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Xu Y, Song J, Ren Y, Barnhart WR, Dixit U, Ji F, Chen C, He J. Negative emotional eating patterns in general Chinese adults: A replication and expansion study examining group differences in eating disorder symptomatology, psychosocial impairment, and emotion regulation difficulties. Eat Behav 2024; 54:101899. [PMID: 38936286 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Previous research identified four patterns of negative emotional eating in American and Chinese university students and proposed future directions (e.g., exploring potential differences in emotion regulation across patterns and replicating the patterns in a general, non-student population). Furthermore, prior research has not explored group differences in muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptomatology or psychosocial impairment. Therefore, the present study addressed these gaps in a sample of general Chinese adults, further testing group differences in typical and muscularity-oriented eating disorder symptomatology, psychosocial impairment, and emotion regulation difficulties across patterns of negative emotional eating. A total of 600 Chinese adults were recruited. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used. Results replicated the four patterns of negative emotional eating in previous research, including non-emotional eating (non-EE), emotional over- and under-eating (EOE-EUE), emotional over-eating (EOE), and emotional under-eating (EUE). Significant class differences were identified in eating disorder symptomatology, psychosocial impairment, and emotion regulation difficulties. Specifically, individuals with EOE and EOE-EUE patterns exhibited higher eating disorder symptomatology, higher psychosocial impairment, and more emotion regulation difficulties than those with non-EE and EUE patterns. Therefore, these two classes (i.e., EOE and EOE-EUE), especially the poorly researched EOE-EUE group, should be further examined to elucidate research and clinical applications. Furthermore, findings underscore the role of emotion regulation difficulties in further describing the differences across these negative emotional eating patterns, which can be considered in future interventions for reducing negative emotional eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinuo Xu
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China.
| | - Jianwen Song
- Department of Education Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
| | - Yaoxiang Ren
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China.
| | - Wesley R Barnhart
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA.
| | - Urvashi Dixit
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Chun Chen
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China.
| | - Jinbo He
- Division of Applied Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, PR China.
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Eichin KN, Georgii C, Schnepper R, Voderholzer U, Blechert J. Emotional food-cue-reactivity in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: An electroencephalography study. Int J Eat Disord 2023; 56:2096-2106. [PMID: 37565581 PMCID: PMC10946739 DOI: 10.1002/eat.24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Food-cue-reactivity entails neural and experiential responses to the sight and smell of attractive foods. Negative emotions can modulate such cue-reactivity and this might be central to the balance between restrictive versus bulimic symptomatology in Anorexia Nervosa (AN) and Bulimia Nervosa (BN). METHOD Pleasantness ratings and electrocortical responses to food images were measured in patients with AN (n = 35), BN (n = 32) and matched healthy controls (HC, n = 35) in a neutral state and after idiosyncratic negative emotion induction while electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. The EEG data were analyzed using a mass testing approach. RESULTS Individuals with AN showed reduced pleasantness for foods compared to objects alongside elevated widespread occipito-central food-object discrimination between 170 and 535 ms, indicative of strong neural cue-reactivity. Food-object discrimination was further increased in the negative emotional condition between 690 and 1200 ms over centroparietal regions. Neither of these effects was seen in individuals with BN. DISCUSSION Emotion modulated food-cue-reactivity in AN might reflect a decreased appetitive response in negative mood. Such specific (emotion-)regulatory strategies require more theoretical work and clinical attention. The absence of any marked effects in BN suggests that emotional cue-reactivity might be less prominent in this group or quite specific to certain emotional contexts or food types. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Negative affectivity is a risk factor for the development of eating disorders and individuals with eating disorders experience problems with emotion regulation. To better understand the effects of negative emotions, the present study investigated how they affected neural correlates of food perception in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Naomi Eichin
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Department of PsychologyJohannes Kepler UniversityLinzAustria
| | - Claudio Georgii
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Rebekka Schnepper
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
- Department of Psychosomatic MedicineUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | | | - Jens Blechert
