1
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Wurtz LI, Knyazhanskaya E, Sohaei D, Prassas I, Pittock S, Willrich MAV, Saadeh R, Gupta R, Atkinson HJ, Grill D, Stengelin M, Thebault S, Freedman MS, Diamandis EP, Scarisbrick IA. Identification of brain-enriched proteins in CSF as biomarkers of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Clin Proteomics 2024; 21:42. [PMID: 38880880 PMCID: PMC11181608 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-024-09494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a clinically and biologically heterogenous disease with currently unpredictable progression and relapse. After the development and success of neurofilament as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker, there is reinvigorated interest in identifying other markers of or contributors to disease. The objective of this study is to probe the predictive potential of a panel of brain-enriched proteins on MS disease progression and subtype. METHODS This study includes 40 individuals with MS and 14 headache controls. The MS cohort consists of 20 relapsing remitting (RR) and 20 primary progressive (PP) patients. The CSF of all individuals was analyzed for 63 brain enriched proteins using a method of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA, logistic regression, and Pearson correlation were used to refine the list of candidates by comparing relative protein concentrations as well as relation to known imaging and molecular biomarkers. RESULTS We report 30 proteins with some relevance to disease, clinical subtype, or severity. Strikingly, we observed widespread protein depletion in the disease CSF as compared to control. We identified numerous markers of relapsing disease, including KLK6 (kallikrein 6, OR = 0.367, p < 0.05), which may be driven by active disease as defined by MRI enhancing lesions. Other oligodendrocyte-enriched proteins also appeared at reduced levels in relapsing disease, namely CNDP1 (carnosine dipeptidase 1), LINGO1 (leucine rich repeat and Immunoglobin-like domain-containing protein 1), MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein), and MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein). Finally, we identified three proteins-CNDP1, APLP1 (amyloid beta precursor like protein 1), and OLFM1 (olfactomedin 1)-that were statistically different in relapsing vs. progressive disease raising the potential for use as an early biomarker to discriminate clinical subtype. CONCLUSIONS We illustrate the utility of targeted mass spectrometry in generating potential targets for future biomarker studies and highlight reductions in brain-enriched proteins as markers of the relapsing remitting disease stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln I Wurtz
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Dorsa Sohaei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean Pittock
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ruba Saadeh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ruchi Gupta
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hunter J Atkinson
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Diane Grill
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Simon Thebault
- Department of Medicine and The Ottawa Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis, Department of Neurology, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Mark S Freedman
- Department of Medicine and The Ottawa Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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2
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Guo X, Li H, Yan C, Lei J, Zhou R, Shi Y. Molecular mechanism of substrate recognition and cleavage by human γ-secretase. Science 2024; 384:1091-1095. [PMID: 38843321 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Successive cleavages of amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragment with 99 residues (APP-C99) by γ-secretase result in amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides of varying lengths. Most cleavages have a step size of three residues. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we determined the atomic structures of human γ-secretase bound individually to APP-C99, Aβ49, Aβ46, and Aβ43. In all cases, the substrate displays the same structural features: a transmembrane α-helix, a three-residue linker, and a β-strand that forms a hybrid β-sheet with presenilin 1 (PS1). Proteolytic cleavage occurs just ahead of the substrate β-strand. Each cleavage is followed by unwinding and translocation of the substrate α-helix by one turn and the formation of a new β-strand. This mechanism is consistent with existing biochemical data and may explain the cleavages of other substrates by γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Guo
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chuangye Yan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianlin Lei
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yigong Shi
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Science and Biomedicine, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Abukuri DN. Novel Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Plasma Neurofilament Light and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 2024:6668159. [PMID: 38779175 PMCID: PMC11111307 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6668159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) represent an increasingly significant public health concern. As clinical diagnosis faces challenges, biomarkers are becoming increasingly important in research, trials, and patient assessments. While biomarkers like amyloid-β peptide, tau proteins, CSF levels (Aβ, tau, and p-tau), and neuroimaging techniques are commonly used in AD diagnosis, they are often limited and invasive in monitoring and diagnosis. For this reason, blood-based biomarkers are the optimal choice for detecting neurodegeneration in brain diseases due to their noninvasiveness, affordability, reliability, and consistency. This literature review focuses on plasma neurofilament light (NfL) and CSF NfL as blood-based biomarkers used in recent AD diagnosis. The findings revealed that the core CSF biomarkers of neurodegeneration (T-tau, P-tau, and Aβ42), CSF NFL, and plasma T-tau were strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease, and the core biomarkers were strongly associated with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. Elevated levels of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid NfL were linked to decreased [18F]FDG uptake in corresponding brain areas. In participants with Aβ positivity (Aβ+), NfL correlated with reduced metabolism in regions susceptible to Alzheimer's disease. In addition, CSF NfL levels correlate with brain atrophy and predict cognitive changes, while plasma total tau does not. Plasma P-tau, especially in combination with Aβ42/Aβ40, is promising for symptomatic AD stages. Though not AD-exclusive, blood NfL holds promise for neurodegeneration detection and assessing treatment efficacy. Given the consistent levels of T-tau, P-tau, Aβ42, and NFL in CSF, their incorporation into both clinical practice and research is highly recommended.
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4
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Yanagida K, Maruyama R, Tagami S, Kudo T, Okochi M, Fukumori A. APLP2 is predominantly cleaved by β-secretase and γ-secretase in the human brain. Psychogeriatrics 2023; 23:311-318. [PMID: 36691315 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β peptide is well-known as a pathogen of Alzheimer's disease, but its precursor, amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), remains unexplained 30 years after its discovery. APP has two homologues called amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) and amyloid precursor-like protein 2 (APLP2), and shares a similar structural organisation with them and has partially overlapping functions. APP family proteins are essential for survival, shown by the crossbreeding analysis of knockout mice of APP family molecules, including APLP1 and APLP2. APLP2 is known to play the most important role among them, but the molecular metabolism of APLP2 is only partially understood. Here, we analysed ectodomain shedding and γ-secretase cleavage of APLP2 by molecular biological and biochemical techniques. METHOD We analysed the culture supernatant of HEK293 cells overexpressing APLP2 and human cerebrospinal fluid. For the analysis of secreted APLP2 fragments, we raised the OA603 antibody that reacts with the juxtamembrane domain of APLP2. Substrate cleavage sites were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry. RESULTS By overexpressing in HEK293 cells, APLP2 undergoes ectodomain shedding at three sites in the extracellular region by α- and β-secretase-like activity and then is intramembranously cleaved at three sites by γ-secretase. In particular, in shedding, α-secretase-like activity was dominant in HEK cells. Surprisingly, in human cerebrospinal fluid, APLP2-derived metabolic fragments were mainly cleaved by β-secretase-like activity, not by α-secretase-like activity. Because APP is also mainly cleaved by beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 in neurons and APLP1 is expressed exclusively in neurons, these findings suggest that APP family proteins may play a common role via β-secretase-like cleavage in the central nerve system. CONCLUSIONS Thus, these findings may contribute to a better understanding of the role of APP family proteins in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Yanagida
- Department of Mental Health Promotion, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapeutics II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.,Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Riki Maruyama
- Department of Mental Health Promotion, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapeutics II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Shinji Tagami
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Department of Mental Health Promotion, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Akio Fukumori
- Department of Mental Health Promotion, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacotherapeutics II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.,Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Department of Aging Neurobiology, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
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5
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Güner G, Aßfalg M, Zhao K, Dreyer T, Lahiri S, Lo Y, Slivinschi BI, Imhof A, Jocher G, Strohm L, Behrends C, Langosch D, Bronger H, Nimsky C, Bartsch JW, Riddell SR, Steiner H, Lichtenthaler SF. Proteolytically generated soluble Tweak Receptor Fn14 is a blood biomarker for γ-secretase activity. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e16084. [PMID: 36069059 PMCID: PMC9549706 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fn14 is a cell surface receptor with key functions in tissue homeostasis and injury but is also linked to chronic diseases. Despite its physiological and medical importance, the regulation of Fn14 signaling and turnover is only partly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Fn14 is cleaved within its transmembrane domain by the protease γ‐secretase, resulting in secretion of the soluble Fn14 ectodomain (sFn14). Inhibition of γ‐secretase in tumor cells reduced sFn14 secretion, increased full‐length Fn14 at the cell surface, and enhanced TWEAK ligand‐stimulated Fn14 signaling through the NFκB pathway, which led to enhanced release of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor. γ‐Secretase‐dependent sFn14 release was also detected ex vivo in primary tumor cells from glioblastoma patients, in mouse and human plasma and was strongly reduced in blood from human cancer patients dosed with a γ‐secretase inhibitor prior to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T‐cell treatment. Taken together, our study demonstrates a novel function for γ‐secretase in attenuating TWEAK/Fn14 signaling and suggests the use of sFn14 as an easily measurable pharmacodynamic biomarker to monitor γ‐secretase activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Güner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Aßfalg
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Dreyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shibojyoti Lahiri
- Protein Analysis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yun Lo
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bianca Ionela Slivinschi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel Imhof
- Protein Analysis Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center, LMU, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Georg Jocher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura Strohm
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Medical Faculty, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Holger Bronger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Munich and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Nimsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jörg W Bartsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Immunotherapy Integrated Research Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Harald Steiner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Division of Metabolic Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Center (BMC), LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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6
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Suzuki T, Sobu Y, Hata S. γ-Secretase structure and activity are modified by alterations in its membrane localization and ambient environment. J Biochem 2021; 171:253-256. [PMID: 34865063 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase cleaves type I transmembrane proteins in a hydrophobic membrane environment following ectodomain shedding. Mutations in PSEN genes, encoding the catalytic subunits of γ-secretase, presenilins, are the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathogenic mutations in PSEN genes increase production of longer and neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) by intramembrane cleavage of membrane-associated amyloid-β protein precursor (APP) carboxy-terminal fragment β (APP CTFβ), which is generated via primary cleavage of APP by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1. The longer Aβ is prone to aggregate and accumulate in the brain, however, the accumulation of Aβ in brain is also a pathological feature of sporadic AD. Increased pathogenic Aβ generation, even in the absence of pathogenic PSEN gene mutations, is one of proposed mechanisms for sporadic AD pathogenesis. γ-Secretase digests substrates in the transmembrane region, generating Aβ peptide intermediates of various lengths. The end-products, shorter Aβ40 and Aβ38 peptides, are less neurotoxic, whereas PSEN gene mutations increase the production ratio of longer, neurotoxic Aβ species such as Aβ42, an intermediate in Aβ38 production. γ-Secretase activity or structures is altered because of its aberrant membrane localization or changes in the ambient environment such as luminal acidification. Interestingly, γ-secretase has a pH sensor in presenilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Suzuki
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
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7
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Switched Aβ43 generation in familial Alzheimer's disease with presenilin 1 mutation. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:558. [PMID: 34728605 PMCID: PMC8564532 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin (PS) with a genetic mutation generates abundant β-amyloid protein (Aβ) 43. Senile plaques are formed by Aβ43 in the cerebral parenchyma together with Aβ42 at middle ages. These brains cause the early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is known as familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Based on the stepwise processing model of Aβ generation by γ-secretase, we reassessed the levels of Aβs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of FAD participants. While low levels of Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42 were generated in the CSF of FAD participants, the levels of Aβ43 were unchanged in some of them compared with other participants. We sought to investigate why the level of Aβ43 was unchanged in FAD participants. These characteristics of Aβ generation were observed in the γ-secretase assay in vitro using cells, which express FAD mutations in PS1. Aβ38 and Aβ40 generation from their precursors, Aβ42 and Aβ43, was decreased in PS1 mutants compared with wild-type (WT) PS1, as observed in the CSF. Both the ratios of Aβ38/Aβ42 and Aβ40/Aβ43 in PS1 mutants were lower than those in the WT. However, the ratio of Aβ43/amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain (AICD) increased in the PS1 mutants in an onset age dependency, while other Aβ/AICD ratios were decreased or unchanged. Importantly, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry found that the generation of Aβ43 was stimulated from Aβ48 in PS1 mutants. This result indicates that PS1 mutants switched the Aβ43 generating line, which reflects the level of Aβ43 in the CSF and forming senile plaques.
