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Silva MS, De Souza DV, Alpire MES, Malinverni ACDM, Da Silva RCB, Viana MDB, Oshima CTF, Ribeiro DA. Dimethoate induces genotoxicity as a result of oxidative stress: in vivo and in vitro studies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:43274-43286. [PMID: 34189686 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dimethoate ([O,O-dimethyl S-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate]) is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide widely used for agricultural purposes. Genotoxicity refers to the ability of a chemical agent interact directly to DNA or act indirectly leading to DNA damage by affecting spindle apparatus or enzymes involved in DNA replication, thereby causing mutations. Taking into consideration the importance of genotoxicity induced by dimethoate, the purpose of this manuscript was to provide a mini review regarding genotoxicity induced by dimethoate as a result of oxidative stress. The present study was conducted on studies available in MEDLINE, PUBMED, EMBASE, and Google scholar for all kind of articles (all publications published until May, 2020) using the following key words: dimethoate, omethoate, DNA damage, genetic damage, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, mutation, and mutagenicity. The results showed that many studies were published in the scientific literature; the approach was clearly demonstrated in multiple tissues and organs, but few papers were designed in humans. In summary, new studies within the field are important for better understanding the pathobiological events of genotoxicity on human cells, particularly to explain what cells and/or tissues are more sensitive to genotoxic insult induced by dimethoate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Souza Silva
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Vitor De Souza
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Maria Esther Suarez Alpire
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cristina De Moraes Malinverni
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Regina Claudia Barbosa Da Silva
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Milena De Barros Viana
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Celina Tizuko Fujiyama Oshima
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Institute of Heath and Society, Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos, SP, 11050-020, Brazil.
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Castaño A, Bols N, Braunbeck T, Dierickx P, Halder M, Isomaa B, Kawahara K, Lee LEJ, Mothersill C, Pärt P, Repetto G, Sintes JR, Rufli H, Smith R, Wood C, Segner H. The use of Fish Cells in Ecotoxicology: The Report and Recommendations of ECVAM Workshop 47,. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 31:317-51. [PMID: 15612875 DOI: 10.1177/026119290303100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Castaño
- Animal Health Research Centre, Spanish National Institute for Food and Agrarian Research and Technology (CISA-INIA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Kızılet H, Yilmaz B, Uysal H. Herbal medicine against genotoxicity of dimethoate, an insecticide, in mammalian somatic cells. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01337. [PMID: 30923767 PMCID: PMC6423489 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the genotoxic effects of dimethoate (DIM) were investigated with the in vitro micronucleus test in human peripheral lymphocytes. The ethanol extracts of Rosa canina and Salvia lavandulifolia were used to remove possible genotoxic effects of these substances. For this purpose, different concentrations (0.5-1-2 μg/mL) of dimethoate, DIM + RCeta and DIM + SLeta (1:1 v/v) application groups were prepared and applied to the blood culture. The obtained data were compared with the negative control group that was prepared with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and a well-known genotoxic effects of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) as positive control group. It was observed in lymphocyte cells that the frequency of MN considerably increased depending on the increasing dose of DIM whereas the nuclear division index (NBI)decreased according to the control group, especially in the last concentration (2 μg/mL). But, as the MN frequency decreased, NBI values approached to control group with 2μg/mL DIM + RCeta and 2μg/mL DIM + SLeta according to DIM application group (P < 0.05). Additionally, RCeta and SLeta were analyzed by gas chromotography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Halit Kızılet
- Department of Cardiology, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, 25100, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Bilal Yilmaz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Handan Uysal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
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Ahmad W, Shaikh S, Nazam N, Lone MI. Protective Effects of Quercetin against Dimethoate-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Allium sativum Test. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:632672. [PMID: 27379342 PMCID: PMC4897342 DOI: 10.1155/2014/632672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was directed to study the possible protective activity of quercetin-a natural antioxidant against dimethoate-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in meristematic cells of Allium sativum. So far there is no report on the biological properties of quercetin in plant test systems. Chromosome breaks, multipolar anaphase, stick chromosome, and mitotic activity were undertaken in the current study as markers of cyto- and genotoxicity. Untreated control, quercetin controls (@ 5, 10 and 20 μg/mL for 3 h), and dimethoate exposed groups (@ 100 and 200 μg/mL for 3 h) were maintained. For protection against cytogenotoxicity, the root tip cells treated with dimethoate at 100 and 200 μg/mL for 3 h and quercetin treatment at 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL for 16 h, prior to dimethoate treatment, were undertaken. Quercetin was found to be neither cytotoxic nor genotoxic in Allium sativum control at these doses. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in chromosomal aberrations was noted in dimethoate treated Allium. Pretreatment of Allium sativum with quercetin significantly (P < 0.05) reduced dimethoate-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in meristematic cells, and these effects were dose dependent. In conclusion, quercetin has a protective role in the abatement of dimethoate-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in the meristematic cells of Allium sativum that resides, at least in part, on its antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ahmad
- Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Nazia Nazam
- Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Iqbal Lone
- Gene-Tox Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
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Ayed-Boussema I, Rjiba K, Moussa A, Mnasri N, Bacha H. Genotoxicity associated with oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of mice exposed to dimethoate subchronic intoxication. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:458-466. [PMID: 21822926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Because of the widespread use of pesticides for domestic and industrial applications, the evaluation of their toxic effects is of major concern to public health. The aim of the present study was to investigate the propensity of dimethoate (DM), an organophosphorus pesticide, to cause oxidative damage in the liver and kidney of mice and its associated genotoxic effect. METHODS DM was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 30 mg/kg body weight for 30 consecutive days in BALB/c mice. Oxidative stress was monitored in the kidney and liver by measuring malondialdehyde level, protein carbonyl concentration, and the catalase activity. The genotoxicity of DM was assessed by the comet assay in vivo. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our results indicated that DM inhibited acetylcholinesterase activities in the liver and kidney of treated mice. DM increased lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels in the liver and kidney in a dose-dependent manner. Catalase activity was found to be significantly increased in the liver and kidney at doses higher than 5 mg/kg body weight. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that DM induced DNA damage in the liver and kidney of treated mice in a dose-dependent manner; this induction was associated to DM-induced oxidative stress. Further investigations are needed to prove the implication of oxidative stress in genotoxicity induced by DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ayed-Boussema
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur Substances Biologiquement Compatibles, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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Ayed-Boussema I, Rjiba K, Mnasri N, Moussa A, Bacha H. Genotoxicity Evaluation of Dimethoate to Experimental Mice by Micronucleus, Chromosome Aberration Tests, and Comet Assay. Int J Toxicol 2011; 31:78-85. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581811423981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dimethoate (DM) is an organophosphate insecticide with numerous uses on field and agricultural crops and ornamentals. Data concerning DM-acute genotoxicity are controversial and knowledge on its delayed effect is limited. For this reason, we aimed to further explore DM genotoxicity resulting from subchronic intoxication of experimental mice. Thus, DM was administered to mice at doses ranging from 1 to 30 mg/kg body weight for a period of 30 consecutive days. There was a significant increase ( P < .05) in the frequency of micronucleated bone marrow cells following DM administration. Furthermore, the chromosome aberration assay revealed a significant increase in the percentage of chromosome abnormalities in a dose-dependent manner. Dimethoate was also found to induce significant DNA damage in mouse bone marrow cells as assessed by the comet assay. Altogether, our results showed that, after a subchronic exposure, DM was a genotoxic compound in experimental mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Ayed-Boussema
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Karima Rjiba
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Nourhène Mnasri
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amal Moussa
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Bacha
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Monastir, Tunisia
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Summak S, Aydemir NC, Vatan O, Yılmaz D, Zorlu T, Bilaloğlu R. Evaluation of genotoxicity from Nilufer Stream (Bursa/Turkey) water using piscine micronucleus test. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:2443-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Undeğer U, Başaran N. Effects of pesticides on human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro: induction of DNA damage. Arch Toxicol 2004; 79:169-76. [PMID: 15798889 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-004-0616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Because of the widespread use of pesticides for domestic and industrial applications the evaluation of their genotoxic effects is of major concern to public health. Although various experimental data have provided evidence that pesticides can possess genotoxic properties in animals and in in vitro test systems after acute and chronic exposure, the information on the genotoxic effects of some of pesticides is limited and inconsistent. In the present study, the genotoxic potential of commonly used pesticides (i.e., dimethoate and methyl parathion from the organophosphate class, propoxur and pirimicarb from carbamates, and cypermethrin and permethrin from pyrethroids) have been evaluated. The genotoxic effects of these substances were examined using the single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay in freshly isolated human peripheral lymphocytes. The cells were incubated with 10, 50, 100 and 200 microg/ml concentrations of the test substances for 0.5 h at 37 degrees C and DNA damage was