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Use of Plant Bioassays for the Detection of Genotoxins in the Aquatic Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aheh.200300557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Antimutagenicity of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) juice on the mutagenesis produced by plant metabolites of aromatic amines. Toxicol Lett 2004; 153:283-92. [PMID: 15451560 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines are metabolically activated into mutagenic compounds by both animal and plant systems. The 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP) is a well-known direct-acting mutagen whose mutagenic potential can be enhanced by plant metabolism; m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) is converted to mutagenic products detected by the Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain, and 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) is the plant-activated promutagen most extensively studied. Plant cells activate both 2-AF and m-PDA into potent mutagens producing DNA frameshift mutations. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) is a common plant included in the Mexican diet, usually consumed uncooked. The antimutagenic activity of coriander juice against the mutagenic activity of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, m-phenylenediamine and 2-aminofluorene was investigated using the Ames reversion mutagenicity assay (his- to his+) with the S. typhimurium TA98 strain as indicator organism. The plant cell/microbe coincubation assay was used as the activating system for aromatic transformation and plant extract interaction. Aqueous crude coriander juice significantly decreased the mutagenicity of metabolized aromatic amines (AA) in the following order: 2-AF (92.43%) > m-PDA (87.14%) > NOP (83.21%). The chlorophyll content in vegetable juice was monitored and its concentration showed a positive correlation with the detected antimutagenic effect. Protein content and peroxidase activity were also determined. The concentration of coriander juice (50-1000 microl/coincubation flask) was neither toxic nor mutagenic. The similar shape of the antimutagenic response curves obtained with coriander juice and chlorophyllin (used as a subrogate molecule of chlorophyll) indicated that comparable mechanisms of mutagenic inhibition could be involved. The negative correlation between chlorophyll content and mutagenic response of the promutagenic and direct-acting used amines allows us to deduce that a chemical interaction takes place between the two molecules, leading to the inactivation of mutagenic moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefina Cortés-Eslava
- Laboratorio de Citogenética Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán 04510 D.F., Mexico
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Cortés-Eslava J, Gómez-Arroyo S, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Metabolic activation of three arylamines and two organophosphorus insecticides by coriander (Coriandrum sativum) a common edible vegetable. Toxicol Lett 2001; 125:39-49. [PMID: 11701221 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus insecticides and arylamines, widely distributed in the environment, can be activated into mutagens by plants. Plant activation of three aromatic amines, 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP), m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) and 2-aminofluorene (2AF), and two organophosphorus insecticides, dimethoate and methyl parathion has been the focus of this study. The plant cell/microbe coincubation assay was used employing coriander (Coriandrum sativum) suspended cell cultures as the activating system. Interestingly, this vegetable is included in the Mexican diet and ingested generally uncooked and could have epidemiological consequences. As a genetic end point, the Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA98 was used. Protein contents, as well as peroxidase activity and peroxidase activity inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) of coriander cultures were determined after the coculture. Coriander cells highly activated three aromatic amines, NOP, m-PDA and 2-AF to mutagenic products detected in Salmonella. On the other hand, insecticides were only lightly activated, probably because peroxidase activity of coriander cells was inhibited, corroborated by DEDTC peroxidase inhibition. In all the assays, NOP was the more potent mutagenic compound. The results demonstrated that coriander cells were metabolically competent and suitable for a plant cell microbe coincubation assay, developed to analyze the promutagen activation by plant systems and can be used as a indicator of potential genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cortés-Eslava
- Laboratorio de Citogenética Ambiental, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 D.F., Coyoacan, Mexico
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Chiapella C, Radovan RD, Moreno JA, Casares L, Barbé J, Llagostera M. Plant activation of aromatic amines mediated by cytochromes P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases. Mutat Res 2000; 470:155-60. [PMID: 11027970 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To know the mechanisms involved in the activation of promutagenic aromatic amines mediated by plants, we used Persea americana S117 system (S117) for the activation of 2-aminofluorene (2-AF) and m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) in Ames assays. In these assays, the effect of the diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs), of the 1-aminobenzotriazole (1-ABT), an inhibitor of cytochromes P450 (cyt-P450s) and of the methimazole, a high-affinity substrate for FMOs, was studied. The efficacy of both inhibitors and of the methimazole was verified to find that they did partially inhibit the mutagenesis of both aromatic amines, activated with rat liver S9. Similarly, both inhibitors and methimazole did produce a significant decrease in 2-AF and m-PDA mutagenesis, when the activation system was S117, indicating that, similar to what occurs in mammalian systems, plant FMOs and cyt-P450s can metabolize aromatic amines to mutagenic product(s). However, the affinity of both FMOs and cyt-P450s of plant for 2-AF and m-PDA was different. Data obtained indicate that the activities of plant FMOs must be the main enzymatic system of m-PDA activation while, in 2-AF activation, plant cyt-P450s have the most relevant activities. In addition, peroxidases of the S117 system must contribute to 2-AF activation and some isoforms of FMOs and/or cyt-P450s of the S117 system, uninhibited by the inhibitors used, must be the responsible for a partial activation of m-PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chiapella