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8
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Hata S, Kano K, Kikuchi K, Kinoshita S, Sobu Y, Saito H, Saito T, Saido TC, Sano Y, Taru H, Aoki J, Komano H, Tomita T, Natori S, Suzuki T. Suppression of amyloid-β secretion from neurons by cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid, an isomer of conjugated linoleic acid. J Neurochem 2021; 159:603-617. [PMID: 34379812 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two common conjugated linoleic acids (LAs), cis-9, trans-11 CLA (c9,t11 CLA) and trans-10, cis-12 CLA (t10,c12 CLA), exert various biological activities. However, the effect of CLA on the generation of neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) protein remains unclear. We found that c9,t11 CLA significantly suppressed the generation of Aβ in mouse neurons. CLA treatment did not affect the level of β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), a component of active γ-secretase complex presenilin 1 amino-terminal fragment, or Aβ protein precursor (APP) in cultured neurons. BACE1 and γ-secretase activities were not directly affected by c9,t11 CLA. Localization of BACE1 and APP in early endosomes increased in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA; concomitantly, the localization of both proteins was reduced in late endosomes, the predominant site of APP cleavage by BACE1. The level of CLA-containing phosphatidylcholine (CLA-PC) increased dramatically in neurons incubated with CLA. Incorporation of phospholipids containing c9,t11 CLA, but not t10,c12 CLA, into the membrane may affect the localization of some membrane-associated proteins in intracellular membrane compartments. Thus, in neurons treated with c9,t11 CLA, reduced colocalization of APP with BACE1 in late endosomes may decrease APP cleavage by BACE1 and subsequent Aβ generation. Our findings suggest that accumulation of c9,t11 CLA-PC/LPC in neuronal membranes suppresses production of neurotoxic Aβ in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8566, Japan.,Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kikuchi
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shoichi Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sobu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Haruka Saito
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan.,Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science Institute, Wako, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.,Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroto Komano
- Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Division of Neuroscience, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Department of Neuropathology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shunji Natori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.,Advanced Prevention and Research Laboratory for Dementia, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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Wide-Ranging Effects on the Brain Proteome in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Following Treatment with a Brain-Targeting Somatostatin Peptide. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2529-2541. [PMID: 34170117 PMCID: PMC8291608 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Alzheimer’s
disease is the most common neurodegenerative
disorder characterized by the pathological aggregation of amyloid-β
(Aβ) peptide. A potential therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer’s
disease is to enhance Aβ degradation by increasing the activity
of Aβ-degrading enzymes, including neprilysin. The somatostatin
(SST) peptide has been identified as an activator of neprilysin. Recently,
we demonstrated the ability of a brain-penetrating SST peptide (SST-scFv8D3)
to increase neprilysin activity and membrane-bound Aβ42 degradation
in the hippocampus of mice overexpressing the Aβ-precursor protein
with the Swedish mutation (APPswe). Using LC–MS, we further
evaluated the anti-Alzheimer’s disease effects of SST-scFv8D3.
Following a triple intravenous injection of SST-scFv8D3, the LC–MS
analysis of the brain proteome revealed that the majority of downregulated
proteins consisted of mitochondrial proteins regulating fatty acid
oxidation, which are otherwise upregulated in APPswe mice compared
to wild-type mice. Moreover, treatment with SST-scFv8D3 significantly
increased hippocampal levels of synaptic proteins regulating cell
membrane trafficking and neuronal development. Finally, hippocampal
concentrations of growth-regulated α (KC/GRO) chemokine and
degradation of neuropeptide-Y were elevated after SST-scFv8D3 treatment.
In summary, our results demonstrate a multifaceted effect profile
in regulating mitochondrial function and neurogenesis following treatment
with SST-scFv8D3, further suggesting the development of Alzheimer’s
disease therapies based on SST peptides.
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10
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Simoes S, Neufeld JL, Triana-Baltzer G, Moughadam S, Chen EI, Kothiya M, Qureshi YH, Patel V, Honig LS, Kolb H, Small SA. Tau and other proteins found in Alzheimer's disease spinal fluid are linked to retromer-mediated endosomal traffic in mice and humans. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/571/eaba6334. [PMID: 33239387 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal trafficking has emerged as a defective biological pathway in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the pathway is a source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein accumulation. Nevertheless, the identity of the CSF proteins that accumulate in the setting of defects in AD's endosomal trafficking pathway remains unknown. Here, we performed a CSF proteomic screen in mice with a neuronal-selective knockout of the core of the retromer complex VPS35, a master conductor of endosomal traffic that has been implicated in AD. We then validated three of the most relevant proteomic findings: the amino terminus of the transmembrane proteins APLP1 and CHL1, and the mid-domain of tau, which is known to be unconventionally secreted and elevated in AD. In patients with AD dementia, the concentration of amino-terminal APLP1 and CHL1 in the CSF correlated with tau and phosphorylated tau. Similar results were observed in healthy controls, where both proteins correlated with tau and phosphorylated tau and were elevated in about 70% of patients in the prodromal stages of AD. Collectively, the mouse-to-human studies suggest that retromer-dependent endosomal trafficking can regulate tau, APLP1, and CHL1 CSF concentration, informing on how AD's trafficking pathway might contribute to disease spread and how to identify its trafficking impairments in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Simoes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jessica L Neufeld
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Setareh Moughadam
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Emily I Chen
- Thermo Fisher Precision Medicine Science Center, 790 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Milankumar Kothiya
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yasir H Qureshi
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hartmuth Kolb
- Neuroscience Biomarkers, Janssen Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain and the Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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11
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Hata S, Hu A, Piao Y, Nakaya T, Taru H, Morishima-Kawashima M, Murayama S, Nishimura M, Suzuki T. Enhanced amyloid-β generation by γ-secretase complex in DRM microdomains with reduced cholesterol levels. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:382-393. [PMID: 31841137 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuropathologic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of senile plaques that contain neurotoxic amyloid-β protein (Aβ) species, which are generated by the cleavage of amyloid β-protein precursor by secretases such as the γ-secretase complex, preferentially located in detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) regions and comprising endoproteolysed amino- and carboxy-terminal fragments of presenilin, nicastrin, anterior pharynx defective 1 and presenilin enhancer 2. Whereas some of familial AD patients harbor causative PSEN mutations that lead to more generation of neurotoxic Aβ42, the contribution of Aβ generation to sporadic/late-onset AD remains unclear. We found that the carboxy-terminal fragment of presenilin 1 was redistributed from DRM regions to detergent-soluble membrane (non-DRM) regions in brain tissue samples from individuals with sporadic AD. DRM fractions from AD brain sample had the ability to generate significantly more Aβ and had a lower cholesterol content than DRM fractions from non-demented control subjects. We further demonstrated that lowering the cholesterol content of DRM regions from cultured cells contributed to the redistribution of γ-secretase components and Aβ production. Taken together, the present analyses suggest that the lowered cholesterol content in DRM regions may be a cause of sporadic/late-onset AD by enhancing overall Aβ generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Hata
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Anqi Hu
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yi Piao
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakaya
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidenori Taru
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Maho Morishima-Kawashima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishimura
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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12
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Chan KH, Lim J, Jee JE, Aw JH, Lee SS. Peptide-Peptide Co-Assembly: A Design Strategy for Functional Detection of C-peptide, A Biomarker of Diabetic Neuropathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249671. [PMID: 33352955 PMCID: PMC7766332 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-related neuropathy is a debilitating condition that may be averted if it can be detected early. One possible way this can be achieved at low cost is to utilise peptides to detect C-peptide, a biomarker of diabetic neuropathy. This depends on peptide-peptide co-assembly, which is currently in a nascent stage of intense study. Instead, we propose a bead-based triple-overlay combinatorial strategy that can preserve inter-residue information during the screening process for a suitable complementary peptide to co-assemble with C-peptide. The screening process commenced with a pentapeptide general library, which revealed histidine to be an essential residue. Further screening with seven tetrapeptide focused libraries led to a table of self-consistent peptide sequences that included tryptophan and lysine at high frequencies. Three complementary nonapeptides (9mer com-peptides), wpkkhfwgq (Trp-D), kwkkhfwgq (Lys-D), and KWKKHFWGQ (Lys-L) (as a negative control) were picked from this table for co-assembly studies with C-peptide. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies were utilized to study inter-peptide interactions and changes in secondary structures respectively. ATR-FTIR studies showed that there is indeed inter-peptide interaction between C-peptide and the tryptophan residues of the 9mer com-peptides. CD studies of unaggregated and colloidal C-peptide with the 9mer com-peptides suggest that the extent of co-assembly of C-peptide with Trp-D is greatest, followed by Lys-D and Lys-L. These results are promising and indicate that the presented strategy is viable for designing and evaluating longer complementary peptides, as well as complementary peptides for co-assembly with other polypeptides of interest and importance. We discuss the possibility of designing complementary peptides to inhibit toxic amyloidosis with this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiat Hwa Chan
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Singapore;
- Correspondence: (K.H.C.); (S.S.L.)