- Department of Psychology and Centre for Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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Schnepper R, Blechert J, Arend AK, Yanagida T, Reichenberger J. Emotional eating: elusive or evident? Integrating laboratory, psychometric and daily life measures. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:74. [PMID: 37702801 PMCID: PMC10499733 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emotional eating (EE) refers to eating in response to (negative) emotions. Evidence for the validity of EE is mixed: some meta-analyses find EE only in eating disordered patients, others only in restrained eaters, which suggest that only certain subgroups show EE. Furthermore, EE measures from lab-based assessments, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), and psychometric measures often diverge. This paper tested whether the covariance of these three different EE methods can be modeled through a single latent variable (factorial validity), and if so, how this variable would relate to restrained eating (construct validity), Body-Mass-Index (BMI), and subclinical eating disorder symptomatology (concurrent validity). METHODS 102 non-eating disordered female participants with a wide BMI range completed EE measures from three methods: psychometric questionnaires, a laboratory experiment (craving ratings of food images in induced neutral vs. negative emotion) and EMA questionnaires (within-participant correlations of momentary negative emotions and momentary food cravings across 9 days). Two measures for each method were extracted and submitted to confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS A one-factor model provided a good fit. The resulting EElat factor correlated positively with subclinical eating disorder symptoms and BMI but not with restrained eating. CONCLUSIONS The one-factor solution shows that the EE construct can validly be assessed with three different methods. Individual differences in EE are supported by the data and are related to eating and weight problem symptomatology but not to restrained eating. This supports learning accounts of EE and underscores the relevance of the EE construct to physical and mental health. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II (Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Schnepper
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Health Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Psychosomatics, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstr. 2, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Blechert
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Health Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ann-Kathrin Arend
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Health Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Takuya Yanagida
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna, Universitaetsstr. 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Reichenberger
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Health Psychology and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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Schubert E, Bode S. Positive emotions and their upregulation increase willingness to consume healthy foods. Appetite 2023; 181:106420. [PMID: 36513297 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While highly relevant for everyday life, it is unclear whether experiencing incidental positive or negative emotional states, and active emotion regulation, influence the weighting of perceived taste and health in food choices. In Experiment 1, we examined two emotion regulation strategies, reappraisal and distraction, used to decrease negative emotions. Participants were cued to experience or decrease their emotional response for either neutral or negative incidental emotion-inducing images. They subsequently rated their willingness to consume foods, which varied in their taste and health attributes. Mixed-effects model analysis showed that compared to neutral, negative emotions decreased willingness to consume, regardless of perceived taste and health, but neither emotion regulation strategy had a significant effect. Experiment 2 used images inducing incidental positive emotions in combination with three emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal, distraction, and increasing positive emotions. Experiencing positive emotions generally increased willingness to consume, with stronger effects for tasty and healthy foods. Decreasing positive emotions via reappraisal decreased willingness to consume, particularly for healthy foods. Increasing positive emotion intensity further increased willingness to consume, with stronger effects for healthy foods. The results suggest that experiencing positive emotions increases desire particularly strongly for healthy foods, which can additionally be modulated via emotion regulation. This has important implications for designing health-related interventions targeting mood improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elektra Schubert
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stefan Bode
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Arend A, Schnepper R, Lutz APC, Eichin KN, Blechert J. Prone to food in bad mood-Emotion-potentiated food-cue reactivity in patients with binge-eating disorder. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:564-569. [PMID: 35072964 PMCID: PMC9303400 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Theories on emotional eating are central to our understanding of etiology, maintenance, and treatment of binge eating. Yet, findings on eating changes under induced negative emotions in binge-eating disorder (BED) are equivocal. Thus, we studied whether food-cue reactivity is potentiated under negative emotions in BED, which would point toward a causal role of emotional eating in this disorder. METHODS Patients with BED (n = 24) and a control group without eating disorders (CG; n = 69) completed a food picture reactivity task after induction of negative versus neutral emotions. Food-cue reactivity (self-reported food pleasantness, desire to eat [DTE], and corrugator supercilii muscle response, electromyogram [EMG]) was measured for low- and high-caloric food pictures. RESULTS Patients with BED showed emotion-potentiated food-cue reactivity compared to controls: Pleasantness and DTE ratings and EMG response were increased in BED during negative emotions. This was independent of caloric content of the images. CONCLUSIONS Food-cue reactivity in BED was consistent with emotional eating theories and points to a heightened response to all foods regardless of calorie content. The discrepancy of appetitive ratings with the aversive corrugator response points to ambivalent food responses under negative emotions in individuals with BED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann‐Kathrin Arend
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Rebekka Schnepper
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Annika Petra Christine Lutz
- Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Institute for Health and BehaviourUniversity of LuxembourgEsch‐sur‐AlzetteLuxembourg