- Dpto. de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Birth defects cause a myriad of societal problems and place tremendous anguish on the affected individual and his or her family. Current estimates categorize about 3% of all newborn infants as having some form of birth defect or congenital anomaly. As more precise means of detecting subtle anomalies become available this estimate, no doubt, will increase. Even though birth defects have been observed in newborns throughout history, our knowledge about the causes and mechanisms through which these defects are manifested is limited. For example, it has been estimated that around 20% of all birth defects are due to gene mutations, 5-10% to chromosomal abnormalities, and another 5-10% to exposure to a known teratogenic agent or maternal factor [D.A. Beckman, R.L. Brent, Mechanisms of teratogenesis. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 24 (1984) 483-500; K. Nelson, L.B. Holmes Malformations due to presumed spontaneous mutations in newborn infants, N. Engl. J. Med. 320 (1989) 19-23.]. Together, these percentages account for only 30-40%, leaving the etiology of more than half of all human birth defects unexplained. It has been speculated that environmental factors account for no more than one-tenth of all congenital anomalies [D.A. Beckman, R.L. Brent, Mechanisms of teratogenesis, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 24 (1984) 483-500]. Furthermore, since there is no evidence in humans that the exposure of an individual to any mutagen measurably increases the risk of congenital anomalies in his or her offspring' [J.F. Crow, C. Denniston, Mutation in human populations, Adv. Human Genet. 14 (1985) 59-121; J.M. Friedman, J.E. Polifka, Teratogenic Effects of Drugs: A Resource for Clinicians (TERIS). The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1994], the mutagenic activity of environmental agents and drugs as a factor in teratogenesis has been given very little attention. Epigenetic activity has also been given only limited consideration as a mechanism for teratogenesis. As new molecular methods are developed for assessing processes associated with teratogenesis, especially those with a genetic or an epigenetic basis, additional environmental factors may be identified. These are especially important because they are potentially preventable. This paper examines the relationships between chemicals identified as human teratogens (agents that cause birth defects) and their mutagenic activity as evaluated in one or more of the established short-term bioassays currently used to measure such damage. Those agents lacking mutagenic activity but with published evidence that they may otherwise alter the expressions or regulate interactions of the genetic material, i.e. exhibit epigenetic activity, have likewise been identified. The information used in making these comparisons comes from the published literature as well as from unpublished data of the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP).
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Bishop
- Laboratory of Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Chiapella C, Moreno JA, Radovan RD, Gaubert N, Llagostera M. Activation of arylamines to mutagenic product(s) by two in vitro plant systems. Mutat Res 1997; 394:45-51. [PMID: 9434842 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant activation of three isomers of phenylenediamine o- m- and p-phenylenediamine, has been studied. Two in vitro plant systems have been used: Persea americana S117 with mixed-function oxidase (MFO) and peroxidase activities, and Zea mays S9 which contains only peroxidase activity. As genetic endpoint, the classical Salmonella tester strains. TA98 and TA100, their derivatives with high O-acetyltransferase levels (YG1024 and YG1029, respectively) and TA98/1.8-DNP6, deficient in this enzyme, have been assayed. Of the three isomers studied, only m-PDA was activated to mutagenic product(s) by both plant systems. This activation required the bacterial O-acetyltransferase activity to give frameshift mutagenic product(s), detected in TA98 and YG1024 strains. In all the assays the P americana system was more potent than the Z. mays system in activating m-PDA. A slight increase of the number of YG1029 revertants was detected when m-PDA was activated by P. americana, suggesting that this compound can be also converted into ultimate mutagenic product(s) that induce base-pair substitutions. m-PDA activation by Z. mays was dependent on the peroxidase activity of this system, but the activation produced by P. americana was totally dependent on MFOs, because a total inhibition of the mutagenic response was found when these activities were inhibited. In addition, the P. americana system was more potent in generating proximal mutagenic forms from m-PDA than S9 from non-induced rat liver, although S9 from Aroclor 1254-induced Sprague-Dawley male rats was the most potent system in the m-PDA activation. These results indicate that the P. americana system can be useful in determining the role of mixed-function oxidases in plant activation of xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chiapella