| | - Jaehong Lim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (J.L.); (J.E.J.)
| | - Joo Eun Jee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (J.L.); (J.E.J.)
| | - Jia Hui Aw
- Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138527, Singapore;
| | - Su Seong Lee
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore 138669, Singapore; (J.L.); (J.E.J.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.C.); (S.S.L.)
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13
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Matsuhisa K, Cai L, Saito A, Sakaue F, Kamikawa Y, Fujiwara S, Asada R, Kudo Y, Imaizumi K. Toxic effects of endoplasmic reticulum stress transducer BBF2H7-derived small peptide fragments on neuronal cells. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147139. [PMID: 33010207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation, fibril formation, and deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein are believed to be the central pathogeneses of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies have shown that fibril formation is promoted by preformed seeds at the beginning of the aggregation process. Therefore, aggregated molecules that promote fibrillization of Aβ protein as seeds could affect the pathology. We recently found that approximately 40 amino acid hydrophobic peptides, BBF2H7-derived small peptide (BSP) fragments, are generated via intramembranous cleavage under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Interestingly, similar to Aβ protein, the fragments exhibit a high aggregation propensity and form fibril structures. It has been noted that ER stress is involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In this study, we examined the effect of BSP fragments on aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ1-40 protein, which is generated as a major species of Aβ protein, but has a lower aggregative property than Aβ1-42 protein. We demonstrated that BSP fragments promote aggregation of Aβ1-40 protein. Aggregates of Aβ1-40 protein mediated by BSP fragments also exhibited potent neurotoxicity. Our findings suggest the possibility that BSP fragments affect accumulation of Aβ proteins and are involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Longjie Cai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan; Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Fumika Sakaue
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yasunao Kamikawa
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Sachiko Fujiwara
- Department of Stress Protein Processing, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Rie Asada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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14
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Lim B, Tsolaki M, Soosaipillai A, Brown M, Zilakaki M, Tagaraki F, Fotiou D, Koutsouraki E, Grosi E, Prassas I, Diamandis EP. Liquid biopsy of cerebrospinal fluid identifies neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR) as a biomarker of progression of Alzheimer's disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 57:1875-1881. [PMID: 31415236 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Currently, the most studied biomarkers of AD are cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid β 1-42, total tau and phosphorylated tau. However, misdiagnosis can exceed 20%. Recently, we found that CSF amyloid β precursor-like protein-1 (APLP1) and neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR) are promising biomarkers of AD. The aim of the present study is to validate CSF APLP1 and NPTXR as biomarkers of AD severity. Methods APLP1 and NPTXR concentrations were measured in the CSF of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (n = 14), mild AD (n = 21), moderate AD (n = 43) and severe AD (n = 30) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Results CSF APLP1 and NPTXR were not associated with age or sex. CSF APLP1 was not different between any of the AD severity groups (p = 0.31). CSF NPTXR was significantly different between MCI and mild AD (p = 0.006), mild and moderate AD (p = 0.016), but not between moderate and severe AD (p = 0.36). NPTXR concentration progressively declined from MCI to mild, to moderate and to severe AD patients (p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis test). CSF NPTXR positively correlated with the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score (p < 0.001). Conclusions NPTXR concentration in CSF is a promising biomarker of AD severity and could inform treatment success and disease progression in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Magda Tsolaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antoninus Soosaipillai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Marshall Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria Zilakaki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fani Tagaraki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Fotiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Effrosyni Koutsouraki
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Effrosyni Grosi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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15
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Güner G, Lichtenthaler SF. The substrate repertoire of γ-secretase/presenilin. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:27-42. [PMID: 32616437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The intramembrane protease γ-secretase is a hetero-tetrameric protein complex with presenilin as the catalytic subunit and cleaves its membrane protein substrates within their single transmembrane domains. γ-Secretase is well known for its role in Notch signalling and in Alzheimer's disease, where it catalyzes the formation of the pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) peptide. However, in the 21 years since its discovery many more substrates and substrate candidates of γ-secretase were identified. Although the physiological relevance of the cleavage of many substrates remains to be studied in more detail, the substrates demonstrate a broad role for γ-secretase in embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, signal transduction and protein degradation. Consequently, chronic γ-secretase inhibition may cause significant side effects due to inhibition of cleavage of multiple substrates. This review provides a list of 149 γ-secretase substrates identified to date and highlights by which expeirmental approach substrate cleavage was validated. Additionally, the review lists the cleavage sites where they are known and discusses the functional implications of γ-secretase cleavage with a focus on substrates identified in the recent past, such as CHL1, TREM2 and TNFR1. A comparative analysis demonstrates that γ-secretase substrates mostly have a long extracellular domain and require ectodomain shedding before γ-secretase cleavage, but that γ-secretase is also able to cleave naturally short substrates, such as the B cell maturation antigen. Taken together, the list of substrates provides a resource that may help in the future development of drugs inhibiting or modulating γ-secretase activity in a substrate-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Güner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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16
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Lanchec E, Désilets A, Béliveau F, Fontaine-Carbonneau C, Laniel A, Leduc R, Lavoie C. Matriptase processing of APLP1 ectodomain alters its homodimerization. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10091. [PMID: 32572095 PMCID: PMC7308337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by secretase processing. APP is also cleaved by numerous other proteases, such as the type II transmembrane serine protease matriptase, with consequences on the production of Aβ. Because the APP homolog protein amyloid-like protein 1 (APLP1) shares similarities with APP, we sought to determine if matriptase also plays a role in its processing. Here, we demonstrate that matriptase directly interacts with APLP1 and that APLP1 is cleaved in cellulo by matriptase in its E1 ectodomains at arginine 124. Replacing Arg124 with Ala abolished APLP1 processing by matriptase. Using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay we found that matriptase reduces APLP1 homodimeric interactions. This study identifies matriptase as the first protease cleaving APLP1 in its dimerization domain, potentially altering the multiple functions associated with dimer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Lanchec
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Antoine Désilets
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - François Béliveau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Cloé Fontaine-Carbonneau
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Andréanne Laniel
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada.
| | - Christine Lavoie
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H5N4, Canada.
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17
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Funamoto S, Tagami S, Okochi M, Morishima-Kawashima M. Successive cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 105:64-74. [PMID: 32354467 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
γ-Secretase is a multimeric aspartyl protease that cleaves the membrane-spanning region of the β-carboxyl terminal fragment (βCTF) generated from β-amyloid precursor protein. γ-Secretase defines the generated molecular species of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), a critical molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many therapeutic trials for AD have targeted γ-secretase. However, in contrast to the great efforts in drug discovery, the enzymatic features and cleavage mechanism of γ-secretase are poorly understood. Here we review our protein-chemical analyses of the cleavage products generated from βCTF by γ-secretase, which revealed that Aβ was produced by γ-secretase through successive cleavages of βCTF, mainly at three-residue intervals. Two representative product lines were identified. ε-Cleavages occur first at Leu49-Val50 and Thr48-Leu49 of βCTF (in accordance with Aβ numbering). Longer generated Aβs, Aβ49 and Aβ48, are precursors to the majority of Aβ40 and Aβ42, concomitantly releasing the tripeptides, ITL, VIV, and IAT; and VIT and TVI, respectively. A portion of Aβ42 is processed further to Aβ38, releasing a tetrapeptide, VVIA. The presence of additional multiple minor pathways may reflect labile cleavage activities derived from the conformational flexibility of γ-secretase through molecular interactions. Because these peptide byproducts are not secreted and remain within the cells, they may serve as an indicator that reflects γ-secretase activity more directly than secreted Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Tagami
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Maho Morishima-Kawashima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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18
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Lipid class composition of membrane and raft fractions from brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Rep 2019; 20:100704. [PMID: 31867447 PMCID: PMC6895748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2019.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation of the homeostasis of brain membrane lipids has been implicated in the pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) confers an increased risk, in a dosage-dependent manner, for brain amyloid-β accumulation and the development of sporadic AD. An effect of the APOE genotype on brain lipid homeostasis may underlie the AD risk associated with the ε4 allele. In this research, we examined an effect of APOE ε4 on the lipid class composition of crude membranes and raft-enriched fractions of brains. We applied enzymatic reaction-based methods for the quantification of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, and sphingomyelin. Our results indicate that brain lipid class composition was neither significantly altered in AD subjects nor affected by the presence of the APOE ε4 allele. No change was found in the composition of lipid classes of brains with Alzheimer's disease. The APOE ε4 allele did not affect lipid class composition of the brain membrane or rafts. The enzymatic measurement of phospholipids is applicable to brain tissues.
