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Adeogun AO, Chukwuka AV, Ibor OR, Asimakopoulos AG, Zhang J, Arukwe A. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and trophic dynamics of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in two tropical freshwater lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123575. [PMID: 38365077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We have investigated the occurrence, distribution, and biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in two tropical lakes (Asejire and Eleyele) of Southwestern Nigeria, with contrasting urban intensities. Over an 8-month period, we sampled sediment and fish species (Clarias gariepinus: CIG; Oreochromis niloticus: ON; Coptodon guineensis: CG; Sarotherodon melanotheron: SM) across trophic levels, and analyzed various PFAS congeners, in addition to a select group of toxicological responses. While herbivores (SM) and benthic omnivores (CIG) at Asejire exhibited elevated levels of PFBS and PFOS, the pelagic omnivores (ON) showed a dominance of PFOS, PFDA, PFHxDA and EtFOSE in the muscle. At the Eleyele urban lake, PFAS patterns was dominated by PFBS, EtFOSE, PFPeS, PFOcDA and PFOS in the herbivores (SM, CG), EtFOSE, PFOS and PFBS in the pelagic omnivore (ON) and benthic omnivore (ClG). The estimated biomagnification factor (BMF) analysis for both lakes indicated trophic level increase of PFOS, PFUnA and PFDA at the suburban lake, while PFOS and EtFOSE biomagnified at the urban lake. We detected the occurrence of diSAMPAP and 9CL-PF3ONS, novel compounds not commonly reported, in PFAS studies at both lakes. The studied toxicological responses varied across trophic groups in both lakes with probable modulations by environmental conditions, trophic structure, and relative PFAS exposures in the lakes. The present study documents, for the first time in Nigeria, or any other African country, the role of urbanization on contaminant load into the environment and their implications for contaminant dynamics within the ecosystem and for aquatic food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina O Adeogun
- Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Azubuike V Chukwuka
- National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Nigeria
| | - Oju R Ibor
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | | | - Junjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
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2
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Wang N, Jagani R, Nwobodo N, Ma J. Toxicity of environmentally relevant concentration of PFAS chemicals in Lumbriculus variegatus (Oligochaeta, Lumbriculidae) - A multi-bioindicator study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 268:115722. [PMID: 37992644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a family of man-made chemicals found in a variety of products from non-stick cookware and food wrappers to firefighting foams. PFAS are persistent and widely distributed in the environment, including aquatic environments. In this study we examined the impact of PFAS chemicals on the physiological and behavioral endpoints of Lumbriculus variegatus (i.e., blackworms). Lumbriculus variegatus is a species of freshwater annelid worm that plays key roles in shallow freshwater ecosystems. At an environmentally relevant concentration of 1 μg/L, 12-day aqueous exposure to long chain PFAS, including PFOA, PFOS and PFDA, each markedly slowed the pulse rate of the dorsal blood vessel in L. variegatus, indicating a suppressive effect on blood circulation. The mean pulse rate was reduced from 9.6 beats/minute to 6.2 and 7.0 beats/min in PFOA and PFOS, respectively (P < 0.0001). Further, PFOA, PFOS and PFDA reduced the escape responsiveness of L. variegatus to physical stimulation. The percentage of worms showing normal escape behavior was reduced from 99.0% in control to 90.6% in the PFOS exposed group (P < 0.01). In a chronic (4 week) growth study, exposure to overlying water and sediment spiked with PFOA, PFOS or PFDA reduced the total biomass and the number of worms, indicating a suppressive effect on worm population growth. For instance, PFOA and PFDA reduced the total dry biomass by 26.3% and 28.5%, respectively, compared to the control (P < 0.05). The impact of PFAS on blackworm physiology is accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of lipid peroxidation, and catalase, a major antioxidant enzyme, were markedly increased in PFOA, PFOS and PFDA exposed groups. Interestingly, exposure to PFHxA, a short chain PFAS, had no detectable effect on any of the measured endpoints. Our results demonstrate that L. variegatus is highly sensitive to the toxic impact of long chain PFAS chemicals as measured by multiple endpoints including blood circulation, behavior, and population growth. Such toxicity may have a detrimental impact on L. variegatus and the freshwater ecosystems where it resides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ravikumar Jagani
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY,USA
| | - Nigel Nwobodo
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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3
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Peritore AF, Gugliandolo E, Cuzzocrea S, Crupi R, Britti D. Current Review of Increasing Animal Health Threat of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Harms, Limitations, and Alternatives to Manage Their Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11707. [PMID: 37511474 PMCID: PMC10380748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorinated and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), more than 4700 in number, are a group of widely used man-made chemicals that accumulate in living things and the environment over time. They are known as "forever chemicals" because they are extremely persistent in our environment and body. Because PFAS have been widely used for many decades, their presence is evident globally, and their persistence and potential toxicity create concern for animals, humans and environmental health. They can have multiple adverse health effects, such as liver damage, thyroid disease, obesity, fertility problems, and cancer. The most significant source of living exposure to PFAS is dietary intake (food and water), but given massive industrial and domestic use, these substances are now punctually present not only domestically but also in the outdoor