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Vlcek D, Miadoková E, Vlckova V, Slaninová M, Podstavková S. Metabolic activation of meta-phenylenediamine by the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Mutat Res 1997; 391:143-51. [PMID: 9268039 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Promutagens/procarcinogens arylamines are widely distributed in the environment. While it is accepted that these compounds can be metabolized to ultimate mutagens in mammals and higher plants, in aquatic plants they have not yet been explored. Intact wild-type and repair-deficient strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain were assayed for their ability to activate meta-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) to an ultimate mutagen. The different responses of the algal wild-type strain and repair-deficient strains to the toxic and mutagenic effects of m-PDA were observed. Recombination repair played an important role in repair of damage induced to C. reinhardtii DNA by this arylamine. The examined isomer of phenylenediamine induced mutations in both algal and yeast cells. m-PDA was activated in the algal cell/microbe coincubation assay in which algal cells were used as an activating system and bacteria Salmonella typhimurium and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the genetic indicator organisms. This new assay is, in addition to the animal microsome metabolizing system and the plant cell/microbe coincubation assay, suitable for the detection of environmental promutagens and their conversion to mutagens mainly in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Vlcek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Stavreva DA, Gichner T. Plant activation and its role in environmental mutagenesis and antimutagenesis. Mutat Res 1996; 350:163-71. [PMID: 8657177 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the use of in vitro and in vivo antimutagenicity studies that determined the role of plant peroxidases in the activation of arylamine promutagens. New information presented here suggests a model in which tobacco cell peroxidases exuded into the culture medium undergo a maturation process affecting their capacity to activate arylamine promutagens. Tobacco cell peroxidases are present in medium recovered from stationary phase cells and are associated with a fraction that sediments at 12000 x g. These peroxidases have a greater capacity to activate arylamines than do peroxidases present in the supernatant fluid. These data suggest that the plant activation of arylamines into products that are mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium may be intimately involved in the process of lignification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Plewa
- Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
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Gichner T, Veleminský J, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Mutagenic synergy between paraoxon and plant-activated m-phenylenediamine or 2-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1996; 27:59-66. [PMID: 8625949 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1996)27:1<59::aid-em8>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxon (diethyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate) is the toxic, but non-mutagenic metabolite of the organophosphorus ester insecticide parathion. Although this agent has been used as a deacetylase inhibitor in many studies, we discovered a mutagenic synergy when paraoxon was incubated with plant-activated m-phenylenediamine (mPDA) or with direct-acting 2-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (2AAAF) and S. typhimurium tester strains. Using non-toxic concentrations of plant-activated mPDA and paraoxon a 10-fold increase in the mutant yield of S. typhimurium was observed. The mutagenicity of the plant-activated mPDA product required that O-acetyltransferase (OAT) be expressed by the S. typhimurium tester strain. However, the paraoxon-dependent mutagenic synergy was observed using the direct-acting arylamine metabolite, 2AAAF, with strains YG1024, TA98 and TA98/1,8-DNP6 regardless of their OAT activity. This mutagenic synergy is dependent upon the presence of an activated acetylated form of the arylamine. The data presented here demonstrate that this mutagenic synergy is limited to paraoxon and not to the parent compound (parathion) or to a major metabolite of parathion (p-nitrophenol).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gichner
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
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Gichner T, Stavreva DA, Cerovská N, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Metabolic activation of m-phenylenediamine to products mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium by medium isolated from tobacco suspension cell cultures. Mutat Res 1995; 331:127-32. [PMID: 7666860 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00058-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Both tobacco cells in suspension and the medium recovered from the suspension cultures (TX1MX) activated the aromatic amine m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA) into a product that was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and YG1024. Medium recovered from stationary-phase tobacco cell cultures exhibited the highest level of m-PDA activation. No cytochrome P-450 was detected in the activating medium. A high molecular weight matrix having the highest m-PDA activating capacity and associated with a substantial fraction of the total peroxidase activity was isolated by Centricon-100 ultrafiltration of TX1MX. The data suggest that the peroxidases present in the recovered cell culture medium or in the high molecular weight matrix are responsible for the plant activation of m-PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gichner