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19
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Matsuhisa K, Saito A, Cai L, Kaneko M, Okamoto T, Sakaue F, Asada R, Urano F, Yanagida K, Okochi M, Kudo Y, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI, Imaizumi K. Production of BBF2H7‐derived small peptide fragments via endoplasmic reticulum stress‐dependent regulated intramembrane proteolysis. FASEB J 2019; 34:865-880. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Matsuhisa
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Longjie Cai
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masayuki Kaneko
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Takumi Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Fumika Sakaue
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Stress Protein Processing Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Rie Asada
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology Metabolism, and Lipid Research Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
| | - Kanta Yanagida
- Neuropsychiatry Department of Integrated Medicine Division of Internal Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry Department of Integrated Medicine Division of Internal Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Yukitsuka Kudo
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Medical Institute of Bioregulation Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
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20
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de França Bram JM, Talib LL, Joaquim HPG, Carvalho CL, Gattaz WF, Forlenza OV. Alzheimer’s Disease-related Biomarkers in Aging Adults with Down Syndrome: Systematic Review. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573400515666190122152855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Down syndrome (DS) is associated with a high prevalence of cognitive
impairment and dementia in middle age and older adults. Given the presence of common neuropathological
findings and similar pathogenic mechanisms, dementia in DS is regarded as a form of
genetically determined, early-onset AD. The clinical characterization of cognitive decline in persons
with DS is a difficult task, due to the presence intellectual disability and pre-existing cognitive impairment.
Subtle changes that occur at early stages of the dementing process may not be perceived
clinically, given that most cognitive screening tests are not sensitive enough to detect them. Therefore,
biological markers will provide support to the diagnosis of DS-related cognitive impairment
and dementia, particularly at early stages of this process.
Objective:
To perform a systematic review of the literature on AD-related biomarkers in DS.
Method:
We searched PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for scientific papers published
between 2008 and 2018 using as primary mesh terms ‘Down’, ‘Alzheimer’, ‘biomarker’.
Results:
79 studies were retrieved, and 39 were considered eligible for inclusion in the systematic
review: 14 post-mortem studies, 10 neuroimaging, 4 addressing cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and
11 on peripheral markers.
Conclusion:
There is consistent growth in the number of publication in this field over the past years.
Studies in DS-related dementia tend to incorporate many of the diagnostic technologies that have
been more extensively studied and validated in AD. In many instances, the study of CNS and peripheral
biomarkers reinforces the presence of AD pathology in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessyka Maria de França Bram
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leda Leme Talib
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Passarelli Giroud Joaquim
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Lopes Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Farid Gattaz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Orestes Vicente Forlenza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Lumsden AL, Rogers JT, Majd S, Newman M, Sutherland GT, Verdile G, Lardelli M. Dysregulation of Neuronal Iron Homeostasis as an Alternative Unifying Effect of Mutations Causing Familial Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:533. [PMID: 30150923 PMCID: PMC6099262 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The overwhelming majority of dominant mutations causing early onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (EOfAD) occur in only three genes, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP. An effect-in-common of these mutations is alteration of production of the APP-derived peptide, amyloid β (Aβ). It is this key fact that underlies the authority of the Amyloid Hypothesis that has informed Alzheimer’s disease research for over two decades. Any challenge to this authority must offer an alternative explanation for the relationship between the PSEN genes and APP. In this paper, we explore one possible alternative relationship – the dysregulation of cellular iron homeostasis as a common effect of EOfAD mutations in these genes. This idea is attractive since it provides clear connections between EOfAD mutations and major characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease such as dysfunctional mitochondria, vascular risk factors/hypoxia, energy metabolism, and inflammation. We combine our ideas with observations by others to describe a “Stress Threshold Change of State” model of Alzheimer’s disease that may begin to explain the existence of both EOfAD and late onset sporadic (LOsAD) forms of the disease. Directing research to investigate the role of dysregulation of iron homeostasis in EOfAD may be a profitable way forward in our struggle to understand this form of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Lumsden
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jack T Rogers
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry-Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital (East), Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Shohreh Majd
- Neuronal Injury and Repair Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Herber J, Njavro J, Feederle R, Schepers U, Müller UC, Bräse S, Müller SA, Lichtenthaler SF. Click Chemistry-mediated Biotinylation Reveals a Function for the Protease BACE1 in Modulating the Neuronal Surface Glycoproteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1487-1501. [PMID: 29716987 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface proteome is dynamic and has fundamental roles in cell signaling. Many surface membrane proteins are proteolytically released into a cell's secretome, where they can have additional functions in cell-cell-communication. Yet, it remains challenging to determine the surface proteome and to compare it to the cell secretome, under serum-containing cell culture conditions. Here, we set up and evaluated the 'surface-spanning protein enrichment with click sugars' (SUSPECS) method for cell surface membrane glycoprotein biotinylation, enrichment and label-free quantitative mass spectrometry. SUSPECS is based on click chemistry-mediated labeling of glycoproteins, is compatible with labeling of living cells and can be combined with secretome analyses in the same experiment. Immunofluorescence-based confocal microscopy demonstrated that SUSPECS selectively labeled cell surface proteins. Nearly 700 transmembrane glycoproteins were consistently identified at the surface of primary neurons. To demonstrate the utility of SUSPECS, we applied it to the protease BACE1, which is a key drug target in Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacological BACE1-inhibition selectively remodeled the neuronal surface glycoproteome, resulting in up to 7-fold increased abundance of the BACE1 substrates APP, APLP1, SEZ6, SEZ6L, CNTN2, and CHL1, whereas other substrates were not or only mildly affected. Interestingly, protein changes at the cell surface only partly correlated with changes in the secretome. Several altered proteins were validated by immunoblots in neurons and mouse brains. Apparent nonsubstrates, such as TSPAN6, were also increased, indicating that BACE1-inhibition may lead to unexpected secondary effects. In summary, SUSPECS is broadly useful for determination of the surface glycoproteome and its correlation with the secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Herber
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,§Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jasenka Njavro
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,§Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Regina Feederle
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,¶Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,‖Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Monoclonal Antibody Research Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- **Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- ‡‡Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- **Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,§Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- From the ‡German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; .,§Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,¶Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,§§Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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23
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Begcevic I, Brinc D, Brown M, Martinez-Morillo E, Goldhardt O, Grimmer T, Magdolen V, Batruch I, Diamandis EP. Brain-related proteins as potential CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease: A targeted mass spectrometry approach. J Proteomics 2018; 182:12-20. [PMID: 29684683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, characterized by progressive cognitive decline. The main disease hallmarks include amyloid beta aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles. Brain pathology is reflected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); the core biomarkers amyloid beta 1-42, total and phosphorylated tau protein levels are changed, relative to cognitively normal elderly. Still, there is a need for additional biomarkers which could identify disease more accurately and at an earlier stage, predict severity and be used in research settings. Here we evaluated 30 brain-related proteins as candidate biomarkers of AD. Proteins were quantified in CSF samples from cognitively healthy individuals (n = 23) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD (n = 20) or dementia due to AD (n = 10) using selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry assays. APLP1 protein was increased in MCI relative to control (p < 0.001). The best discrimination between MCI vs. controls was observed with a model combining APLP1 and SPP1 proteins (area under the curve, AUC = 0.84). The strongest associations between protein abundance and disease severity were found for APLP1, CNTN2 and SPP1 proteins, which had a significant correlation with MMSE and CDR tests (p < 0.05). This study identifies new proteins with biomarker potential at various stages of AD severity. SIGNIFICANCE The current study evaluated 30 brain-related, highly specific proteins as candidate biomarkers of AD diagnosis. Protein APLP1 showed promise as early AD biomarker; protein panel APLP1 and SPP1 had the best diagnostic potential in discriminating MCI from control group, while proteins APLP1, SPP1 and CNTN2 may be indicators of disease progression, demonstrating weak to moderate correlation with cognitive tests. This study therefore identifies new proteins with biomarker potential at early AD stage. If the performance of proposed biomarkers is further confirmed, these proteins may add value in the clinic or clinical trial settings as diagnostic biomarkers (alone or in combination with the existing biomarkers) of the prodromal AD stage, and in monitoring disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilijana Begcevic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Davor Brinc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marshall Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Morillo
- Laboratory of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital Universitario Central, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Oliver Goldhardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Grimmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ihor Batruch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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24
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Ran Y, Hossain F, Pannuti A, Lessard CB, Ladd GZ, Jung JI, Minter LM, Osborne BA, Miele L, Golde TE. γ-Secretase inhibitors in cancer clinical trials are pharmacologically and functionally distinct. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 9:950-966. [PMID: 28539479 PMCID: PMC5494507 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSIs) are being actively repurposed as cancer therapeutics based on the premise that inhibition of NOTCH1 signaling in select cancers is therapeutic. Using novel assays to probe effects of GSIs against a broader panel of substrates, we demonstrate that clinical GSIs are pharmacologically distinct. GSIs show differential profiles of inhibition of the various NOTCH substrates, with some enhancing cleavage of other NOTCH substrates at concentrations where NOTCH1 cleavage is inhibited. Several GSIs are also potent inhibitors of select signal peptide peptidase (SPP/SPPL) family members. Extending these findings to mammosphere inhibition assays in triple-negative breast cancer lines, we establish that these GSIs have different functional effects. We also demonstrate that the processive γ-secretase cleavage pattern established for amyloid precursor protein (APP) occurs in multiple substrates and that potentiation of γ-secretase cleavage is attributable to a direct action of low concentrations of GSIs on γ-secretase. Such data definitively demonstrate that the clinical GSIs are not biological equivalents, and provide an important framework to evaluate results from ongoing and completed human trials with these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ran
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fokhrul Hossain
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Antonio Pannuti