environment. For example, livestock and wildlife can be exposed to PFAS through contaminated water, soil, substrate, air, or food. In this review, we have analyzed and exposed the characteristics of PFAS and their various uses and reported data on their presence in the environment, from industrialized to less populated areas. In several areas of the planet, even in areas far from large population centers, the presence of PFAS was confirmed, both in marine and terrestrial animals (organisms). Among the most common PFAS identified are undoubtedly perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), two of the most widely used and, to date, among the most studied in terms of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. The objective of this review is to provide insights into the toxic potential of PFAS, their exposure, and related mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Gugliandolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63103, USA
| | - Rosalia Crupi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Universitario "Salvatore Venuta" Viale Europa, "Magna Græcia University" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Banyoi SM, Porseryd T, Larsson J, Grahn M, Dinnétz P. The effects of exposure to environmentally relevant PFAS concentrations for aquatic organisms at different consumer trophic levels: Systematic review and meta-analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120422. [PMID: 36244496 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is a collective name for approximately 4700 synthetic chemicals ubiquitous in the aquatic environment worldwide. They are used in a wide array of products and are found in living organisms around the world. Some PFAS have been associated with cancer, developmental toxicity, endocrine disruption, and other health effects. Only a fraction of PFAS are currently monitored and regulated and the presence and effects on aquatic organisms of many PFAS are largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the health effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of PFAS on aquatic organisms at different consumer trophic levels through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The main result shows that PFAS in concentrations up to 13.5 μg/L have adverse effects on body size variables for secondary consumers. However, no significant effects on liver or gonad somatic indices and neither on fecundity were found. In addition, the results show that there are large research gaps for PFAS effects on different organisms in aquatic environments at environmentally relevant concentrations. Most studies have been performed on secondary consumers and there is a substantial lack of studies on other consumers in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia-Maria Banyoi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tove Porseryd
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Josefine Larsson
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden; Marint Centrum, Simrishamn Kommun, Simrishamn, Sweden
| | - Mats Grahn
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Patrik Dinnétz
- Department of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
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5
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Ma T, Ye C, Wang T, Li X, Luo Y. Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Aquatic Invertebrates, Planktons, and Microorganisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416729. [PMID: 36554610 PMCID: PMC9779086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), recognized worldwide as emerging pollutants, may pose a substantial threat to human health and our environment due to their stability, high concentrations, wide distribution, and easy accumulation. Ever since perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid were recognized by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the public has become increasingly concerned about potential contamination and the environmental risks associated with PFASs. Ubiquitous PFAS contamination of drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and sediment has been detected, especially in areas with rapid industrial and economic development. Its accumulation in living organisms and foods has accentuated the importance of investigations into aquatic organisms at the bottom of the food chain, as the stability and integrity of the food web as well as the population quantity and structure of the aquatic ecosystem may be affected. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the toxic and toxicity-related effects of PFASs on aquatic plankton, aquatic invertebrates and microorganisms, the characteristics of different target aquatic organisms in toxicity investigations, and a feasibility evaluation of PFAS substitutes to provide valuable suggestions for further utilization and regulation of PFASs and their substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ma
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Chaoran Ye
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiuhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Lin Y, Capozzi SL, Lin L, Rodenburg LA. Source apportionment of perfluoroalkyl substances in Great Lakes fish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118047. [PMID: 34467881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex sources and fate of perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), their source apportionment in the environment remains a challenge. A data set of 11 straight-chain PFAS in 139 samples of fish in the Great Lakes was analyzed using positive matrix factorization (PMF) to investigate their primary sources, whose spatial variations were examined against the surrounding environmental factors. PMF analysis produced five fingerprints. Factor 1 (72% of Σ11PFAS, dominated by PFOS) probably represented emissions from primary sources (such as consumer products) and secondary sources (precursors), and increased in average abundance from west to east across the Great Lakes. Factor 2 (13% of Σ11PFAS) and factor 3 (7% of Σ11PFAS), highly loaded with long-chain PFAS and PFNA, respectively, were thought to represent PVDF manufacture or processing in metal plating. They showed higher contributions in sparsely populated Lakes Superior and Huron. Factor 4 (5% of Σ11PFAS, highly loaded with PFOS and PFHxS) presented hot spots near current and former air force bases, suggesting it was related to aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs). Factor 5 (4% of Σ11PFAS) contained primarily PFOS and PFOSA, which may imply metabolism of precursors (PFOSA) to PFOS in vivo. Unexpectedly, the spatial trends of the five sources all showed abnormally low values near the more urbanized Chicago and Milwaukee in Lake Michigan, which may be due to their unique wastewater and stormwater infrastructure or may arise from atmospheric transport of precursors. Our study indicated that PMF was an effective tool to identify sources of PFAS in fish despite absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes which might alter fingerprints in fish relative to their surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, 600, Ligong Road, Xiamen, 361000, China