compared with that obtained in lymphocytes from the same donor not treated with substances. Hydrogen peroxide, 100 microM, was used as a positive control. Within the concentration ranges studied, no significant cytotoxic effects were observed. Dimethoate and methyl parathion at 100 and 200 microg/ml; propoxur at 50, 100 and 200 microg/ml, and pirimicarb, cypermethrin and permethrin at 200 microg/ml significantly increased DNA damage in human lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Undeğer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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Jacob JH, Khalil AM, Maslat AO. In vitro cytogenetic testing of an organoselenium compound and its sulfur analogue in cultured rat bone marrow cells. J Carcinog 2004; 3:5. [PMID: 15023230 PMCID: PMC394344 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 03/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Selenium (Se) is a non-metal element, occurring in varying degrees in the environment and it has been found to be a component of several enzymes. Different selenium compounds have been associated with carcinogenicity, toxicity, modification of metal toxicity and prevention of cancer. Organoselenium compounds had substantially greater bioavailability and less toxicity than that of inorganic selenium. From a chemical point of view, Se resembles sulfur (S) in many of its properties, thus, Se and S may be considered to be isosteric. The ability of a synthetic organoselenium compound; cyclopenta-dienyldicarbonyl ironselenoterephthalic acid (CSe) and its sulfur analogue (CS) in the range of 10-8 to 10-5 M, to induce sister-chormatid exchanges (SCE) and alter cell division expressed as mitotic index (MI) as well as cell survival has been investigated. Methods Rat bone marrow cells were cultured in the presence of CSe and CS in the range of 10-8 to 10-5 M with a total exposure time of 4, 16 or 28 h at 37°C. Fluorescence-plus-Giemsa (FPG) technique was used to visualize chromosomes for SCE analysis and MI determination. Trypan blue exclusion technique was used to determine cell viability. Results At the three exposure times, cell survival progressively decreased with increasing concentration, but the effect of either chemical was not significant (ANOVA; P < 0.05) as compared to the negative control. Significant reductions in MI were calculated at the highest concentration (10-5 M) when either chemical was applied for 16 or 28 h. Furthermore, the mean SCE increased with longer exposure times and, in general, CSe had slightly greater effect on cell survival and caused higher frequencies of SCE than CS. The exception was the 10-8 M treatment. However, both CSe and CS failed to induce 2-fold SCE as that of the negative control and therefore they are not considered as mutagens. Conclusion Both CSe and CS in the range of 10-8 to 10-5 M could not double the SCE rate of the negative control and therefore not considered as mutagens at these experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H Jacob
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid – Jordan
| | - Ahmad M Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid – Jordan
| | - Ahmed O Maslat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid – Jordan
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Frenzilli G, Nigro M, Scarcelli V, Gorbi S, Regoli F. DNA integrity and total oxyradical scavenging capacity in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis: a field study in a highly eutrophicated coastal lagoon. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 53:19-32. [PMID: 11254944 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(00)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In Mediterranean coastal lagoons, the combination of human impact and wide variability of natural environmental factors can lead to upsets in ecosystem homeostasis resulting in biodiversity decline. Oxidative damage has been causally linked to various kinds of environmental stress, both natural and artificial, the result being impairment of cellular functions. DNA damage and the efficiency of antioxidant defences in Mytilus galloprovincialis from the highly eutrophicated Orbetello Lagoon (Tuscany, Italy) were investigated, respectively by the single cell gel electrophoresis (or Comet test) and the total oxyradical scavenging capacity assay. Results showed significantly higher levels of DNA damage in mussels collected from the inner parts of the lagoon compared to specimens from more external sites. Specimens with the lower genetic integrity also exhibited a reduced efficiency in neutralizing three potent cellular oxidizing species, namely peroxyl radicals (ROO*), hydroxyl radicals (*OH) and peroxynitrite (HOONO), suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species in mediating the genetic damage. The analyzed biological parameters also showed a seasonal variability with a minimum of both DNA integrity and antioxidant scavenging efficiency during the warm months and an opposite trend in winter. The potential of analyzed techniques is discussed for the assessment of both anthropogenic and natural disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Frenzilli
- Dipartimento Morfologia Umana e Biologia Applicata, Università di Pisa, Via Volta 4, I-56126, Pisa, Italy
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Dolara P, Salvadori M, Capobianco T, Torricelli F. Sister-chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes induced by dimethoate, omethoate, deltamethrin, benomyl and their mixture. Mutat Res 1992; 283:113-8. [PMID: 1381487 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(92)90142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dimethoate and omethoate, two common organophosphorus insecticides, induced a dose-related increase in the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in human lymphocytes in vitro (P of the regression lines less than 0.01). Two other common pesticides, the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin and the systemic fungicide benomyl, induced a modest increase in SCEs which bordered on statistical significance (P = 0.053 and 0.055, respectively). Mixtures of the four pesticides at total concentrations of 41.5 and 83 micrograms/ml (composed of 43% dimethoate, 43% omethoate, 12% deltamethrin and 1.2% benomyl) induced a dose-dependent increase in SCEs (P less than 0.01). The effects of these mixtures of pesticides were variable using lymphocytes from different individuals, although these differences did not attain statistical significance. Moreover, low concentrations of the four pesticides that did not increase SCEs significantly when tested alone, were positive for SCE induction when tested as a mixture. The experiments show that sub-threshold doses of pesticides may increase SCEs when present in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dolara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