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christian B Lessard
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gabriela Z Ladd
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joo In Jung
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Barbara A Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, and McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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25
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Schauenburg L, Liebsch F, Eravci M, Mayer MC, Weise C, Multhaup G. APLP1 is endoproteolytically cleaved by γ-secretase without previous ectodomain shedding. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1916. [PMID: 29382944 PMCID: PMC5789831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated intramembrane proteolysis of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its homologs, the APP like proteins APLP1 and APLP2, is typically a two-step process, which is initiated by ectodomain-shedding of the substrates by α- or β-secretases. Growing evidence, however, indicates that the cleavage process for APLP1 is different than for APP. Here, we describe that full-length APLP1, but not APP or APLP2, is uniquely cleaved by γ-secretase without previous ectodomain shedding. The new fragment, termed sAPLP1γ, was exclusively associated with APLP1, not APP, APLP2. We provide an exact molecular analysis showing that sAPLP1γ was uniquely generated by γ-secretase from full-length APLP1. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that the sAPLP1γ fragment and the longest Aβ-like peptide share the C-terminus. This novel mechanism of γ-secretase action is consistent with an ϵ-cut based upon the nature of the reaction in APP. We further demonstrate that the APLP1 transmembrane sequence is the critical determinant for γ-shedding and release of full-length APLP1. Moreover, the APLP1 TMS is sufficient to convert larger type-I membrane proteins like APP into direct γ-secretase substrates. Taken together, the direct cleavage of APLP1 is a novel feature of the γ-secretase prompting a re-thinking of γ-secretase activity modulation as a therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schauenburg
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Sphingotec Therapeutics GmbH, Neuendorfstr. 15a, 16761, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - Filip Liebsch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Murat Eravci
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magnus C Mayer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Miltenyi Biotec GmbH, Robert-Koch-Strasse 1, 17166, Teterow, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Multhaup
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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26
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers as Predictors of Shunt Response in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Review. Can J Neurol Sci 2017; 45:3-10. [PMID: 29125088 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2017.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The widely accepted treatment for idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion shunt procedure, to which approximately 80% of patients will respond. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify which CSF biomarkers have been investigated in predicting shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients, and to analyze the level of evidence for each. METHODS To find all relevant articles, a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO was conducted. RESULTS The literature search identified 344 unique citations, of which 13 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in our review. These 13 studies reported on 37 unique biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The available studies suggest that there is evidence for the utility of CSF biomarkers in predicting shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients, though none have been shown to predict shunt response with both high sensitivity and specificity. We found that there is no available evidence for the use of Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ43, APL1β25, APL1β27, APL1β28, sAPP, aAPPα, sAPPβ, TNF-α, MCP-1, sCD40L, sulfatide, MBP, L-PGDS, cystatin C, transthyretin, TGF-β2, or YKL-40 in predicting shunt response. There is minimal evidence for the use of TGF-β1, TBR-II, homocysteine, and interleukins (particularly IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10). However, the available evidence suggests that these biomarkers warrant further investigation. Aβ42, tau, p-tau, NFL, and LRG have the greatest amount of evidence for their predictive value in determining shunt responsiveness in iNPH patients. Future research should be guided by, but not limited to, these biomarkers.
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27
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APLP1 Is a Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule, Supporting Maintenance of Dendritic Spines and Basal Synaptic Transmission. J Neurosci 2017; 37:5345-5365. [PMID: 28450540 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1875-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), a key player in Alzheimer's disease, belongs to the family of synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) due to its impact on synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. These functions are mediated by both the secreted APP ectodomain that acts as a neurotrophic factor and full-length APP forming trans-cellular dimers. Two homologs of APP exist in mammals: the APP like proteins APLP1 and APLP2, exhibiting functions that partly overlap with those of APP. Here we tested whether APLP1 and APLP2 also show features of SAMs. We found that all three family members were upregulated during postnatal development coinciding with synaptogenesis. We observed presynaptic and postsynaptic localization of all APP family members and could show that heterologous expression of APLP1 or APLP2 in non-neuronal cells induces presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons of cocultured neurons, similar to APP and other SAMs. Moreover, APP/APLPs all bind to synaptic-signaling molecules, such as MINT/X11. Furthermore, we report that aged APLP1 knock-out mice show impaired basal transmission and a reduced mEPSC frequency, likely resulting from reduced spine density. This demonstrates an essential nonredundant function of APLP1 at the synapse. Compared to APP, APLP1 exhibits increased trans-cellular binding and elevated cell-surface levels due to reduced endocytosis. In conclusion, our results establish that APLPs show typical features of SAMs and indicate that increased surface expression, as observed for APLP1, is essential for proper synapse formation in vitro and synapse maintenance in vivoSIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT According to the amyloid-cascade hypothesis, Alzheimer's disease is caused by the accumulation of Aβ peptides derived from sequential cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Here we show that all mammalian APP family members (APP, APLP1, and APLP2) exhibit synaptogenic activity, involving trans-synaptic dimerization, similar to other synaptic cell adhesion molecules, such as Neuroligin/Neurexin. Importantly, our study revealed that the loss of APLP1, which is one of the major substrates of BACE1, causes reduced spine density in aged mice. Because some therapeutic interventions target APP processing (e.g., BACE inhibitors), those strategies may alter APP/APLP physiological function. This should be taken into account for the development of pharmaceutical treatments of Alzheimer's disease.
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28
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The Role of Chromatography in Alzheimer’s Disease Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315370385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Jeppsson A, Höltta M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Wikkelsø C, Tullberg M. Amyloid mis-metabolism in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:13. [PMID: 27472944 PMCID: PMC4967298 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) have reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of amyloid-β (Aβ) and α- and β-cleaved soluble forms of amyloid precursor protein (sAPPα and sAPPβ). The aims of this study were to examine if changes could also be seen in the CSF for secreted metabolites of APP-like protein 1 (APLP1) and to explore the prognostic value of amyloid-related CSF biomarkers, as well as markers of neuronal injury and astroglial activation, as regards to clinical outcome after shunt surgery. Methods Twenty patients diagnosed with iNPH, 10 improved and 10 unchanged by shunt surgery, and 20 neurologically healthy controls were included. All patients were examined clinically prior to surgery and at 6-month follow-up after surgery using the iNPH scale. Lumbar puncture was performed pre-operatively. CSF samples were analyzed for neurofilament light (NFL), Aβ isoforms Aβ38, Aβ40 and Aβ42, sAPPα, sAPPβ, APLP1 β-derived peptides APL1β25, APL1β 27 and APL1β 28 and YKL40 by immunochemical methods. Results The concentrations of all soluble forms of APP, all Aβ isoforms and APL1β28 were lower, whilst APL1β25 and APL1β27 were higher in the CSF of iNPH patients compared to controls. There was no difference in biomarker concentrations between patients who improved after surgery and those who remained unchanged. Conclusions The reduced CSF concentrations of Aβ38, Aβ40, Aβ42, sAPPα and sAPPβ suggest that APP expression could be downregulated in iNPH. In contrast, APLP1 concentration in the CSF seems relatively unchanged. The increase of APL1β25 and APL1β27 in combination with a slight decreased APL1β28 could be caused by more available γ-secretase due to reduced availability of its primary substrate, APP. The data did not support the use of these markers as indicators of shunt responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jeppsson
- Hydrocephalus Research Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Mikko Höltta
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - H Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - K Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Molndal, Sweden
| | - C Wikkelsø
- Hydrocephalus Research Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Tullberg
- Hydrocephalus Research Unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Soares HD, Gasior M, Toyn JH, Wang JS, Hong Q, Berisha F, Furlong MT, Raybon J, Lentz KA, Sweeney F, Zheng N, Akinsanya B, Berman RM, Thompson LA, Olson RE, Morrison J, Drexler DM, Macor JE, Albright CF, Ahlijanian MK, AbuTarif M. The γ-Secretase Modulator, BMS-932481, Modulates Aβ Peptides in the Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Healthy Volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:138-50. [PMID: 27189973 PMCID: PMC4931877 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of BMS-932481, a γ-secretase modulator (GSM), were tested in healthy young and elderly volunteers after single and multiple doses. BMS-932481 was orally absorbed, showed dose proportionality after a single dose administration, and had approximately 3-fold accumulation after multiple dosing. High-fat/caloric meals doubled the Cmax and area under the curve and prolonged Tmax by 1.5 hours. Consistent with the preclinical pharmacology of GSMs, BMS-932481 decreased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ39, Aβ40, and Aβ42 while increasing Aβ37 and Aβ38, thereby providing evidence of γ-secretase enzyme modulation rather than inhibition. In plasma, reductions in Aβ40 and Aβ42 were observed with no change in total Aβ; in CSF, modest decreases in total Aβ were observed at higher dose levels. Increases in liver enzymes were observed at exposures associated with greater than 70% CSF Aβ42 lowering after multiple dosing. Although further development was halted due to an insufficient safety margin to test the hypothesis for efficacy of Aβ lowering in Alzheimer’s disease, this study demonstrates that γ-secretase modulation is achievable in healthy human volunteers and supports further efforts to discover well tolerated GSMs for testing in Alzheimer’s disease and other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly D Soares
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Maciej Gasior
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Jeremy H Toyn
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Jun-Sheng Wang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Quan Hong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Flora Berisha
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Michael T Furlong
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Joseph Raybon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Kimberley A Lentz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Francis Sweeney
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Naiyu Zheng
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Billy Akinsanya
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Robert M Berman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Lorin A Thompson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Richard E Olson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - John Morrison
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Dieter M Drexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - John E Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Charlie F Albright
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Michael K Ahlijanian
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
| | - Malaz AbuTarif
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Lawrence Township, New Jersey (H.D.S., J.R., K.A.L., N.Z., B.A., J.M., J.E.M., M.A.); Teva Pharmaceuticals, Frazer, Pennsylvania (M.G.); Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut (J.H.T., L.A.T., R.E.O., D.M.D., C.F.A., M.K.A.); GSK Consumer Healthcare, Parsippany, New Jersey (J.-S.W.); Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey (Q.H.); Kyowa Hakko Kirin Pharma, Princeton, New Jersey (F.B.); FORUM Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, Massachusetts (M.T.F.); Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut (F.S.); and Biohaven Medical Services, New Haven, Connecticut (R.M.B.)