| | - Staci L Capozzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Fujian Jingwei Surveying and Mapping Information Co., Ltd, 68 Shanyuan Hong Road, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Lisa A Rodenburg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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7
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Fabrello J, Ciscato M, Masiero L, Finos L, Valsecchi S, Polesello S, Bernardini I, Rovere GD, Bargelloni L, Massimo M, Patarnello T, Marin MG, Matozzo V. New compounds, old problems. The case of C6O4 - a substitute of PFOA - and its effects to the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126689. [PMID: 34329081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
C6O4 (difluoro{[2,2,4,5-tetrafluoro-5-(trifluoromethoxy)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]oxy}acetic acid) is a new surfactant and emulsifier used as a substitute of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Recently, C6O4 has been detected in aquatic environments, but, at present, no information concerning the effects of C6O4 on aquatic species, such as bivalves, are available in the literature. Therefore, in this study we evaluated for the first time the effects of C6O4 (0.1 and 1 µg/L) and PFOA (1 µg/L) to the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Short-term (7 days) and long-term (21 days) exposures of clams to the two compounds were carried out and numerous biomarkers were measured in haemocytes/haemolymph, as well as in gills and digestive gland. The MANOVA analysis demonstrated statistically significant effects of the independent variables "treatment", "time" and "treatment-time interaction" on the whole dataset of biomarker responses. The two-way ANOVA analysis performed for each biomarker response indicated that the two compounds affected most of the cellular and tissue parameters measured. Despite preliminary, the results obtained suggested that C6O4 - similarly to PFOA - can affect both cellular and biochemical parameters of clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Fabrello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Ciscato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano Masiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Livio Finos
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute, Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- Water Research Institute, Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bernardini
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Giulia Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Milan Massimo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Tomaso Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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8
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Islam N, Garcia da Fonseca T, Vilke J, Gonçalves JM, Pedro P, Keiter S, Cunha SC, Fernandes JO, Bebianno MJ. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) adsorbed to polyethylene microplastics: Accumulation and ecotoxicological effects in the clam Scrobicularia plana. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 164:105249. [PMID: 33477023 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are widespread in the marine environment, whereby the uptake of these tiny particles by organisms, can cause adverse biological responses. Plastic debris also act as a vector of many contaminants, herein depending on type, size, shape and chemical properties, possibly intensifying their effects on marine organisms. This study aimed to assess the accumulation and potential toxicity of different sizes of microplastics with and without adsorbed perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) in the clam Scrobicularia plana. Clams were exposed to low-density polyethylene microplastics (1 mg L-1) of two different sizes (4-6 and 20-25 μm) virgin and contaminated with PFOS (55.7 ± 5.3 and 46.1 ± 2.9 μg g-1 respectively) over 14 days. Microplastic ingestion, PFOS accumulation and filtration rate were determined along with a multi biomarker approach to assess the biological effects of microplastics ingestion. Biomarkers include oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases), biotransformation enzymes (glutathione-S-transferases activity), neurotoxicity (acetylcholinesterase activity), oxidative damage and apoptosis. Microplastics ingestion and PFOS accumulation was microplastic size dependent but not PFOS dependent and filtration rate was reduced at the end of the exposure. Reactive oxygen species in gills and digestive gland were generated as a result of exposure to both types of microplastics, confirming the disturbance of the antioxidant system. Larger virgin microparticles lead to stronger impacts, when compared to smaller ones which was also supported by the Integrated Biomarker Responses index calculated for both tissues. An anti-apoptotic response was detected in digestive glands under exposure to any of the MPs treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimul Islam
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Tainá Garcia da Fonseca
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Juliano Vilke
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal; Fishery Engineering Department, Santa Catarina State University, Laguna, 88790-000, Brazil
| | - Joanna M Gonçalves
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pedro
- Laboratório de Análises Químicas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Steffen Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Bebianno
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8000-139, Faro, Portugal.