| | - Katharina Naomi Eichin
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Jens Blechert
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of PsychologyParis‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria,Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paris‐Lodron‐University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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Munguía L, Camacho-Barcia L, Gaspar-Pérez A, Granero R, Galiana C, Jiménez-Murcia S, Dieguez C, Gearhardt AN, Fernández-Aranda F. Food addiction in Bulimia Nervosa: Analysis of body composition, psychological and problematic foods profile. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1032150. [PMID: 36339881 PMCID: PMC9632855 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1032150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Food Addiction (FA) has been related with eating disorders (ED), especially Bulimia Nervosa (BN). BN + FA may have different physical characteristics than patients with BN without the comorbidity, such as body mass index (BMI) or body composition, and psychological as emotion regulation. However, the relationship between psychological and physical aspects, connected by problematic food and its influence on body composition, has been barely studied. Therefore, the aims of the present study are. AIMS (a) To explore the differences in body composition between FA positive (FA+) and negative (FA-) in women with BN; (b) to identify problematic relationship with certain food types, according with the foods mentioned in the YFAS scale questionnaire, between FA+ and FA- patients; (c) to know the psychological characteristic differences between FA+ and FA- patients, considering emotion regulation, personality traits and general psychopathological state; (d) to identify the relationship between physical and psychological traits, and the identified problematic foods, in patients with BN and FA. METHODOLOGY N = 81 BN women patients, with a mean age of 29.73 years ± 9.80 SD, who completed the questionnaires: Yale Food Addiction Scale V 1.0 (YFAS 1.0), Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), Symptom Checklist-90 Items-Revised (SCL-90-R), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Strategies (DERS). YFAS problematic foods were grouped considering their principal nutrients sources. Body composition and difference in metabolic age was determined using bioimpedance analyzer. RESULTS The 88% of patients with BN presented FA+. Patients with BN who were FA+ self-reported more problematic relationships with sweets and starches. Also presented higher emotion regulation difficulties, general psychopathology and eating symptomatology severity, than those without FA. Finally, emotional regulation difficulties were positively associated with higher eating disorder symptomatology and more types of foods self-reported as problematic, which increased indirectly fat mass. CONCLUSION The results suggest that BN + FA presented more eating and psychopathology symptomatology and higher problems with specific food types. As well, the path analysis emphasized that emotion regulation difficulties might be related with problematic food relationship in BN, impacting over the ED severity. IMPLICATIONS The results may impact the development of precise therapies for patients with BN + FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucero Munguía
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Camacho-Barcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anahí Gaspar-Pérez
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Galiana
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.,Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Sato W, Ikegami A, Ishihara S, Nakauma M, Funami T, Yoshikawa S, Fushiki T. Brow and Masticatory Muscle Activity Senses Subjective Hedonic Experiences during Food Consumption. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124216. [PMID: 34959773 PMCID: PMC8708739 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing subjective hedonic or emotional experiences during eating using physiological activity is practically and theoretically important. A recent psychophysiological study has reported that facial electromyography (EMG) measured from the corrugator supercilii muscles was negatively associated with hedonic ratings, including liking, wanting, and valence, during the consumption of solid foods. However, the study protocol prevented participants from natural mastication (crushing of food between the teeth) during physiological data acquisition, which could hide associations between hedonic experiences and masticatory muscle activity during natural eating. We investigated this issue by assessing participants’ subjective ratings (liking, wanting, valence, and arousal) and recording physiological measures, including EMG of the corrugator supercilii, zygomatic major, masseter, and suprahyoid muscles while they consumed gel-type solid foods (water-based gellan gum jellies) of diverse flavors. Ratings of liking, wanting, and valence were negatively correlated with corrugator supercilii EMG and positively correlated with masseter and suprahyoid EMG. These findings imply that subjective hedonic experiences during food consumption can be sensed using EMG signals from the brow and masticatory muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Psychological Process Team, Guardian Robot Project, RIKEN, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-78502, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-774-95-1360
| | - Akira Ikegami
- San-Ei Gen F. F. I., Inc., Osaka 561-8588, Japan; (A.I.); (S.I.); (M.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Sayaka Ishihara
- San-Ei Gen F. F. I., Inc., Osaka 561-8588, Japan; (A.I.); (S.I.); (M.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Makoto Nakauma
- San-Ei Gen F. F. I., Inc., Osaka 561-8588, Japan; (A.I.); (S.I.); (M.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Takahiro Funami
- San-Ei Gen F. F. I., Inc., Osaka 561-8588, Japan; (A.I.); (S.I.); (M.N.); (T.F.)
| | - Sakiko Yoshikawa
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-78502, Japan;
- Faculty of the Arts, Kyoto University of the Arts, Kyoto 606-8271, Japan
| | - Tohru Fushiki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu 520-2194, Japan;
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