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Hölttä M, Dean RA, Siemers E, Mawuenyega KG, Sigurdson W, May PC, Holtzman DM, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Bateman RJ, Blennow K, Gobom J. A single dose of the γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat alters the cerebrospinal fluid peptidome in humans. Alzheimers Res Ther 2016; 8:11. [PMID: 26948580 PMCID: PMC4780148 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease, beta-amyloid peptides in the brain aggregate into toxic oligomers and plaques, a process which is associated with neuronal degeneration, memory loss, and cognitive decline. One therapeutic strategy is to decrease the production of potentially toxic beta-amyloid species by the use of inhibitors or modulators of the enzymes that produce beta-amyloid from amyloid precursor protein (APP). The failures of several such drug candidates by lack of effect or undesired side-effects underscore the importance to monitor the drug effects in the brain on a molecular level. Here we evaluate if peptidomic analysis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be used for this purpose. METHODS Fifteen human healthy volunteers, divided into three groups, received a single dose of placebo or either 140 mg or 280 mg of the γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat (LY450139). Endogenous peptides in CSF, sampled prior to administration of the drug and at six subsequent time points, were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, using isobaric labeling based on the tandem mass tag approach for relative quantification. RESULTS Out of 302 reproducibly detected peptides, 11 were affected by the treatment. Among these, one was derived from APP and one from amyloid precursor-like protein 1. Nine peptides were derived from proteins that may not be γ-secretase substrates per se, but that are regulated in a γ-secretase-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that a CSF peptidomic approach may be a valuable tool both to verify target engagement and to identify other pharmacodynamic effects of the drug. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003075. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00765115 , registered 30/09/2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Hölttä
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SU/Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Robert A Dean
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Headquarters, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - Eric Siemers
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Headquarters, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - Kwasi G Mawuenyega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Wendy Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Patrick C May
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Headquarters, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA.
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SU/Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SU/Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SU/Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
| | - Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SU/Mölndal Hospital, 431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Wang X, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Hu Y, Chen C, Shao Y, Xue L. APLP1 promotes dFoxO-dependent cell death in Drosophila. Apoptosis 2016; 20:778-86. [PMID: 25740230 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor like protein-1 (APLP1) belongs to the amyloid precursor protein family that also includes the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the amyloid precursor like protein-2 (APLP2). Though the three proteins share similar structures and undergo the same cleavage processing by α-, β- and γ-secretases, APLP1 shows divergent subcellular localization from that of APP and APLP2, and thus, may perform distinct roles in vivo. While extensive studies have been focused on APP, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the functions of APLP1 remain largely elusive. Here we report that the expression of APLP1 in Drosophila induces cell death and produces developmental defects in wing and thorax. This function of APLP1 depends on the transcription factor dFoxO, as the depletion of dFoxO abrogates APLP1-induced cell death and adult defects. Consistently, APLP1 up-regulates the transcription of dFoxO target hid and reaper-two well known pro-apoptotic genes. Thus, the present study provides the first in vivo evidence that APLP1 is able to induce cell death, and that FoxO is a crucial downstream mediator of APLP1's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjun Wang
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China,
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Sjödin S, Andersson KKA, Mercken M, Zetterberg H, Borghys H, Blennow K, Portelius E. APLP1 as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for γ-secretase modulator treatment. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:77. [PMID: 26689589 PMCID: PMC4687145 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0160-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease brains are characterized by extracellular plaques containing the aggregated amyloid β42 (Aβ42) peptide and intraneuronal tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau. Aβ42 is produced by sequential processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-secretase followed by γ-secretase. Substantial efforts have been put into developing pharmaceuticals preventing the production or increasing the clearance of Aβ42. However, treatments inhibiting γ-secretase have proven disappointing due to off-target effects. To circumvent these effects, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) have been developed, which rather than inhibiting γ-secretase shift its preference into producing less aggregation-prone shorter Aβ peptides. Belonging to the same family of proteins as APP, amyloid-like protein 1 (APLP1) is also a substrate for γ-secretase. Herein we investigated whether the GSM E2012 affects APLP1 processing in the central nervous system by measuring APLP1 peptide levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after E2012 treatment in dogs. METHODS An in-house monoclonal APLP1 antibody, AP1, was produced and utilized for immunopurification of APLP1 from human and dog CSF in a hybrid immuno-affinity mass spectrometric method. Seven dogs received a single dose of 20 or 80 mg/kg of E2012 in a randomized cross-over design and CSF was collected prior to and 4, 8 and 24 hours after dosing. RESULTS We have identified 14 CSF APLP1 peptides in humans and 12 CSF APLP1 peptides in dogs. Of these, seven were reproducibly detectable in dogs who received E2012. We found a dose-dependent relative increase of the CSF peptides APLP1β17, 1β18 and 1β28 accompanied with a decrease of 1β25 and 1β27 in response to E2012 treatment. All peptides reverted to baseline over the time of sample collection. CONCLUSION We show an in vivo effect of the GSM E2012 on the processing of APLP1 which is measurable in CSF. These data suggest that APLP1 peptides may be used as biomarkers to monitor drug effects of GSMs on γ-secretase processing in clinical trials. However, this requires further investigation in larger cohorts, including studies in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sjödin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Kerstin K A Andersson
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Marc Mercken
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden. .,UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, S-431 80, Sweden.
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A correlativity study of plasma APL1β28 and clusterin levels with MMSE/MoCA/CASI in aMCI patients. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15546. [PMID: 26503441 PMCID: PMC4621490 DOI: 10.1038/srep15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is a sub-clinical condition characterized by memory deficits that are not severe enough to affect daily functioning. Here we investigated two potential biomarkers found in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients, APLP1-derived Aβ-like peptides 28 (APL1β28) and clusterin plasma levels, in terms of their relationship to cognitive function, as reflected in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Cognitive Assessment Screening Instrument (CASI) in aMCI patients. Forty-seven aMCI patients and thirty-five age- and gender-matched healthy adult controls were recruited for this study. Using the ELISA method, we found that the mean concentrations of both APL1β28 and clusterin were not significantly different between the control and aMCI groups. The APL1β28 levels were positively correlated with clusterin and that both were negatively correlated with the MMSE scores of the aMCI patients. Clusterin levels were negatively correlated with the MoCA and CASI scores of the aMCI patients. Using multivariate analysis, the correlation between clusterin and MMSE/MoCA/CASI was independent of other AD risk factors including age, education, sex, body mass index and ApoE genotype. The data presented here demonstrate that plasma clusterin levels reflect cognitive function in aMCI patients.
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Moriya M, Miyajima M, Nakajima M, Ogino I, Arai H. Impact of cerebrospinal fluid shunting for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus on the amyloid cascade. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119973. [PMID: 25821958 PMCID: PMC4379026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the improvement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics by CSF shunting, can suppress the oligomerization of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), by measuring the levels of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related proteins in the CSF before and after lumboperitoneal shunting. Lumbar CSF from 32 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) (samples were obtained before and 1 year after shunting), 15 patients with AD, and 12 normal controls was analyzed for AD-related proteins and APLP1-derived Aβ-like peptides (APL1β) (a surrogate marker for Aβ). We found that before shunting, individuals with iNPH had significantly lower levels of soluble amyloid precursor proteins (sAPP) and Aβ38 compared to patients with AD and normal controls. We divided the patients with iNPH into patients with favorable (improvement ≥ 1 on the modified Rankin Scale) and unfavorable (no improvement on the modified Rankin Scale) outcomes. Compared to the unfavorable outcome group, the favorable outcome group showed significant increases in Aβ38, 40, 42, and phosphorylated-tau levels after shunting. In contrast, there were no significant changes in the levels of APL1β25, 27, and 28 after shunting. After shunting, we observed positive correlations between sAPPα and sAPPβ, Aβ38 and 42, and APL1β25 and 28, with shifts from sAPPβ to sAPPα, from APL1β28 to 25, and from Aβ42 to 38 in all patients with iNPH. Our results suggest that Aβ production remained unchanged by the shunt procedure because the levels of sAPP and APL1β were unchanged. Moreover, the shift of Aβ from oligomer to monomer due to the shift of Aβ42 (easy to aggregate) to Aβ38 (difficult to aggregate), and the improvement of interstitial-fluid flow, could lead to increased Aβ levels in the CSF. Our findings suggest that the shunting procedure can delay intracerebral deposition of Aβ in patients with iNPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Moriya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masakazu Miyajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Nakajima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuko Ogino
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hajime Arai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University Graduate School of medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Shi M, Movius J, Dator R, Aro P, Zhao Y, Pan C, Lin X, Bammler TK, Stewart T, Zabetian CP, Peskind ER, Hu SC, Quinn JF, Galasko DR, Zhang J. Cerebrospinal fluid peptides as potential Parkinson disease biomarkers: a staged pipeline for discovery and validation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:544-55. [PMID: 25556233 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.040576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding robust biomarkers for Parkinson disease (PD) is currently hampered by inherent technical limitations associated with imaging or antibody-based protein assays. To circumvent the challenges, we adapted a staged pipeline, starting from our previous proteomic profiling followed by high-throughput targeted mass spectrometry (MS), to identify peptides in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for PD diagnosis and disease severity correlation. In this multicenter study consisting of training and validation sets, a total of 178 subjects were randomly selected from a retrospective cohort, matching age and sex between PD patients, healthy controls, and neurological controls with Alzheimer disease (AD). From ∼14,000 unique peptides displaying differences between PD and healthy control in proteomic investigations, 126 peptides were selected based on relevance and observability in CSF using bioinformatic analysis and MS screening, and then quantified by highly accurate and sensitive selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in the CSF of 30 PD patients versus 30 healthy controls (training set), followed by diagnostic (receiver operating characteristics) and disease severity correlation analyses. The most promising candidates were further tested in an independent cohort of 40 PD patients, 38 AD patients, and 40 healthy controls (validation set). A panel of five peptides (derived from SPP1, LRP1, CSF1R, EPHA4, and TIMP1) was identified to provide an area under curve (AUC) of 0.873 (sensitivity = 76.7%, specificity = 80.0%) for PD versus healthy controls in the training set. The performance was essentially confirmed in the validation set (AUC = 0.853, sensitivity = 82.5%, specificity = 82.5%). Additionally, this panel could also differentiate the PD and AD groups (AUC = 0.990, sensitivity = 95.0%, specificity = 97.4%). Furthermore, a combination of two peptides belonging to proteins TIMP1 and APLP1 significantly correlated with disease severity as determined by the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor scores in both the training (r = 0.381, p = 0.038)j and the validation (r = 0.339, p = 0.032) sets. The novel panel of CSF peptides, if validated in independent cohorts, could be used to assist in clinical diagnosis of PD and has the potential to help monitoring or predicting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - James Movius