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9
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van der Veen I, Hanning AC, Stare A, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Weiss JM. The effect of weathering on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from durable water repellent (DWR) clothing. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126100. [PMID: 32062207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To assess the effects of weathering on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from durable water repellent (DWR) clothing, thirteen commercial textile samples were exposed to elevated ultra violet (UV) radiation, humidity, and temperature in an aging device for 300 h, which mimics the lifespan of outdoor clothing. Before and after aging, the textile samples were extracted and analysed for the ionic PFASs (perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA)) and volatile PFASs (fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), acrylates (FTACs) and methacrylates (FTMACs)). Results showed that weathering can have an effect on PFASs used in DWR of outdoor clothing, both on the PFAS profile and on the measured concentrations. In most weathered samples the PFAA concentrations increased by 5- to more than 100-fold, while PFAAs not detected in the original textiles were detected in the weathered samples. DWR chemistries are based on side-chain fluorinated polymers. A possible explanation for the increase in concentration of the PFAAs is hydrolysis of the fluorotelomer based polymers (FTPs), or degradation of the FTOHs, which are used in the manufacturing of the FTPs. The concentrations of volatile PFASs also increased, by a factor up to 20. Suggested explanations are the degradation of the DWR polymers, making non-extractable fluorines extractable, or the transformation or degradation of unknown precursors. Further research is needed to unravel the details of these processes and to determine the transformation routes. This study shows that setting maximum tolerance limits only for a few individual PFASs is not sufficient to control these harmful substances in outdoor clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ike van der Veen
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Ann Stare
- RISE IVF AB, Argongatan 30, SE-431 53, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 8, SE-11418, Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Zhang L, Sun W, Chen H, Tian F, Cai W. Transcriptome analysis of acute exposure of the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 231:108736. [PMID: 32142923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is an increasingly important environmental pollutant, which has been detected almost everywhere in the environment. Despite the widespread presence of PFOS, much less notice is taken of its toxicology effects on marine bivalves. Thus, the transcriptome response to PFOS treatment (nominal concentration of 20 mg/L) in hepatopancreas of a sentinel organism, Ruditapes philippinarum was examined. Compared with the control group, 32,149 unigenes were up-regulated and 26,958 unigenes down-regulated. Notably, significant gene expression changes were found in carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and protein biosynthesis, indicating the metabolic disruptions caused by PFOS in R. philippinarum. Additionally, numerous other differentially expressed genes were involved in immune system, antioxidant defense system and detoxification metabolism. In summary, transcriptome profiling of R. philippinarum after exposure to PFOS provided molecular support for our current understanding of the detrimental toxicity of PFOS on marine bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbao Zhang
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China.
| | - Wei Sun
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Haigang Chen
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Fei Tian
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
| | - Wengui Cai
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources & Environments, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangdong Province, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, PR China
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Kovacevic V, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. The concentration of dissolved organic matter impacts the metabolic response in Daphnia magna exposed to 17α-ethynylestradiol and perfluorooctane sulfonate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:468-478. [PMID: 30553925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and the industrial chemical perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) are organic contaminants frequently detected in freshwater environments. It is hypothesized that hydrophobic organic contaminants can sorb to dissolved organic matter (DOM) and this may reduce the toxicity of these contaminants by reducing the contaminants' bioavailability. To investigate this hypothesis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was used to determine how the metabolome of Daphnia magna changes when a range of DOM concentrations are added during EE2 and PFOS exposure experiments. D. magna were exposed for 48 h to sub-lethal concentrations of 1 mg/L EE2 or 30 mg/L PFOS in the presence of 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg dissolved organic carbon (DOC)/L. EE2 exposure resulted in increased amino acids and decreased glucose in D. magna. All DOM concentrations were able to lessen these metabolite disturbances from EE2 exposure, likely due to reductions in the bioavailability of EE2 through interactions with DOM. Exposure to PFOS resulted in decreased amino acids, and the presence of 1 mg DOC/L did not alter this metabolic response. However, PFOS exposure with the higher DOM concentrations resulted in a different pattern of metabolite changes which may be due to combined impacts of PFOS and DOM on the metabolome or due to an increase in PFOS bioavailability and uptake in D. magna. These results suggest that the concentration of DOM influences the sensitive biochemical changes in organisms that occur during acute sub-lethal exposure to organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kovacevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6; Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada M1C 1A4.