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De Flora S, Bagnasco M, Zanacchi P. Genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic hazards in the marine environment, with special reference to the Mediterranean Sea. Mutat Res 1991; 258:285-320. [PMID: 1719405 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(91)90013-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic hazards arising out of pollution in the marine environment are discussed in this article, with special reference to the situation in the Mediterranean area. A number of chemical compounds or complex mixtures relevant to marine pollution, either natural or of anthropogenic origin, are tentatively listed, along with protective factors which may play a counteracting role in the same environment. Harmful substances tend to undergo interactions and transformations in seawater, sediments, and marine biota, due to physical, chemical, microbial, or light-mediated mechanisms. Bioaccumulation phenomena in marine organisms may result from food-chain biomagnification processes or from concentration of pollutants by filter feeders. A variety of sources can account for marine pollution by genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic compounds, but there is a relative paucity of analytical data concerning the Mediterranean. Metabolic transformations of xenobiotics occur in all marine organisms, the biochemical mechanisms in fish being comparable to those which have been extensively investigated in mammals. Induction of metabolic pathways, and especially of the mixed-function oxygenase system, represents the earliest warning signal of exposure to pollutants. Occurrence of neoplastic diseases is documented by experimental and field studies in marine vertebrates as well as in invertebrates. The association with local pollution phenomena has been recognized in several studies, but other etiopathogenetic factors may be also involved, and in some cases tumors have been reported to be unrelated to chemical pollution. Genotoxic agents have been detected by means of suitable techniques in seawater, sediments, and marine organisms. Several studies have investigated the presence of carcinogen-DNA adducts, DNA damage and repair processes, and cytogenetic alterations, such as chromosomal aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges, and micronuclei, in tissues of marine organisms. However, monitoring of these end-points under field conditions encounters some limitations and problems. Even more fragmentary is the information on teratogenic effects in marine organisms, although interesting test systems have been set up. On the whole, a quite extensive database on all these toxicological issues is already available in the literature, but further studies are warranted for an adequate assessment of genotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic hazards, and possibly counteracting factors in the marine environment, and specifically in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S De Flora
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
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Babich H, Borenfreund E. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays with cultured fish cells: A review. Toxicol In Vitro 1991; 5:91-100. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(91)90052-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/1990] [Revised: 07/25/1990] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Maddock MB, Northrup H, Ellingham TJ. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and chromosomal aberrations in hematopoietic tissue of a marine fish following in vivo exposure to genotoxic carcinogens. Mutat Res 1986; 172:165-75. [PMID: 3762573 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(86)90072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of procedures to assess genetic damage in fish exposed in situ to point sources of aquatic pollution can be expected to contribute to the evaluation of the role of genotoxic contaminants in epizootic neoplasia in fish populations. To this end methods have been developed for assessing the in vivo induction of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in tissues of a marine teleost, the oyster toadfish, which may be applicable to other species. An alternative to the solid tissue and squash techniques for metaphase preparation permits the resolution of more than 100 SCEs/metaphase in toadfish kidney cells, which have moderately large chromosomes (0.122 pg DNA/chromosome). The bleeding of toadfish which have been injected with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and the subsequent use of hematopoietic tissue (kidney) for cytogenetic analysis was shown to increase the metaphase yield and provide a more predictable production of second-division metaphases required for SCE analysis. With these methods linear dose-dependent increases in chromatid-type exchange CAs and SCEs were obtained with i.p. exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and cyclophosphamide (CP). The doses required to double the observed control SCE frequencies (least effective doses) were 170 mg/kg for EMS and 7.4 mg/kg for CP. which are comparable to those reported for rodent bone marrow assays. A BrdUrd-sensitive site for chromatid breakage was observed on a pair of apparently homologous acrocentric chromosomes for the toadfish.
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