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Romel Dator
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Patrick Aro
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Yanchun Zhao
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Catherine Pan
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Xiangmin Lin
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104; §School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Theo K Bammler
- ¶Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Tessandra Stewart
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104
| | - Cyrus P Zabetian
- ‖Geriatric and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108; **Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- ‡‡Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195; §§Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108
| | - Shu-Ching Hu
- ‖Geriatric and Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Centers, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington 98108; **Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- ¶¶Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Douglas R Galasko
- ‖‖Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Jing Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98104;
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Hölttä M, Minthon L, Hansson O, Holmén-Larsson J, Pike I, Ward M, Kuhn K, Rüetschi U, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Gobom J. An Integrated Workflow for Multiplex CSF Proteomics and Peptidomics—Identification of Candidate Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:654-63. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Hölttä
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology,
Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lennart Minthon
- Clinical
Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical
Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jessica Holmén-Larsson
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology,
Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ian Pike
- Proteome
Sciences
PLC, KT11 3EP London, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Ward
- Proteome
Sciences
PLC, KT11 3EP London, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Kuhn
- Proteome Science R&D GmbH&CoKG, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulla Rüetschi
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology,
Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology,
Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, WC1N 3BG London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology,
Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology,
Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
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Morishima-Kawashima M. Molecular mechanism of the intramembrane cleavage of the β-carboxyl terminal fragment of amyloid precursor protein by γ-secretase. Front Physiol 2014; 5:463. [PMID: 25505888 PMCID: PMC4245903 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder. Aβ is generated through intramembrane proteolysis of the β-carboxyl terminal fragment (βCTF) of β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase. The initial cleavage by γ-secretase occurs in the membrane/cytoplasm boundary of the βCTF, liberating the APP intracellular domain (AICD). The remaining βCTFs, which are truncated at the C-terminus (longer Aβs), are then cropped sequentially in a stepwise manner, predominantly at three residue intervals, to generate Aβ. There are two major Aβ product lines which generate Aβ40 and Aβ42 with concomitant release of three and two tripeptides, respectively. Additionally, many alternative cleavages occur, releasing peptides with three to six residues. These modulate the Aβ product lines and define the species and quantity of Aβ generated. Here, we review our current understanding of the intramembrane cleavage of the βCTF by γ-secretase, which may contribute to the future goal of developing an efficient therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Morishima-Kawashima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University Sapporo, Japan
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Funamoto S, Sasaki T, Ishihara S, Nobuhara M, Nakano M, Watanabe-Takahashi M, Saito T, Kakuda N, Miyasaka T, Nishikawa K, Saido TC, Ihara Y. Substrate ectodomain is critical for substrate preference and inhibition of γ-secretase. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2529. [PMID: 24108142 PMCID: PMC3826621 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the substrate recognition mechanism of γ-secretase is a key step for establishing substrate-specific inhibition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) production. However, it is widely believed that γ-secretase is a promiscuous protease and that its substrate-specific inhibition is elusive. Here we show that γ-secretase distinguishes the ectodomain length of substrates and preferentially captures and cleaves substrates containing a short ectodomain. We also show that a subset of peptides containing the CDCYCxxxxCxCxSC motif binds to the amino terminus of C99 and inhibits Aβ production in a substrate-specific manner. Interestingly, these peptides suppress β-secretase-dependent cleavage of APP, but not that of sialyltransferase 1. Most importantly, intraperitoneal administration of peptides into mice results in a significant reduction in cerebral Aβ levels. This report provides direct evidence of the substrate preference of γ-secretase and its mechanism. Our results demonstrate that the ectodomain of C99 is a potent target for substrate-specific anti-Aβ therapeutics to combat Alzheimer’s disease. γ-Secretase inhibitors are studied for their potential to treat Alzheimer’s disease, but their use is limited by side effects. Funamoto et al. show that γ-secretase preferentially cleaves substrates with short ectodomains and that inhibitors based on these ectodomains reduce disease-like pathology in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Funamoto
- 1] Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan [2] Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
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Altered Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid β and Amyloid Precursor-Like Protein 1 Peptides in Down’s Syndrome. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:510-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sano S, Tagami S, Hashimoto Y, Yoshizawa-Kumagaye K, Tsunemi M, Okochi M, Tomonaga T. Absolute quantitation of low abundance plasma APL1β peptides at sub-fmol/mL Level by SRM/MRM without immunoaffinity enrichment. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:1012-20. [PMID: 24354742 DOI: 10.1021/pr4010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selected/multiple reaction monitoring (SRM/MRM) has been widely used for the quantification of specific proteins/peptides, although it is still challenging to quantitate low abundant proteins/peptides in complex samples such as plasma/serum. To overcome this problem, enrichment of target proteins/peptides is needed, such as immunoprecipitation; however, this is labor-intense and generation of antibodies is highly expensive. In this study, we attempted to quantify plasma low abundant APLP1-derived Aβ-like peptides (APL1β), a surrogate marker for Alzheimer's disease, by SRM/MRM using stable isotope-labeled reference peptides without immunoaffinity enrichment. A combination of Cibacron Blue dye mediated albumin removal and acetonitrile extraction followed by C18-strong cation exchange multi-StageTip purification was used to deplete plasma proteins and unnecessary peptides. Optimal and validated precursor ions to fragment ion transitions of APL1β were developed on a triple quadruple mass spectrometer, and the nanoliquid chromatography gradient for peptide separation was optimized to minimize the biological interference of plasma. Using the stable isotope-labeled (SI) peptide as an internal control, absolute concentrations of plasma APL1β peptide could be quantified as several hundred amol/mL. To our knowledge, this is the lowest detection level of endogenous plasma peptide quantified by SRM/MRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Sano
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation , Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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42
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Tagami S, Okochi M, Yanagida K, Kodama T, Arai T, Kuwano R, Ikeuchi T, Takeda M. Relative ratio and level of amyloid-β 42 surrogate in cerebrospinal fluid of familial Alzheimer disease patients with presenilin 1 mutations. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 13:166-70. [PMID: 24192669 DOI: 10.1159/000355258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Presenilin 1 (PS1) mutations associated with familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) generally increase the amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) to Aβ40 ratio secreted in cultured cells. Some of these mutants reduce the secretion of Aβ40 rather than increase that of Aβ42. Since it has been difficult to estimate Aβ42 secretion in brains of PS1-FAD patients due to substantial Aβ42 accumulation, it remains unknown whether the enhanced Aβ42 to Aβ40 ratio in brains of FAD patients is caused by elevated Aβ42 secretion or by reduced secretion of Aβ40. OBJECTIVE/METHODS Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of PS1-FAD patients and neurological control patients (controls) were collected. Levels of CSF amyloid precursor-like protein-1-derived Aβ-like peptide (APL1β), including APL1β28, an Aβ42 surrogate marker, were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, and Aβ42 secretion in the brain was estimated. RESULTS The relative ratio of CSF APL1β28 to total APL1β was higher in PS1-FAD patients than in controls. Importantly, CSF APL1β28 was not significantly higher. However, C-terminally shorter CSF APL1β25 and APL1β27 were significantly lower in PS1-FAD patients and, as expected, so were CSF Aβ40 and Aβ42. CONCLUSION A higher relative ratio of the CSF Aβ42 surrogate in PS1-FAD patients is not due to its increase in CSF, suggesting that massive Aβ42 accumulation in the PS1-FAD brain occurs without an apparent increase in Aβ42 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tagami
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurochemistry, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Integrated Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Turnover of amyloid precursor protein family members determines their nuclear signaling capability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69363. [PMID: 23874953 PMCID: PMC3715505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) as well as its homologues, APP-like protein 1 and 2 (APLP1 and APLP2), are cleaved by α-, β-, and γ-secretases, resulting in the release of their intracellular domains (ICDs). We have shown that the APP intracellular domain (AICD) is transported to the nucleus by Fe65 where they jointly bind the histone acetyltransferase Tip60 and localize to spherical nuclear complexes (AFT complexes), which are thought to be sites of transcription. We have now analyzed the subcellular localization and turnover of the APP family members. Similarly to AICD, the ICD of APLP2 localizes to spherical nuclear complexes together with Fe65 and Tip60. In contrast, the ICD of APLP1, despite binding to Fe65, does not translocate to the nucleus. In addition, APLP1 predominantly localizes to the plasma membrane, whereas APP and APLP2 are detected in vesicular structures. APLP1 also demonstrates a much slower turnover of the full-length protein compared to APP and APLP2. We further show that the ICDs of all APP family members are degraded by the proteasome and that the N-terminal amino acids of ICDs determine ICD degradation rate. Together, our results suggest that different nuclear signaling capabilities of APP family members are due to different rates of full-length protein processing and ICD proteasomal degradation. Our results provide evidence in support of a common nuclear signaling function for APP and APLP2 that is absent in APLP1, but suggest that APLP1 has a regulatory role in the nuclear translocation of APP family ICDs due to the sequestration of Fe65.