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12
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Liu C, Gin KYH. Immunotoxicity in green mussels under perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) exposure: Reversible response and response model development. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1138-1145. [PMID: 29405365 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The immunotoxicity of 4 commonly detected perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), namely, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was investigated by measuring biomarkers of the immune profile of green mussels, Perna viridis. The biomarkers included neutral red retention, phagocytosis, and spontaneous cytotoxicity, all of which were tested on mussel hemocytes. Hemocytes are an important component of the invertebrate immune system. We found that exposure to PFASs could lead to reduced hemocyte cell viability and suppress immune function by up to 50% of normal performance within the experimental exposure range. The results indicate that PFASs have an immunotoxic potential and thus could pose severe health risks to aquatic organisms. The reported immunotoxicity is likely to result from the compounds' direct and indirect interactions with the hemocyte membrane, and therefore likely to affect the functionality of these cells. The immunotoxic response was found to be related to the organism's burden of PFASs, and was reversible when the compounds were removed from the test organisms. Based on this relationship, models using an organism's PFAS concentration and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) as the independent variables were established to quantify PFAS-induced immunotoxicity. The models help us to gain a better understanding of the toxic mechanism of PFASs, and provide a tool to evaluate adverse effects for the whole group of compounds with one mathematical equation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1138-1145. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhui Liu
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Liu B, Zhang H, Li J, Dong W, Xie L. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in sediments from rivers of the Pearl River Delta, southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:213. [PMID: 28401367 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-5921-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Having been largely used in industrial and household products, perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) appear in environmental and biological systems with prevalence and persistence and have raised great concern in recent years. The present study is aimed at studying concentrations and composition profiles of 16 PFAAs in surface sediments collected from 51 sampling locations in 4 main rivers of the Pearl River Delta, one of the economy-developed areas in China. The total PFAA concentrations (∑ PFAAs) were determined in a wide range of 1.89-15.1 ng g-1 dw (dry weight) with an average concentration to be 3.54 ng g-1 dw. Higher ∑ PFAAs were observed in the downstream of Dongjiang River and the Pearl River, possibly due to the discharge of industrial wastewater. Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were the dominant PFAAs, accounting for 51 to 85% of ∑ PFAAs in 27% of the samples. High PFPeA concentrations in sediments of urban river were scarcely observed in previous studies worldwide. The sources of short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) were significantly different from those of other PFAAs. Preliminary hazard assessment proved negligible for PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFPeA, and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) concentrations in sediments from rivers of the Pearl River Delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Liu
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Chemistry, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weihua Dong
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, 130032, China
| | - Liuwei Xie
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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Wagner ND, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Metabolomic responses to sublethal contaminant exposure in neonate and adult Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:938-946. [PMID: 27571995 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of consumer products and pharmaceuticals that act as contaminants entering waterways through runoff and wastewater effluents alters aquatic ecosystem health. Traditional toxicological endpoints may underestimate the toxicity of contaminants, as lethal concentrations are often orders of magnitude higher than those found within freshwater ecosystems. While newer techniques examine the metabolic responses of sublethal contaminant exposure, there has been no direct comparison with ontogeny in Daphnia. It was hypothesized that Daphnia magna would have distinct metabolic changes after 3 different sublethal contaminant exposures, because of differences in the toxic mode of action and ontogeny. To test this hypothesis, the proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomic profiles were measured in D. magna aged day 0 and 18 after exposure to 28% of the lethal concentration of 50% of organisms tested (LC50) of atrazine, propranolol, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) for 48 h. Principal component analysis revealed significant separation of contaminants from the control daphnids in both neonates and adults exposed to propranolol and PFOS. In contrast, atrazine exposure caused separation from the controls in only the adult D. magna. Minimal ontogenetic changes in the targeted metabolites were seen after exposure to propranolol. For both atrazine and PFOS exposures ontogeny exhibited unique changes in the targeted metabolites. These results indicate that, depending on the contaminant studied, neonates and adults respond uniquely to sublethal contaminant exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:938-946. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Wagner
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
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van der Veen I, Weiss JM, Hanning AC, de Boer J, Leonards PE. Development and validation of a method for the quantification of extractable perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in textiles. Talanta 2016; 147:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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