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Ho Y, Lee YL, Hsu KY. Determination of (+)-catechin in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography using fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 665:383-9. [PMID: 7795818 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00535-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method, using fluorescence detection, was developed for the determination of (+)-catechin in rabbit plasma. The procedure involved the precipitation of plasma protein using acetonitrile, followed by solid-phase adsorption onto alumina. After washing with water and methanol, the residue was vortex-mixed with perchloric acid solution to release the adsorbed (+)-catechin. Separation was performed on a reversed-phase column using an eluent consisting of phosphoric acid solution with 12% acetonitrile. The excitation and emission wavelengths were set at 280 and 310 nm, respectively. The retention times for (+)-catechin and the internal standard (deoxyhigenamine) were 6.87 and 8.47 min respectively, without any interference. Validations of accuracy and precision were satisfactory in both within- and between-run assays. All coefficients of variance were less than 6% and mean relative errors were within +/- 3.75%. The average recovery was 73.77%. The limit of detection and quantitation were 1 ng and 0.02 micrograms/ml, respectively. Application of this method was successfully assessed by intravenous administration of a 15 mg/kg dose of (+)-catechin in rabbits. This new method provides a simple, specific and sensitive determination for (+)-catechin in rabbit plasma and is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical College, Taiwan
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Gichner T, Cabrera Lopez G, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Induction of somatic mutations in Tradescantia clone 4430 by three phenylenediamine isomers and the antimutagenic mechanisms of diethyldithiocarbamate and ammonium meta-vanadate. Mutat Res 1994; 306:165-72. [PMID: 7512215 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Three isomers of the promutagen phenylenediamine at mM concentrations were plant-activated and induced mutation in stamen hairs of Tradescantia clone 4430. The rank order of the mutagenicity of the isomers was: o-phenylenediamine > m-phenylenediamine > p-phenylenediamine with corresponding mutagenic potencies of 5.60, 1.43, and 0.46 mutant stamen hair cells/mumole, respectively. Diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) and ammonium meta-vanadate (vanadate) repressed the mutagenic activity of o-phenylenediamine (o-PDA) in intact plants. Based on inhibition kinetics and reaction rates, the mechanism of DEDTC antimutagenicity was attributed to the inhibition of peroxidases that are required in the plant activation of o-PDA to mutagenic product(s). Spectrophotometric measurements of equimolar concentrations of o-PDA and vanadate demonstrated that the antimutagenic property of vanadate was mainly due to its reactivity with o-PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gichner
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
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Ysern P, Riera J, Sitjes J, Llagostera M. Activation of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine by the S2 fraction of Zea mays to mutagenic product(s). Mutat Res 1994; 312:25-31. [PMID: 7507213 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(94)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies on plant metabolic activation with the S2 fraction from Zea mays have been developed. The 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine (NOP) activation by S2 has been analyzed with the Ames test as a short-term assay. The NOP mutagenic potency was increased two-fold by S2, while rat liver S9 produced the contrary effect. The presence of a NADPH-generating system and the treatment of S2 with CO do not modify S2 activation of NOP. In this fraction, neither cytochrome P450 nor some enzymatic activities depending on cyt-P450 (aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine demethylase) were detected. Therefore, the enhancement of NOP mutagenic potency by S2 is independent of the mixed-function oxidase system. On the other hand, inhibitors of the peroxidase activity such as N-acetyl-p-aminophenol caused a partial inhibition of S2 activation of NOP. Likewise, diethyldithiocarbamate produced both a reduction of the S2 peroxidase activity in biochemical assays and a partial inhibition of S2 activation of NOP. Moreover, it was possible to find a direct correlation between the activity of peroxidase per plate of both the S2 fraction and horseradish peroxidase and the number of revertants induced by NOP in the TA98 strain. On the basis of these results, we report that a HRP-like peroxidase activity must be the main pathway of NOP activation by the plant metabolic activation system studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ysern