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De Strooper B, Iwatsubo T, Wolfe MS. Presenilins and γ-secretase: structure, function, and role in Alzheimer Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 2:a006304. [PMID: 22315713 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Presenilins were first discovered as sites of missense mutations responsible for early-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). The encoded multipass membrane proteins were subsequently found to be the catalytic components of γ-secretases, membrane-embedded aspartyl protease complexes responsible for generating the carboxyl terminus of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) from the amyloid protein precursor (APP). The protease complex also cleaves a variety of other type I integral membrane proteins, most notably the Notch receptor, signaling from which is involved in many cell differentiation events. Although γ-secretase is a top target for developing disease-modifying AD therapeutics, interference with Notch signaling should be avoided. Compounds that alter Aβ production by γ-secretase without affecting Notch proteolysis and signaling have been identified and are currently at various stages in the drug development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- Center for Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, KULeuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Shariati SAM, De Strooper B. Redundancy and divergence in the amyloid precursor protein family. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2036-45. [PMID: 23707420 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gene duplication provides genetic material required for functional diversification. An interesting example is the amyloid precursor protein (APP) protein family. The APP gene family has experienced both expansion and contraction during evolution. The three mammalian members have been studied quite extensively in combined knock out models. The underlying assumption is that APP, amyloid precursor like protein 1 and 2 (APLP1, APLP2) are functionally redundant. This assumption is primarily supported by the similarities in biochemical processing of APP and APLPs and on the fact that the different APP genes appear to genetically interact at the level of the phenotype in combined knockout mice. However, unique features in each member of the APP family possibly contribute to specification of their function. In the current review, we discuss the evolution and the biology of the APP protein family with special attention to the distinct properties of each homologue. We propose that the functions of APP, APLP1 and APLP2 have diverged after duplication to contribute distinctly to different neuronal events. Our analysis reveals that APLP2 is significantly diverged from APP and APLP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ali M Shariati
- KU Leuven, Center for Human Genetics and Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (LIND), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β plaques are a defining characteristic of Alzheimer Disease. However, Amyloid-β deposition is also found in other forms of dementia and in non-pathological contexts. Amyloid-β deposition is variable among vertebrate species and the evolutionary emergence of the amyloidogenic property is currently unknown. Evolutionary persistence of a pathological peptide sequence may depend on the functions of the precursor gene, conservation or mutation of nucleotides or peptide domains within the precursor gene, or a species-specific physiological environment. RESULTS In this study, we asked when amyloidogenic Amyloid-β first arose using phylogenetic trees constructed for the Amyloid-β Precursor Protein gene family and by modeling the potential for Amyloid-β aggregation across species in silico. We collected the most comprehensive set of sequences for the Amyloid-β Precursor Protein family using an automated, iterative meta-database search and constructed a highly resolved phylogeny. The analysis revealed that the ancestral gene for invertebrate and vertebrate Amyloid-β Precursor Protein gene families arose around metazoic speciation during the Ediacaran period. Synapomorphic frequencies found domain-specific conservation of sequence. Analyses of aggregation potential showed that potentially amyloidogenic sequences are a ubiquitous feature of vertebrate Amyloid-β Precursor Protein but are also found in echinoderm, nematode, and cephalochordate, and hymenoptera species homologues. CONCLUSIONS The Amyloid-β Precursor Protein gene is ancient and highly conserved. The amyloid forming Amyloid-β domains may have been present in early deuterostomes, but more recent mutations appear to have resulted in potentially unrelated amyloid forming sequences. Our results further highlight that the species-specific physiological environment is as critical to Amyloid-β formation as the peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Tharp
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Vermont, Given Courtyard N309, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Given Courtyard N309, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Indra Neil Sarkar
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Vermont, Given Courtyard N309, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Given Courtyard N309, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Given Courtyard N309, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
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Wahlster L, Arimon M, Nasser-Ghodsi N, Post KL, Serrano-Pozo A, Uemura K, Berezovska O. Presenilin-1 adopts pathogenic conformation in normal aging and in sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:187-99. [PMID: 23138650 PMCID: PMC3552123 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, inflammation and synaptic and neuronal loss are some of the major neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While genetic mutations in amyloid precursor protein and presenilin-1 and -2 (PS1 and PS2) genes cause early-onset familial AD, the etiology of sporadic AD is not fully understood. Our current study shows that changes in conformation of endogenous wild-type PS1, similar to those found with mutant PS1, occur in sporadic AD brain and during normal aging. Using a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (Tg2576) that overexpresses the Swedish mutation of amyloid precursor protein but has normal levels of endogenous wild-type presenilin, we report that the percentage of PS1 in a pathogenic conformation increases with age. Importantly, we found that this PS1 conformational shift is associated with amyloid pathology and precedes amyloid-β deposition in the brain. Furthermore, we found that oxidative stress, a common stress characteristic of aging and AD, causes pathogenic PS1 conformational change in neurons in vitro, which is accompanied by increased Aβ42/40 ratio. The results of this study provide important information about the timeline of pathogenic changes in PS1 conformation during aging and suggest that structural changes in PS1/γ-secretase may represent a molecular mechanism by which oxidative stress triggers amyloid-β accumulation in aging and in sporadic AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Wahlster
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CNY 114, 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Okochi M, Tagami S, Yanagida K, Takami M, Kodama TS, Mori K, Nakayama T, Ihara Y, Takeda M. γ-secretase modulators and presenilin 1 mutants act differently on presenilin/γ-secretase function to cleave Aβ42 and Aβ43. Cell Rep 2013; 3:42-51. [PMID: 23291095 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanism by which the relative Aβ42(43) to total Aβ ratio is regulated is central to understanding Alzheimer disease (AD) etiology; however, the mechanisms underlying changes in the Aβ42(43) ratio caused by familial mutations and γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) are unclear. Here, we show in vitro and in living cells that presenilin (PS)/γ-secretase cleaves Aβ42 into Aβ38, and Aβ43 into Aβ40 or Aβ38. Approximately 40% of Aβ38 is derived from Aβ43. Aβ42(43) cleavage is involved in the regulation of the Aβ42(43) ratio in living cells. GSMs increase the cleavage of PS/γ-secretase-bound Aβ42 (increase k(cat)) and slow its dissociation from the enzyme (decrease k(b)), whereas PS1 mutants and inverse GSMs show the opposite effects. Therefore, we suggest a concept to describe the Aβ42(43) production process and propose how GSMs act, and we suggest that a loss of PS/γ-secretase function to cleave Aβ42(43) may initiate AD and might represent a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayasu Okochi
- Neuropsychiatry and Neurochemistry, Department of Integrated Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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γ-Secretase-Dependent Proteolysis of Transmembrane Domain of Amyloid Precursor Protein: Successive Tri- and Tetrapeptide Release in Amyloid β-Protein Production. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 2012:591392. [PMID: 23346458 PMCID: PMC3549393 DOI: 10.1155/2012/591392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Secretase cleaves the carboxyl-terminal fragment (βCTF) of APP not only in the middle of the transmembrane domain (γ-cleavage), but also at sites close to the membrane/cytoplasm boundary (ε-cleavage), to produce the amyloid β protein (Aβ) and the APP intracellular domain (AICD), respectively. The AICD49–99 and AICD50–99 species were identified as counterparts of the long Aβ species Aβ48 and Aβ49, respectively. We found that Aβ40 and AICD50–99 were the predominant species in cells expressing wild-type APP and presenilin, whereas the production of Aβ42 and AICD49–99 was enhanced in cells expressing familial Alzheimer's disease mutants of APP and presenilin. These long Aβ species were identified in cell lysates and mouse brain extracts, which suggests that ε-cleavage is the first cleavage of βCTF to produce Aβ by γ-secretase. Here, we review the progress of research on the mechanism underlying the proteolysis of the APP transmembrane domain based on tri- and tetrapeptide release.
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Bulic B, Ness J, Hahn S, Rennhack A, Jumpertz T, Weggen S. Chemical Biology, Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Perspective of γ-Secretase Modulators in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2012; 9:598-622. [PMID: 22798753 PMCID: PMC3391656 DOI: 10.2174/157015911798376352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive evidence supports that oligomerization and accumulation of amyloidogenic Aβ42 peptides in brain is crucial in the pathogenesis of both familial and sporadic forms of Alzheimer's disease. Imaging studies indicate that the buildup of Aβ begins many years before the onset of clinical symptoms, and that subsequent neurodegeneration and cognitive decline may proceed independently of Aβ. This implies the necessity for early intervention in cognitively normal individuals with therapeutic strategies that prioritize safety. The aspartyl protease γ-secretase catalyses the last step in the cellular generation of Aβ42 peptides, and is a principal target for anti-amyloidogenic intervention strategies. Due to the essential role of γ-secretase in the NOTCH signaling pathway, overt mechanism-based toxicity has been observed with the first generation of γ-secretase inhibitors, and safety of this approach has been questioned. However, two new classes of small molecules, γ-secretase modulators (GSMs) and NOTCH-sparing γ-secretase inhibitors, have revitalized γ-secretase as a drug target in AD. GSMs are small molecules that cause a product shift from Aβ42 towards shorter and less toxic Ab peptides. Importantly, GSMs spare other physiologically important substrates of the γ-secretase complex like NOTCH. Recently, GSMs with nanomolar potency and favorable in vivo properties have been described. In this review, we summarize the knowledge about the unusual proteolytic activity of γ-secretase, and the chemical biology, molecular mechanisms and clinical perspective of compounds that target the γ-secretase complex, with a particular focus on GSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bulic
- Research Group Chemical Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, D-53175 Bonn, Germany
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