high-density lipoprotein fraction of blood lipoproteins and was primarily distributed in mitochondrial fractions (58-59%) of but also in microsomal and nuclear fractions (37-44%). Leukocyte subpopulations in blood were variably affected by dietary bixin, with an increase ( < 0.05) in total T cells but a concurrent decrease ( < 0.05) in CD18+ and B cell subpopulations. However, plasma IgG increased ( < 0.05) in the 10-mg treatment group by wk 6. Lymphoproliferation was stimulated ( < 0.05) in the 5-mg bixin treatment group by wk 16, and delayed-type hypersensitivity response increased after nonspecific antigenic challenge. Conversely, when a specific challenge of vaccine was assessed on wk 12 and 16, responsiveness decreased ( < 0.05) in the 10-mg bixin treatment group. Bixin supplementation surprisingly caused an increase ( < 0.05) in α-acid glycoprotein but had no effect on natural killer cell activity, other subpopulations of leukocytes, or 8-oxo-2›-deoxyguanosine, a DNA damage biomarker. This experiment demonstrated dose-dependent uptake of bixin in plasma and blood lipoproteins and distribution in leukocyte subcellular components and an impacted immune response through cell-mediated and humoral actions.
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Park JS, Mathison BD, Chew BP. Uptake and immunomodulatory role of bixin in dogs1. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:135-43. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Park
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 99164-6376
| | - B. D. Mathison
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 99164-6376
| | - B. P. Chew
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station 99164-6376
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Rovani BT, de Freitas RB, Augusti PR, Araldi IC, Somacal S, Quatrin A, Emanuelli T, da Rocha MP, Bauermann LDF. Prooxidant activity of norbixin in model of acute gastric ulcer induced by ethanol in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:737-46. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327115604199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals and oxidative stress play a central role in gastric injuries caused by ethanol (EtOH). Antioxidant strategies to counteract EtOH toxicity are highly desirable. Norbixin (NBIX) is a carotenoid with antioxidant potential largely used in the food industry. This study evaluated the NBIX effects in a model of gastric ulcer induced by EtOH in rats. Male Wistar rats received NBIX doses of 0, 10, and 25 mg/kg by gavage 1 h after EtOH administration (0 or 75% solution, 1 mL/200 g of animal). The animals were euthanized 1 h after the NBIX administration, and their stomachs were removed for macroscopic and histopathological analyses, quantification of nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) groups, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, and catalase (CAT) activity determination. NBIX increased LPO in gastric mucosa and caused CAT inhibition and NPSH depletion in EtOH-treated animals. Results showed that NBIX did not protect gastric tissue against EtOH damage, and this could be associated to a prooxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- BT Rovani
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - RB de Freitas
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - PR Augusti
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - IC Araldi
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - S Somacal
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A Quatrin
- Integrated Center for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - T Emanuelli
- Integrated Center for Laboratory Analysis Development (NIDAL), Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - MP da Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L de Freitas Bauermann
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Protective effects of the flavonoid chrysin against methylmercury-induced genotoxicity and alterations of antioxidant status, in vivo. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:602360. [PMID: 25810809 PMCID: PMC4355113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/602360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of phytochemicals has been widely used as inexpensive approach for prevention of diseases related to oxidative damage due to its antioxidant properties. One of dietary flavonoids is chrysin (CR), found mainly in passion fruit, honey, and propolis. Methylmercury (MeHg) is a toxic metal whose main toxic mechanism is oxidative damage. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects of CR against oxidative damage induced by MeHg in Wistar rats. Animals were treated with MeHg (30 µg/kg/bw) in presence and absence of CR (0.10, 1.0, and 10 mg/kg/bw) by gavage for 45 days. Glutathione (GSH) in blood was quantified spectrophotometrically and for monitoring of DNA damage, comet assay was used in leukocytes and hepatocytes. MeHg led to a significant increase in the formation of comets; when the animals were exposed to the metal in the presence of CR, higher concentrations of CR showed protective effects. Moreover, exposure to MeHg decreased the levels of GSH and GSH levels were restored in the animals that received CR plus MeHg. Taken together the findings of the present work indicate that consumption of flavonoids such as CR may protect humans against the adverse health effects caused by MeHg.
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Rahmalia W, Fabre JF, Mouloungui Z. Effects of Cyclohexane/Acetone Ratio on Bixin Extraction Yield by Accelerated Solvent Extraction Method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2015.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rahmalia W, Fabre JF, Usman T, Mouloungui Z. Aprotic solvents effect on the UV-visible absorption spectra of bixin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 131:455-460. [PMID: 24840486 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the effects of aprotic solvents on the spectroscopic characteristics of bixin. Bixin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl carbonate, cyclohexane and hexane, separately, and its spectra in the resulting solutions were determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry at normal pressure and room temperature. We analyzed the effect of aprotic solvents on λmax according to Onsager cavity model and Hansen theory, and determined the approximate absorption coefficient with the Beer-Lambert law. We found that the UV-visible absorption spectra of bixin were found to be solvent dependent. The S0→S2 transition energy of bixin in solution was dependent principally on the refractive index of the solvents and the bixin-solvent dispersion interaction. There was a small influence of the solvents dielectric constant, permanent dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding occurred between bixin and solvents. The absorbance of bixin in various solvents, with the exception of hexane, increased linearly with concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winda Rahmalia
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSIACET, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle), 4 Allée Emile Monso, CS 44362, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Departement of Chemistry, Mathematic and Natural Science, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Ahmad Yani, Pontianak 78124, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Jean-François Fabre
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSIACET, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle), 4 Allée Emile Monso, CS 44362, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Thamrin Usman
- Departement of Chemistry, Mathematic and Natural Science, Tanjungpura University, Jl. Ahmad Yani, Pontianak 78124, West Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Zéphirin Mouloungui
- Université de Toulouse, INP-ENSIACET, LCA (Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle), 4 Allée Emile Monso, CS 44362, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France; INRA, UMR 1010 CAI, F-31030 Toulouse, France.
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Moreira PR, Maioli MA, Medeiros HCD, Guelfi M, Pereira FTV, Mingatto FE. Protective effect of bixin on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Biol Res 2014; 47:49. [PMID: 25299839 PMCID: PMC4192761 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver is an important organ for its ability to transform xenobiotics, making the liver tissue a prime target for toxic substances. The carotenoid bixin present in annatto is an antioxidant that can protect cells and tissues against the deleterious effects of free radicals. In this study, we evaluated the protective effect of bixin on liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. Results The animals were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. CCl4 (0.125 mL kg-1 body wt.) was injected intraperitoneally, and bixin (5.0 mg kg-1 body wt.) was given by gavage 7 days before the CCl4 injection. Bixin prevented the liver damage caused by CCl4, as noted by the significant decrease in serum aminotransferases release. Bixin protected the liver against the oxidizing effects of CCl4 by preventing a decrease in glutathione reductase activity and the levels of reduced glutathione and NADPH. The peroxidation of membrane lipids and histopathological damage of the liver was significantly prevented by bixin treatment. Conclusion Therefore, we can conclude that the protective effect of bixin against hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4 is related to the antioxidant activity of the compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila R Moreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcos A Maioli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Hyllana C D Medeiros
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Marieli Guelfi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Flávia T V Pereira
- Laboratório de Morfologia da Placenta e Embrião (L@MPE), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
| | - Fábio E Mingatto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Metabólica e Toxicológica (LaBMeT), UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus de Dracena, Dracena, SP, 17900-000, Brazil.
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