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Wagner ED, Smith SR, Xin H, Plewa MJ. Comparative mutagenicity of plant-activated aromatic amines using Salmonella strains with different acetyltransferase activities. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1994; 23:64-69. [PMID: 8125084 DOI: 10.1002/em.2850230110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant systems can activate aromatic amines into mutagens. In the plant cell/microbe coincubation assay, we earlier demonstrated that 2-aminofluorene and m-phenylenediamine were activated by plant cells into mutagens with reversion at the hisD3052 allele in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 as the genetic endpoint. New derivatives have been developed which possess elevated levels of acetyl-CoA:N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase which are very sensitive to N-hydroxylated amines [Watanabe et al., 1990: Mutat Res 234:337-348]. The objectives of this research were to examine Salmonella strains with different acetyltransferase activities in the plant cell/microbe coincubation assay with a series of structurally related aromatic amines. The hypothesis tested was whether and to what degree a plant-activated metabolite of these aromatic amines could serve as a substrate for bacterial O-acetyltransferase and induce mutation in Salmonella. Every aromatic amine examined was activated by plant cells with YG1024 (the strain with elevated O-acetyltransferase activity) as the genetic indicator organism. The rank order of the mutagenic responses of YG1024 to the plant-activated aromatic amines was 2-aminofluorene > benzidine > m-phenylenediamine > 4-aminobiphenyl > 2,4-diaminotoluene > 2-naphthylamine. This rank order was expressed by TA98 but to a much lower degree. There was a very slight mutagenic response observed in TA98/1,8-DNP6 (a strain lacking O-acetyltransferase activity) with the plant-activated metabolites of benzidine and 4-aminobiphenyl. We conclude that the plant-activated aromatic amines are substrates for bacterial O-acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Wagner
- Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801
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15
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Gichner T, Velemínský J, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Inhibitory effects of acetaminophen, 7,8-benzoflavone and methimazole towards N-nitrosodimethylamine mutagenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutat Res 1993; 300:57-61. [PMID: 7683770 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(93)90140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic inhibitors acetaminophen, 7,8-benzoflavone, and methimazole significantly reduced the mutagenicity of the promutagen N-nitrosodimethylamine in the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In contrast, these metabolic inhibitors had no effect on the mutagenicity of the direct-acting mutagen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gichner
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Seo KY, Riley J, Cortez D, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Characterization of stable high molecular weight mutagenic product(s) of plant-activated m-phenylenediamine. Mutat Res 1993; 299:111-20. [PMID: 7680425 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(93)90088-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Monocyclic aromatic amines are environmental contaminants and many are promutagens and procarcinogens. Cultured tobacco cells, strain TX1, activated m-phenylenediamine into a frameshift mutagen that reverted the hisD3052 allele in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and YG1024. However, the plant-activated products were refractory in strain TA98/1,8-DNP6. This indicated that these plant-activated products were substrates for bacterial acetyl-CoA: N-hydroxyarylamine O-acetyltransferase. A stable, high molecular weight (> 300 kDa) proximal mutagen was isolated by molecular ultrafiltration membranes. No parent compound was associated with the isolated mutagenic fraction. The high molecular weight fraction induced mutation in S. typhimurium strains TA98, YG1021 and YG1024. From these data we propose a model for the plant-activation of aromatic amine promutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Seo
- Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61801
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17
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Plewa MJ. Blocking the plant activation of promutagenic aromatic amines by peroxidase inhibitors. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1993; 61:201-17. [PMID: 8304932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2984-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Plewa
- Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 61801
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Plewa MJ, Smith SR, Wagner ED. Diethyldithiocarbamate suppresses the plant activation of aromatic amines into mutagens by inhibiting tobacco cell peroxidase. Mutat Res 1991; 247:57-64. [PMID: 1848349 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(91)90033-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diethyldithiocarbamate is an antimutagen and repressed the activation of promutagens by plant systems. Earlier work implicated the involvement of tobacco cell (TX1) peroxidases in the plant cell activation of aromatic amines. We now present data that diethyldithiocarbamate represses the activation of 2-aminofluorene and m-phenylenediamine by inhibiting intracellular TX1 peroxidases under in vivo conditions. Concentrations of diethyldithiocarbamate that caused a 50% repression of TX1 cell activation of 2-aminofluorene and m-phenylenediamine also induced a 50% inhibition of TX1 cell peroxidase activity. Diethyldithiocarbamate in a concentration range between 25 and 500 microM directly inhibited peroxidase activity in TX1 cell homogenates in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar results were observed with purified horseradish peroxidase. The kinetics of peroxidase activity were studied in homogenates from control cells and cells treated with 750 microM and 25 mM diethyldithiocarbamate. There was no significant difference among the Km values among the three groups with a mean (+/- standard error) Km of 2.58 +/- 0.23 mM. However, the Vmax differed from 4.02 to 2.12 nmoles tetraguaiacol/min/micrograms protein, in the control and in the 25 mM diethyldithiocarbamate treatment group, respectively. These data indicate that diethyldithiocarbamate is a non-competitive inhibitor of TX1 cell peroxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Plewa
- Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 61801
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